Spilomena
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| Shuckard , 1838 |
Spilomena is a genus of digger wasps (Spheciformes) from the Crabronidae family.
features
The only 2.5 to 4.5 millimeters long species are among the smallest digger wasps in Central Europe. Most species are black, but some have reddish or light yellow colored areas. The animals have a wing mark of the same size as the genus Stigmus , but it is only half the size of the marginal cell. There are two submarginal cells on each of the forewings. The abdomen is sessile, the forehead plate ( clypeus ) has only faintly silvery hairs, the inner edges of the compound eyes are parallel or approach slightly upwards. The animals' shoulder bumps extend to the tegulae . The males can be recognized by their yellow facial markings, in which at least the frontal plate is spotted yellow.
distribution
The worldwide distributed genus comprises 86 species, of which 22 are palearctic . 9 species are represented in Europe, including one ( Spilomena canariensis ) in the Canary Islands . Six are also found in Central Europe. The species Spilomena chilensis and Spilomena peruensis have been described from South America , but there are many undescribed species from Ecuador , Brazil and Argentina .
A digger wasp was described from the Cretaceous amber from Cedar Lake in Manitoba , the wing veins of which are completely similar to those of the genus Spilomena . Based on their generic name, the anagram Lipsonema was chosen for this fossil genus .
Way of life
The females create their nests in stems containing myelids or in cavities in wood, but some species such as Spilomena troglodytes also colonize sand walls. The nests in the pith are laid out in narrow, winding corridors in which the cells lie one behind the other. The brood is mainly supplied with fringed winged larvae . On average, about 50 prey animals are entered into each cell. It is believed, however, that the female Spilomena also hunt for tube aphids (Aphididae) and cup scale insects (Coccidae). Pupation takes place in a matt white cocoon made of silk, which almost completely fills the cell and which adheres well to the nest walls. The cells are not sorted by sex as in some other species of digger wasps. However, there is a 2: 1 excess of females.
Parasites of Spilomena are in Europe, among others, the parasitic wasp Neorhachodes enslini and chalcids Diomorus armatus and fennicum Lonchetrum .
Species (Europe)
- Spilomena beata Bluthgen, 1953
- Spilomena canariensis Bischoff, 1937
- Spilomena curruca (Dahlbom, 1844)
- Spilomena differens Bluthgen, 1953
- Spilomena enslini Bluthgen, 1953
- Spilomena mocsaryi cabbage, 1898
- Spilomena punctatissima Bluthgen, 1953
- Spilomena troglodytes (Vander Linden, 1829)
- Spilomena valkeilai Vikberg, 2000
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Manfred Blösch: The digger wasps in Germany: way of life, behavior, distribution . 1st edition. Goecke & Evers, 2000, ISBN 3-931374-26-2 , pp. 167 f .
- ↑ Genus Spilomena ( Memento of the original from July 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Wojciech J. Pulawski: Catalog Sphecidae: Genera and Species . California Academy of Sciences, July 12, 2010 version (PDF)
- ↑ Spilomena. Fauna Europaea, accessed July 25, 2010 .
- ↑ Hermann Dollfuss: Spilomena Peruensis n. Sp., A Sphecid Wasp from Peru (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Journal of the Association of Austrian Entomologists, 33, 3/4, 1981 (1982) full text (PDF, English; 262 kB)
- ↑ Richard Mitchell Bohart and Arnold S. Menke: Sphecid wasps of the world: a generic revision. University of California Press, 1976, p. 192 ISBN 978-0-52002-318-5
- ^ Howard E. Evans: Three New Cretaceous Aculeate Wasps (Hymenoptera). Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, May 19, 2010 full text (English)
- ↑ HV Thanks: Biology of some stem-nesting aculeate Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 122, 11, pp. 323-395, 1971, pp. 373-381
literature
- Manfred Blösch: The digger wasps in Germany: way of life, behavior, distribution . 1st edition. Goecke & Evers, 2000, ISBN 3-931374-26-2 .