Stratonikeia (Caria)

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Stratonikeia ( Greek  Στρατονικεῖα ; Latinized Stratonicaea or Stratonicea ) was an ancient city in Asia Minor landscape Caria in Turkey today. From the Seleucids in the 3rd century BC. Founded in BC, it was later temporarily under Macedonian and Rhodian rule until it was founded in 167 BC. Was declared a free city by the Romans .

Coordinates: 37 ° 19 '  N , 28 ° 4'  E

Relief Map: Turkey
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Stratonikeia​
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Turkey

location

Stratonikeia was located in the area of ​​today's Eskihisar , in Yatağan County ( Muğla Province , Turkey ). The area of ​​the city also included neighboring localities: In addition to the localities Tendeba, Astragon and Pedasa mentioned by Titus Livius and Strabo , it also included the village of Lagina with its Hecate sanctuary and Panamara with a sanctuary of Zeus . The possession of these sanctuaries, which are also of national importance, could also be used as a power factor in the politico-military dispute. Since being honored by Sulla around 88 BC The places Themessos and Keramos also belonged to the catchment area, so Stratonikeia extended to the south coast. The city was so, although its core area was not in its catchment area, through its suburbs a member of the Chrysaori League of Carians.

history

Antiochus I (281–261 BC) is considered to be the founder of the city , who is said to have laid it on the already existing sanctuary of Zeus Chrysaoreus and named it after his stepmother or wife Stratonike , after the Seleucids 270 BC. Gained control of Caria. Alternatively, a foundation by Antiochus II (261–246 BC) or Seleukos II (246–226 / 5 BC) also appears plausible. It probably goes back to an old Carian predecessor settlement, to which archaeological finds - bronze grave goods, Sub-Mycenaean ceramics and two chamber graves near the city - point. Part of the research identifies those in two Hittite letters ( CTH 181 and CTH 182) from the 13th century BC. Fortified settlement Atrija with Idrias , a predecessor settlement of or near Stratonikeia. In the course of the Hellenistic re-establishment of the city, the surrounding villages were incorporated into the polis administration as districts (Hiera kome, Koliorga, Koraza, Koraia, Lobolda) . The most important gods of the Polis at this time are Hecate , Zeus Karios and Zeus Chrysaoreus. The center of Hecate worship is to be located in Koraza, where the most important sanctuary of the goddess in the region was located. The sanctuary of Zeus Karios was located outside the polis borders of Stratonikeias in Panamara, about 10 km southeast of Stratonikeia near today's Bağyaka, and was initially only of local importance. The temple of Zeus Chrysaoreus cannot be clearly localized, but is equated with the “white columns” that Herodotus and Strabo handed down as the meeting point of the Chrysaoric covenant. It has been considered that the temple might be about 4 km east of Eskihisar.

A few years after it was founded, the Seleucids left Stratonikeia to rule Rhodes . The city was later conquered by the Macedonians - either in 227 BC. By Antigonus III. Doson or 201 during campaign Philipps V . 197 BC The Rhodians tried to recapture Stratonikeia, but failed. After the defeat of the Macedonians in the Battle of Kynoskephalai in 197, the city fell to the Seleucid king Antiochus III. who in turn handed them over to the Rhodians.

167 BC BC the Rhodians had to give up Stratonikeia again; the Romans declared it a free city. The power vacuum in the Gulf of Keramos resulting from the loss of Rhodian rule meant that Stratonikeia tried to gain supremacy in this area. Among other things, this was evident in the fact that a priest named Leon of Stratonikeia was installed in the sanctuary of Zeus Karios in Panamara. This achieved that the right of asylum of the Zeus sanctuary and the Panamanian koinon was accepted by the surrounding communities. This not only meant a gain in importance for the cult of Zeus Karios, after this had moved into the background under the Rhodian rule, but also an increased power presence of Stratonikeias in this area. Furthermore, these relationships were intensified by establishing a Heracult in the sanctuary through a Stratonikean initiative and introducing the festival of Komyria for men and Heraia for women.

Despite the political importance of Panama, the religious center of the polis shifted from the temple of Zeus Chrysaoreus to Koraza. The reason for the change of the polis deity from Zeus to Hecate cannot be conclusively clarified. This can possibly be attributed to a fulfilled oracle or a similar manifestation of her divine power, since she was worshiped there as Hecate Soteira Epiphany. What is certain, however, is that Hecate dates back to before the last quarter of the 2nd century BC. Became the “patron deity” of the polis, as the datable temple building in Koraza resulted in a terminus ante quem . As a result, the district was renamed Lagina and the celebration of Hekatesia was introduced, which was held every five years. In order to demonstrate the unity of Stratonikeia as a political and Lagina as a religious center, a procession , the so-called Kleidos pompe , was held at this festival , with the key of the temple of Hekat being brought to the Stratonike bouleuterion .

In the First Mithridatic War , the city was in 88 BC. By Mithridates VI. Conquered, occupied and fined. After the reconquest by the Romans, Sulla honored the inhabitants for their loyalty; 81 the status as a free city was confirmed. 40 BC The Parthians besieged the city with their general Quintus Labienus in vain. Although they did not succeed in conquering the city, the Hecate sanctuary of Lagina was plundered and destroyed. The following year they tried to take Panamara, which is said to have been prevented by the divine intervention of Zeus Karios. This was then revered by the population under the epithet Zeus Panamaros and the festival of Panamareia was introduced as part of this modification of the cult. Like the Kleidos pompe of Lagina, it is a procession from the sanctuary to Stratonikeia, which gave Zeus Panamaros a status as a polis god alongside Hecate. Stratonikeia retained its autonomy under Roman rule in the province of Asia .

During the disputes between Octavianus and Mark Antony , Stratonikeia positioned herself on the side of the later Augustus, although the polis was in an area which was controlled by the latter. This loyalty was 39 BC. Octavianus rewarded the city by granting the city several privileges, including the right of asylum for the sanctuary of Zeus Panamaros, which were reaffirmed by Tiberius in 22 AD. Apart from that, the rebuilding of the sanctuary in Lagina, which was destroyed by Labienus, led to a renewed affirmation of the relations between Rome and Stratonikeia.

In late antiquity the city became a bishopric, from which the titular diocese of Stratonicea in Caria goes back.

Archaeological finds

The largely submerged remains can now be found near the Milas - Muğla road , right in front of the Yatağan coal-fired power station and near huge marble quarries. There are larger ruins of a theater, a buleuterion , a gymnasium , a double gate with a nymphaion , a city fortification and other remains. A sacred road once led to the nearby sanctuary of Hecate in Lagina (11 kilometers away).

literature

  • George Ewart Bean :  Stratonikeia . In: Richard Stillwell et al. a. (Ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 .
  • Hans Kaletsch : Stratonikeia 2. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 11, Metzler, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-476-01481-9 , Sp. 1047.
  • Andrew Meadows: Stratonikeia in Caria. The Hellenistic City and its Coinage. In: The Numismatic Chronicle. The Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society No. 162, 2002, 79-134.
  • Ibrahim Hakan Mert: Investigations into the Hellenistic and imperial architectural ornamentation of Stratonikeia. Wasmuth, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-8030-1771-0 (originally dissertation, Cologne 1999; PDF online ).
  • Hans Oppermann: Zeus Panamaros. In: Religious-historical experiments and preliminary work, Volume 19, Issue 3, Giessen 1924.
  • Ramazan Özgan: The Sculptures of Stratonikeia ( Asia Minor Studies. Volume 32). Habelt, Bonn 1999, ISBN 978-3-7749-2937-1 .
  • Walther Ruge : Stratonikeia . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume IV A, 1, Stuttgart 1931, Col. 322-325.
  • Mehmet Çetin Şahin: The Political and Religious Structure in the Territory of Stratonikeia in Caria, Ankara 1976.
  • Mehmet Çetin Şahin: The inscriptions from Stratonikeia. Part 1: Panamara. Habelt, Bonn 1981, ISBN 3-7749-1893-7 (= inscriptions of Greek cities from Asia Minor , vol. 21).
  • Mehmet Çetin Şahin: The inscriptions from Stratonikeia. Part 2.1: Lagina, Stratonikeia and surroundings. Habelt, Bonn 1982, ISBN 3-7749-1894-5 (= inscriptions of Greek cities from Asia Minor, vol. 22.1).
  • Mehmet Çetin Şahin: The inscriptions from Stratonikeia. Part 2.2: New inscriptions and indices. In collaboration with Arminda Lozano-Velilla. Habelt, Bonn 1990, ISBN 3-7749-2326-4 (= inscriptions of Greek cities from Asia Minor, vol. 22.2).
  • Mehmet Çetin Şahin: The Inscriptions of Stratonikeia. Part III. Habelt, Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-7749-3680-5 (= inscriptions of Greek cities from Asia Minor, vol. 68).
  • Bilal Söğüt (Ed.): Stratonikeia ve Çevresi Araştırmaları (= Stratonikeia Çalışmaları, Vol. 1). Istanbul 2015, ISBN 978-605-4701-98-8 .
  • Rahşan Tamsü Polat: Stratonikeia ve Akdağ Nekropolü (= Stratonikeia Çalışmaları, vol. 2). Istanbul 2017, ISBN 978-605-9680-64-6 .
  • Bilal Söğüt, Sezai Gencer: Gibye (Yeşilbağcılar) (= Stratonikeia Çalışmaları, Vol. 3). Ankara 2018, ISBN 978-605-9636-51-3 .
  • Christina G. Williamson: Sanctuaries as turning points in territorial formation. Lagina, Panamara and the development of Stratonikeia. In: Felix Pirson (ed.): Manifestations of power and hierarchies in urban space and landscape. Scientific network of the Istanbul department within the framework of the research cluster 3 "Political Spaces" of the German Archaeological Institute, Istanbul 2012, 113–150, ISBN 978-605-5607-75-3 .
  • Christina G. Williamson: Civic Producers at Stratonikeia. The Priesthoods of Hekate at Lagina and Zeus at Panamara. In: M. Horster, A. Klöckner (Eds.), Cities and Priests. Cult Personnel in Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands from the Hellenistic to the Imperial Period, Berlin 2013, 209–245, ISBN 978-3-11-031849-4 .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Livius 33,18,4: Tendeba and Astragon; Strabon 13,611: Pedasa.
  2. ↑ On this, Riet van Bremen, Leon son of Chrysaor and the religious identity of Stratonikeia in Caria , in: Stephen Colvin (ed.): The Greco-Roman East. Politics, Culture, Society , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004, ISBN 0-521-82875-9 , pp. 207-244 ( review of the book with a summary of the article at Sehepunkte ).
  3. ^ CG Williamson: Sanctuaries as turning points in territorial formation. Lagina, Panamara and the development of Stratonikeia . In: F. Pirson (Ed.): Manifestations of power and hierarchies in urban space and landscape . Istanbul 2012, p. 114 .
  4. ^ A. Meadows: Stratonikeia in Caria. The Hellenistic City and its Coinage . In: Numismatic Chronicle . tape 162 , 2002, p. 116 .
  5. ↑ This George MA Hanfmann , Jane C. Waldbaum, Two submycenean vases and a tablet from Stratonikeia in Caria , in: American Journal of Archeology 72, 1968, p 51-56.
  6. ↑ Alexander Herda: Karkiša-Karien and the so-called Ionian migration. In: Frank Rumscheid (Ed.): The Karer and the Others. International Colloquium at the Free University of Berlin October 13-15, 2005 (2009), p. 54, note 141 (with further evidence).
  7. ↑ M. Ç. Şahin: The Political and Religious Structure in the Territory of Stratonikeia in Caria . Ankara 1976, p. 1 .
  8. ^ CG Williamson: Sanctuaries as turning points in territorial formation. Lagina, Panamara and the development of Stratonikeia . In: F. Pirson (Ed.): Manifestations of power and hierarchies in urban space and landscape . Istanbul 2012, p. 117 .
  9. ^ CG Williamson: Sanctuaries as turning points in territorial formation. Lagina, Panamara and the development of Stratonikeia . In: F. Pirson (Ed.): Manifestations of power and hierarchies in urban space and landscape . Istanbul 2012, p. 118 .
  10. ↑ Herodotus 5,118; Strabo 14.25.
  11. ^ GE Bean: Stratonikeia . In: WL MacDonald, MH McAllister, R. Stillwell (Eds.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites . Princeton 1976, p. 861 .
  12. ↑ Polybios 30,31,6f.
  13. ↑ Livy 33:18, 22.
  14. ↑ Polybios 30,21,3ff.
  15. ^ CG Williamson: Sanctuaries as turning points in territorial formation. Lagina, Panamara and the development of Stratonikeia . In: F. Pirson (Ed.): Manifestations of power and hierarchies in urban space and landscape . Istanbul 2012, p. 118-119 .
  16. ^ CG Williamson: Sanctuaries as turning points in territorial formation. Lagina, Panamara and the development of Stratonikeia . In: F. Pirson (Ed.): Manifestations of power and hierarchies in urban space and landscape . Istanbul 2012, p. 117 .
  17. ↑ Appian, Mithridates 21.
  18. ↑ Cassius Dio 48,26,3f .; Tacitus , Annales 3.62.
  19. ^ H. Kaletsch: Stratonikeia . In: The New Pauly . tape 11 , 2001, p. 1047 .
  20. ^ A. Meadows: Stratonikeia in Caria. The Hellenistic City and its Coinage . In: Numismatic Chronicle . tape 162 , 2002, p. 124-125 .