Sole spacing

As a sole distance is known in mining the respective vertical distance between the soles of a mine . The sole distance is given as either a sloping or flat sole distance.

Basics

For the layout of the underground area of a mine, in addition to the position of the respective shaft starting point of the shafts , the position of the first floor and the distance between the floors are very important. These parameters determine the shape of a mine in the long term. From an economic point of view, the optimal distance between the soles is available when the sum of all costs per tonne of mineral caused by it is the lowest. In addition to the cost aspects, the requirements for the proper operational sequence also play an important role in determining the distance between the soles. It is particularly important that the deposit can be optimally exploited by defining the correct base spacing . It is also important that the mined deposit contents on the individual levels can be transported inexpensively and quantitatively to the shaft and extracted there. Due to the high costs that arise from the alignment of the first level in the rock, it is obvious to distribute these costs over the largest possible amount of mined mineral. This ultimately leads to making the sole spacing as large as possible. However, larger base distances also mean that the times per conveying drive are greater and thus the costs for the shaft conveying increase. The most appropriate sole distance can be determined in terms of size using a calculation method developed by E. Cloos.

Measurement

The sole distance can be measured either vertically or flat. With the flat measurement, the sole distance is measured after the fall line and thus corresponds to the distances of the respective heights of the construction departments or the dismantling height . In the case of deep underground construction shafts , the deeper distance between the shaft crosscuts is measured and specified; in the case of tonneligated shafts, the flat distance between the inverted sections is specified. The flat height was the natural and original dimension of the sole distance, the more serious dimension for the sole distance was introduced later.

The respective sole distances

The individual sole distances are adapted to the respective local conditions and are therefore quite different in the individual mining areas . In the German and Western European coal mines in the middle of the 20th century, the distance between the floors was between 100 and 200 meters when stored flat . At the beginning of the 20th century, in the eastern coal mines of Saarbrücken, the distance between the floors was 55 meters; in the shallow mines in the area with less seams, it was between 75 and 158 meters. In the case of an inclined position, the distance between the soles was between 100 and 150 meters, in the case of a steep position between 150 and 200 meters. The sole distances have increased over the years due to the development of mining technology. In the 1980s, the base distances in Ruhr mining increased to up to 400 meters.

In ore mining, the invert spacing is much smaller than in hard coal mining. It depends on the type of deposit, on its and the strength of its host rock. The excavation method used also has a major influence on the distance between the soles. Here, too, the sole spacing has been increased over the years. In ore mining in Saxony, the floor spacing has been increased from 40 meters to 80 meters, in Harz mining from 30 meters to 40 meters, and in individual mines even to 80 meters. Bottom spacings of 30 to 60 meters are used in gang ore mining, but these bottom spacings are influenced by the service life of the ore rolls . In the case of transverse construction , the sole spacing with a medium-steep slope is just 20 to 25 meters. In the case of partial floor breaks, the floor spacing is between 60 and 75 meters and for block break construction it is up to 150 meters. In potash and salt mining, the floor spacing is between 30 and 200 meters, depending on the deposit.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 6th improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903.
^ ^A ^b Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908.
^ ^A ^b Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund: The Development of Lower Rhine-Westphalian Hard Coal Mining in the Second Half of the 19th Century . Julius Springer's publishing bookstore, Berlin 1902.
↑ Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining. 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1 .

[Quelle_1-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962.

[Quelle_2-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 6th improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903.

[Quelle_3-3] A ^b Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908.

[Quelle_5-4] A ^b Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund: The Development of Lower Rhine-Westphalian Hard Coal Mining in the Second Half of the 19th Century . Julius Springer's publishing bookstore, Berlin 1902.

[Quelle_4-5] Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining. 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1 .