social insurance
The Social Security is an insurance system where the insured risks (such as sickness, maternity , nursing care , work injury , occupational disease , unemployment , disability worn, old age and death) by all insured. It is not a property insurance .
Depending on the state or insurance branch, social insurance is operated by state institutions, public corporations or private corporations . They were mostly brought into being in the second half of the 19th or beginning of the 20th century (beginning of large-scale industry).
Social insurance in Germany
In Germany , social security is a form of state-regulated care for important risks to life that is organized by self-administered insurance carriers. The benefit requirement for one year is almost entirely covered by the premium income for the same year, i. In other words, the accumulated capital essentially only serves as a short-term fluctuation reserve ( sustainability reserve , generation contract ).
The benefits are primarily provided as benefits in kind that are the same for all insured persons (principle of solidarity ) or as contribution-based cash benefits (e.g. pensions, sickness benefits ). It is financed for the most part from contributions , in some branches also from tax revenues. The contributions are based on the gross wages and salaries up to the amount of the contribution assessment ceiling and are (with a few exceptions) "equal" , that is, half of the employer (as ancillary wage costs ) and half of the employee (exception: the statutory accident insurance , whose contributions only the Employers raise). The legal basis for social insurance is the Social Security Code (SGB) and a few other provisions of the Reich Insurance Code (RVO).
history
Beginning in 1883, were in Germany by Chancellor Bismarck out the statutory health insurance , the accident insurance and pension insurance finally introduced. They were mostly geared towards the workforce.
"My idea was to win over the working classes, or should I say to bribe them, to see the state as a social institution that exists because of them and wants to care for their well-being"
This was intended to counter social unrest and socialism on the one hand , and on the other hand to remove the economic basis that already existed, voluntary social insurances of the trade unions and the church workers' associations.
- 1883 health insurance
- 1884 accident insurance
- 1889 statutory pension insurance (originally disability and old-age insurance)
- 1911 employee insurance (rewritten as a law in 1924)
- 1927 unemployment insurance
- 1957 Pension reform : introduction of the dynamic pension
- 1983 Artists' social insurance
- 1995 Long-term care insurance (affiliated with health insurance)
Branches of social security
There are five branches of social security:
Compulsory insurance
When statutory social insurance is compulsory insurance to a read-out for people with high and low risks (eg. As healthy and sick people) to avoid and partly to achieve regardless of the amount of the contributions is also a solidary sharing among the insured. It also includes people who would otherwise not be able to obtain any other protection, for example from private insurance, due to their low income or high risks.
The social security system is an integral part of the state organization of social security. The state delegates tasks to the self-administration of social insurance ( subsidiarity ).
Contributions
The contributions are usually calculated according to the gross wages and salaries (up to a sector-specific assessment ceiling ). The insurance is financed in different parts by employer and employee contributions, depending on the division (see also low-wage jobs ). To compensate for non-insurance benefits, there are federal subsidies that partially cover the expenses. The employer pays the insurance contributions to the health insurance company for both parties . For this he receives a company number from the local employment agency .
Services
The payment is based on acquired entitlements (e.g. in the case of pensions or sick pay) or there are equal benefits in kind for everyone when the insured event occurs.
National accounts
In the national accounts , the statutory social insurance together with the regional authorities (federal, state, local) form the state sector. The financial balance of the statutory social insurance as defined by the national accounts in contrast to the definition of the financial accounts is thus included in the financial balance of the state as a whole. The general government balance in the national accounts is subject to the “Maastricht criteria” .
costs
| Insurance branch | expenditure | year |
|---|---|---|
| Health insurance | 220,600 million euros | 2016 |
| Accident insurance | 13,200 million euros | 2016 |
| Pension insurance | 293,300 million euros | 2016 |
| care insurance | 29,600 million euros | 2016 |
| unemployment insurance | 100 million euros | 2016 |
| Total expenditure | 626,900 million euros | 2016 |
Social security systems of other countries
In Austria , social security is the most important and cost-intensive social security institution in terms of budget, and there is largely compulsory insurance . The first statutory regulation of social security came about in 1889 ; today it is largely regulated by the General Social Insurance Act (ASVG).
In Switzerland , social insurance is the most important social security institution, and insurance is largely compulsory. The statutory insurance companies in Switzerland are the three-pillar system regulated - first, a mandatory insurance for the whole population, second insurance for the working population, and thirdly, the voluntary, individual private pension plans. (See also ancillary wage costs Switzerland )
In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, in addition to insurance benefits in the narrower sense, prevention and rehabilitation also belong to the tasks of social insurance.
The social systems within the EU show clear differences. For example, social security in Sweden finances, among other things, parental allowance .
In Finland , social security is largely organized by Kansaneläkelaitos (Kela).
In Great Britain , Prime Minister Attlee's welfare system was significantly expanded during his tenure (1945–1951).
Coordination of social security benefits within the EU
Intergovernmental agreements on social security are intended in particular to support people with cross-border employment in two countries in safeguarding their social rights. The Regulation (EC) no. 883/2004 i. V. m. Its Implementing Regulation (EC) No. 987/2009 regulate the coordination of social security systems in Europe. This regulation (EC) 883/2004 now also includes all economically inactive persons. The regulations apply in particular to people who are or have been employed in several Member States or who live or stay temporarily in a Member State other than the one responsible for them.
Before that, EEC Regulation No. 1408/71 and its implementing regulation ( EEC Regulation No. 574/72 ) regulated the social security of employees, the self-employed and their family members who move to and from the Community. They have also applied to Switzerland since the agreement between Switzerland and the EU on the free movement of persons came into force on June 1, 2002. The provisions of these regulations have been extended by EC Regulation No. 859/2003 to third-country nationals whose situation extends beyond the border of a single Member State.
At the European level, the different social systems are not standardized, but are merely coordinated with one another. For example, social security benefits are sometimes paid by the country of origin even if the person concerned lives in another country. In contrast to this, special non-contributory cash benefits are provided exclusively to eligible residents by the country of residence.
An EU-wide social insurance register is not planned, according to the Bundestag statement from May 2007; an abuse of the E-101 certificates would be better combated by electronic processing.
The Art. 141 TEC (formerly Art. 119 EEC Treaty) refers to on equal pay for men and women and thus detects Although contributory security systems (especially enterprises' schemes because the contribution as a benefit in lieu of performance is considered), but not tax-financed state systems Basic security. In July 2008 the European Commission presented a draft directive (COM 426), which aims to prevent discrimination in the area of social security , among other things . The previous Directive 79/7 / EEC on the step-by-step implementation of the principle of equal treatment of men and women in the area of social security does not yet offer any protection against indirect discrimination with regard to state systems of basic social security ( social assistance and, in Germany, unemployment benefit II since January 1, 2005 ). The prohibition of discrimination contained in this directive applies according to Article 3 (1) b of Directive 79/7 / EEC only in the case of a social welfare system if there is a legal system to protect against the employee risks of illness, invalidity, old age, occupational accidents, occupational diseases or unemployment To "supplement or replace".
At the international level there are several conventions of the International Labor Organization on social security. After their ratification by the competent authorities of a member state, these establish legal obligations.
International portability
Bilateral or multilateral intergovernmental agreements on social security provide for the protection of social rights of persons who are or have been gainfully employed in two or more countries. On December 11, 1953, four interim agreements were concluded within the framework of the Council of Europe. a. coordinate the social insurance for nationals of the contracting states. However, it did not adequately capture situations in which people worked in more than two countries. The Convention of the International Labor Organization No. 157 ("Convention on the Establishment of an International System for Respecting Social Security Rights") of 1982 provides in Articles 6 and 7 that Member States shall endeavor to count social security periods cumulatively, with the restriction that that rights acquired at the same time are only counted once.
The (non-binding) Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration also provides for the creation of mechanisms for the transferability of social security and acquired benefit entitlements in point 22.
See also
- Social policy
- Social law (Germany)
- Welfare state
- Social security number
- Social Policy of the European Union # Social Insurance
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ On the emergence of Bismarck's social insurance cf. Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914 , Section I: From the time when the Reich was founded to the Imperial Social Message (1867–1881), Volumes 2, 5 and 6; Collection of sources on the history of German social policy from 1867 to 1914, section II: From the Imperial Social Message to the February decrees of Wilhelm II (1881–1890), Volume 2, Part 1 u. 2; Volume 5 u. 6th
- ↑ Social budget: Germany in figures. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
- ↑ Social budget: Germany in figures. Retrieved June 15, 2018 .
- ↑ Social budget: Germany in figures. Retrieved June 15, 2018 .
- ↑ Social budget: Germany in figures. Retrieved June 15, 2018 .
- ↑ Social budget: Germany in figures. Retrieved June 15, 2018 .
- ↑ a b International Social Insurance. Federal Ministry for Social Affairs and Consumer Protection, Austria, accessed on January 17, 2009 .
- ^ Social security in Europe. (No longer available online.) BMAS, March 4, 2013, archived from the original on January 21, 2018 ; accessed on January 20, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Regulation (EEC) No. 574/72 of the Council of March 21, 1972 on the implementation of Regulation (EEC) No. 1408/71 on the application of social security systems to employees and their families who move to and from the Community migrate , accessed January 17, 2009
- ↑ Regulation (EC) No. 859/2003 of the Council of 14 May 2003 to extend the provisions of Regulation (EEC) No. 1408/71 and Regulation (EEC) No. 574/72 to third-country nationals who are solely based on their nationality not already covered by these provisions , accessed January 17, 2009
- ↑ Government: EU-wide social security register is not planned. In: today in the Bundestag. German Bundestag, May 11, 2007, archived from the original on April 23, 2007 ; Retrieved May 1, 2009 .
- ↑ Sabine Berghahn , Maria Wersig : On the way to the two-earner model? Legal and political foundations of the male breadwinner model ( memento of August 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) , lecture, held on November 15, 2004 as part of the GenderLectures of the GenderKompetenzZentrum Berlin and revised for the print version in March 2005, Sabine Berghahn, Maria Wersig: Auf the way to the two-earner model? Legal and political foundations of the male breadwinner model ( Memento from August 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Council Directive 79/7 / EEC of 19 December 1978 on the gradual implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in the field of social security
- ↑ Interstate Social Insurance. Austrian Social Insurance, March 11, 2015, accessed January 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Hans Wiebringhaus: Social security as part of the functions of the ways and the socio-political project of Europe . In: Peter A. Köhler, Hans Friedrich Zacher: Contributions to the history and current situation of social insurance , Duncker & Humblot, ISBN 978-3-428-45294-1 , pp. 507 ff. Pp. 510-512.
- ↑ BGBl. 1958 II No. 2
- ↑ C157 - Maintenance of Social Security Rights Convention, 1982 (No. 157). ILO, accessed on January 27, 2019 .
