Studio monastery
.jpg)
_Monastery.jpg)
The Studionkloster in Constantinople (also called Stoudionkloster or Studiokloster ) was one of the most important monasteries in the Byzantine Empire .
location
The monastery was located near the Propontis coast on the road from the Grand Palace to Hebdomon within the Theodosian walls of Constantinople in the Psamathia district at the foot of the city's seventh hill.
history
According to the Byzantine lexicographer Suidas, there was already a parish church on the site of the later monastery. The monastery was built around 453/454 AD and was founded by the Eastern Roman consul Patricius Studios. In 463 it was completed and given to the Akoimetes and dedicated to John the Baptist .
In 765 the monks were expelled in the Byzantine iconoclasm , but the monastery still existed and Abbot Sabbas represented the monastery at the seventh ecumenical council in Nicaea in 787. However, the monastery only gained importance after monks from Sakudion near Bursa were expelled by Saracens shortly after 798 and found refuge in the studio monastery. These monks (including Theodor Studites in particular ) were decisive representatives of image worship in the image dispute and, with their monk rule ( Typikon ), which linked the traditions of Palestine with those of Constantinople, made the monastery a model for many Byzantine monasteries, but also beyond: In southern Italy, on Mount Athos , but also in Russia since Patriarch Alexios I Studites (1025-1043) , the monastic rule of the studio monastery was widely used. Around 1900 the Ukrainian Catholic student order was founded near Lviv , which refers to the monastic rule of the studio monastery.
The monastery grew rapidly and soon housed up to 700 monks, who were called Studites . Characteristic of the student monasticism are the submission to the instructions of the abbot, the common life in the monastery (Koinobion) and the resistance against threats to the church life (e.g. the iconoclasm). Hermitism, stylism and extravagant physical asceticism (e.g. wearing chains) are considered less valuable.
The abbot Theodor Studites led the monastery to flourish. Under his rule the church was given a new picture decoration. At that time, the monastery also had a Xenodocheion, which served as a pilgrims' hostel, but also as a hospital, old people's home and poor house. In 818, however, the abbot broke with Leo V, who banished the Studites to Prinkipo, where he died in 826. It was not until 844 that the remains of Studites were transferred to the monastery.
In 1204 the monastery was destroyed by the Crusaders during the conquest of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin Empire . The monks left the monastery. Reconstruction took place in 1293, which was followed by a second boom in the final phase of the Byzantine Empire. The church received a new roof and the monastery was surrounded by a strong wall. Thanks to the possession of relics, the monastery was a popular place of pilgrimage and quickly found new monks.
In 1555, a hundred years after the end of the empire, the studio monastery was dissolved by the Ottomans . The buildings served as a quarry for Topkapı Sarayı at the beginning of the 16th century . The church was converted into the Imrahor mosque by the İmrahor (head stable master) Iljaz Bej Mirahori under Sultan Bayezid II . In 1782 the mosque was destroyed in a fire and rebuilt in 1820. In 1894, the structure was again badly damaged in a severe earthquake.
The first excavations took place as early as 1908/09. The crypt was exposed and a limestone relief was found. In 1920 the mosque was finally destroyed in a fire and not renovated again.
architecture
The monastery church was originally a three-aisled gallery basilica with a three-part narthex , polygonal apse and synthronon . Six steps led down to a cruciform barrel-vaulted crypt . After the fires and the earthquake, the basilica is in ruins. The monastery building and church formed an atrium, which was originally surrounded by colonnades and is now destroyed except for the originally four-door north wall. Apart from a cistern, hardly anything has survived from the monastery buildings. The walls of the church consisted of three layers of stone and five layers of bricks, which led to the banding typical of Byzantine architecture.
meaning
The importance of the monastery is based on its writing school (which still existed in 1350) and the library. Many liturgical poems and dogmatic works were created in the studio monastery.
In addition to the Patriarch Alexios I Studites, the Patriarch Antonios III came. Studites (974–980) from the monastery. Isaak Komnenos, who later became Emperor Isaac I , was brought up here on the orders of Emperor Basil II ; he and the Emperor Michael VII retired here after their abdication in 1059 and 1078 respectively.
literature
- Evelyn Patlegean: Les Stoudites, l'empereur et Rome. In: Bisanzio, Roma e l'Italia nell'alto medioevo, Volume 1, Spoleto 1988, pp. 429-460.
- Olivier Delouis: Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Stoudios à Constantinople. La contribution d'un monastère à l'histoire de l'Empire byzantin (v. 454–1204) . 1-2. Diss. [Mach.] Université Paris-I 2005. 584 pp. [1] .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Wolfgang Müller-Wiener : Pictorial dictionary on the topography of Istanbul. Byzantium, Constantinupolis, Istanbul until the beginning of the 17th century. Wasmuth, Tübingen 1977, ISBN 3-8030-1022-5 , p. 147
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller-Wiener : Pictorial dictionary on the topography of Istanbul. Byzantium, Constantinupolis, Istanbul until the beginning of the 17th century. Wasmuth, Tübingen 1977, ISBN 3-8030-1022-5 , p. 149
- ↑ a b c Wolfgang Müller-Wiener : Image dictionary on the topography of Istanbul. Byzantium, Constantinupolis, Istanbul until the beginning of the 17th century. Wasmuth, Tübingen 1977, ISBN 3-8030-1022-5 , p. 150
Coordinates: 40 ° 59 ′ 46 ″ N , 28 ° 55 ′ 43.1 ″ E