Solanum peruvianum
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Solanum peruvianum L. (Syn. Lycopersicon peruvianum (L.) Mill. ) Is a plant species from the section of tomatoes ( Lycopersicon ) in the genus of nightshade ( Solanum ).
description
Vegetative characteristics
Solanum peruvianum is a perennial , up to 0.5 m high plant that grows broad to upright and can reach a diameter of 1 m. The stems are woody at the base and have a diameter of 3 to 5 mm. They are pale gray-green in color and have uniform velvety fine hairs. The hairs consist mainly of white, simple, single-row and non-glandular trichomes with a unicellular base, curved tip and a length of less than 0.5 mm; and from isolated glandular trichomes, which are also single-row, have a one-, four- or eight-cell head and a single-cell base, and are shorter than the non-glandular trichomes. New branches are more densely hairy and occasionally have more glandular trichomes.
The sympodial units have two leaves , the internodes are 1.5 to 5 (rarely up to 10) cm long. The leaves are interrupted, pinnate unpaired, 4 to 10 (to 19) cm long and 1.6 to 7 (to 10) cm wide. Both leaf surfaces are grayish green in color and hairy like the stem axis, the glandular trichomes only appear with four-celled heads. The main leaves are in two to four pairs, they are elliptical to almost circular in shape. Its tip is bluntly pointed to rounded, the base cut off, clearly sloping and running down towards the base of the entire leaf on the petiole. The edge is completely furrowed or lobed up to 1/4 to 1/3 of the length. The lateral partial leaves are 0.8 to 3 cm long, 0.5 to 1.5 cm wide and are sessile or sitting on stalks up to 0.5 cm long. The terminal part leaf is usually significantly larger than the lateral part leaves. It is 1.5 to 3.5 (to 6) cm long, 0.6 to 1.5 (to 4) cm wide and stands on a 0.2 to 0.8 cm long stalk. Partial leaves of the second order are also rarely found on the larger, lower main part leaves, these are 0.1 to 0.3 cm long and wide, perched on top and often seem to be only leaf lobes at the base of the main part leaves. In addition, there are (none to) two to nine inserted partial leaves on a leaf, these are 0.1 to 0.7 cm long and 0.15 to 0.9 cm wide, perched on or on particularly large leaves on a 0.1 upright stalks up to 0.5 cm long. The petiole of the entire leaf is 1 to 3 cm long. At all nodes pseudo- stipules form 0.2 to 1 cm long, 0.3 to 1.1 cm wide and a furrowed or entire margin.
Inflorescences and flowers
The (4 to) 8 to 16 cm long inflorescences are usually branched and forked once. They consist of eight to 20 flowers . At all nodes 0.1 to 1 (to 1.5) cm long and 0.2 to 1.5 (to 2) cm wide, heart-shaped bracts are formed, which encompass the flower stalks, with the largest bract at the base of the first flowering inflorescence branch. The inflorescence stalk is (1.5 to) 4 to 10 cm long and is hairy, similar to the stems and the leaves. The flower stalks are 1 to 1.5 cm long and joint-like in the lower half or middle.
The buds are 0.8 to 1.2 cm long and 0.3 to 0.4 cm wide. They have an elongated conical shape and are strongly bent back. Before the bud opens, the petals are more than half over the calyx . During the flowering period, the calyx tube is only faintly recognizable, the calyx is divided almost to the base into 5 to 7 mm long and 1.5 to 2 mm wide, lanceolate, densely haired calyx tips. The crown has a diameter of 1.7 to 2.3 cm, it is wheel-shaped or slightly star-shaped, bright yellow and often with slightly darker central veins. The corolla tube has a length of 0.6 to 0.8 cm, the corolla lobes are 0.8 to 0.9 cm long and 0.8 to 0.9 cm wide. The tips and edges of the corolla lobes are densely hairy whitish, the tips are bent back at the time of flowering.
The stamens are fused into a 0.8 to 1.3 cm long, strongly curved tube, the completely fused stamens are 0.5 cm long, the anthers about 0.5 to 0.7 cm. The anthers have sterile appendages with a length of 0.3 to 0.4 cm, which are often greenish in color. The two upper anthers are usually a little longer and curved. The ovary is conical in shape, with fine downy hairs at the tip or over the entire surface. The curved stylus is 1 to 1.5 cm long and 0.5 mm thick, the lower 2/3 are hairy whitish. It stands 0.5 to 1 mm beyond the stamen and ends in a head-shaped to slightly club-shaped scar .
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are spherical, green to greenish-white and often purple-coated, two-chambered berries with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 cm. When ripe, a dark green or purple stripe often stretches from the tip to the base. The surface is downy-haired to densely downy-haired with soft, weak-walled, simple, single-row trichomes up to 0.5 mm long and densely covered with papillae . The fruit stalks have a length of 1.5 to 2 cm, they are usually straight or slightly curved at the joint. The calyx tips have enlarged on the fruit to a length of 10 to 14 mm and a width of 2 to 2.5 cm, they lie loosely on the fruit or are splayed out. The seeds are 1.8 to 3.0 mm long, 1.0 by 1.4 mm wide and 0.5 to 0.7 mm thick. They are inverted egg-shaped, dark brown and covered with hair-like outgrowths of the cells of the outer seminal wall, giving them a silky appearance. At the top they are narrowly winged with a 0.2 mm wide wing, the base is pointed.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Occurrence and locations
Solanum peruvianum occurs from central Peru to northern Chile and is part of the Loma formations there , but can also be found in coastal deserts or occasionally as a weed in fields near coastal river valleys. The species grows at altitudes between 0 and 600 m.
ecology
Blossoms and fruits appear all year round, there is an increase in the number of blossoms between September and December, when the mists rising from the coast increase in the area where they occur.
Systematics
Solanum peruvianum is part of the section of tomatoes ( Lycopersicon ) within the genus of nightshade ( Solanum ). Cladistic studies put the species together with Solanum corneliomulleri , Solanum chilense and Solanum huaylasense (in some studies also Solanum habrochaites ) in a clade. These species are grouped together to form the Eriopersicon group.
Botanical history
The species was first described by Carl von Linné in 1753 . It is likely that the description was made on the basis of specimens cultivated in Uppsala ; Linnaeus received the seeds for these plants from Bernard de Jussieu . Solanum peruvianum was one of the first wild tomato species to be cultivated in European botanical gardens. In 1990, Sandra Knapp and CE Jarvis established a herbarium specimen of Linnaeus with the designation LINN 248-17 as the lectotype .
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ Solanum peruvianum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
literature
- Iris E. Peralta, David M. Spooner, Sandra Knapp: Taxonomy of Wild Tomatoes and their Relatives (Solanum sect. Lycopersicoides, sect. Juglandifolia, sect. Lycopersicon; Solanaceae) . Systematic Botany Monographs, Volume 84, The American Society of Plant Taxonomists, June 2008, ISBN 978-0-912861-84-5