Stuttgart basin
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The Stuttgart basin , also known as the Nesenbach Bay , is part of the natural area of the Stuttgart Bay . It includes the catchment area of the Nesenbach and its tributaries below its upper course gorge, including the Vogelsangbach in particular . This mold in Keuper Uplands of South West German levels country is from southwest to northeast reamed of them left bay of the Neckar valley is between the slope feet one to three kilometers wide and about twice as long, its slopes rising Keuper on stage, on the south side even to the Lower Jurassic . At its bottom lies in a depression at heights of 240 m above sea level. NN the core and inner city of Stuttgart .
physical geography
The basin is north of the eaves of the Fildern , which drops from the height of the Bopers ( 485.2 m above sea level ) to the bottom. At about its southernmost point in Heslach , the Nesenbach emerging on the Fildern runs towards the north-east from its stepped blade , of which soon nothing can be seen above ground. In the area of the extinguishing water pond , it takes in from the left the Vogelsangbach , which now runs entirely in a concealed canal , which emerges on the other side of the Hasenberg , which runs out in the Karlshöhe ( 343 m above sea level ) and which has cleared the northwestern parts of the basin.
In the north-west, the basin is bounded by a rather narrow mountain ridge extending about 5 km to the north-east in front of the neighboring smaller Feuerbachtal , which starts near the Birkenkopf (today 511 m above sea level , artificially increased by about 40 m), long heights of over 400 m above sea level NN stops and then drops from Killesberg to the Pragsattel (approx. 300 m above sea level ). A lower continuation then runs over the Burgholzhof ( 359 m above sea level ) to Münster in the Neckar Valley.
Shortly before the Killesberg, this ridge has a southeastern protrusion in the area of the Gähkopf ( 409 m above sea level ), below which the bottom of the Nesenbach Bay in the area of the main train station is narrowest, only about 1 km wide. Because on its east side, opposite the Frauenkopf ( 462.3 m above sea level ), a shorter range of hills stretches north to the Uhlandshöhe on the other side ( 355 m above sea level ), beyond which the Gaisburg district lies in the much smaller side valley of the Klingenbach. To the northeast of this narrow point, the mountains at the edge of the bay are significantly lower, which is why it opens up to the Neckar valley from here.
geology
The valley basin is bordered in the south by the Keuperrand heights of the Swabian Keuper-Lias-Land . Evidence mountains like the Frauenkopf in the south of Stuttgart show the Black Jura ( lithostratigraphically Lower Jura ). The leveled slopes of parlor sandstone are regularly forested. Since the starting material for soil formation changed frequently over time, numerous soil types were created : brown soils , clay soils and the widespread calcareous loose rock ( parabrown soils ).
To the north of the Stuttgart basin is the Gipskeuper hill country , which is sometimes overlaid by loess , on which substantial wines are grown. In the further course, the area merges into the Muschelkalk and Lettenkeuper plateau of the cultural landscape of the Gäus , into which the Neckar has cut deeply.
Large climatic classification
The urban climate is strongly influenced by the fact that relatively low wind speeds prevail in the Stuttgart basin. This is not only due to the local peculiarity of the basin location, rather the location of Stuttgart in the landscape context itself shapes this fact of the air pressure distribution. The mountain ranges of the Black Forest , Swabian Alb , Schurwald and the Swabian-Franconian Forest shade the entire region from winds, which is why, in addition to the fertility of the soil, this circumstance also enables viticulture on the slopes of Stuttgart . The influences of the advanced foothills of the Azores highs , which are typical for southern Germany, bring with them overall calming weather. In addition, the relief of southern Germany has a greater braking effect on wind speed. The fresh air inflows (ventilation axes) run through cold air paths close to the ground, such as the Kaltental and Nesenbachtal.
Sunshine duration
Between July and September, the highest sunshine values are achieved in Stuttgart, whereby the noon hours of these months often result in sun loss. Cumulative cloud formations over the city are the cause. In the winter months there is less sunshine over the city, especially in the morning and evening hours, whereby the influence of orography is expressed according to the knowledge of the Stuttgart weather office . The edge heights surrounding the Stuttgart basin cause the city to tilt towards the horizon considerably, which significantly reduces the duration of sunshine when the sun is low in winter.
Temperature conditions and humidity
The radiation budget of a place is related to its temperature conditions. Both the maximum and minimum temperatures in the Stuttgart basin are almost consistently higher than in other regions around Stuttgart. This is primarily due to the fact that more of the radiated energy is absorbed in the valley basin and can be held for a long time.
Since the Stuttgart basin is only poorly ventilated, the density of smoke and dust particles is particularly high. These form condensation nuclei on which water vapor is partially deposited in the form of droplets. In winter, Stuttgart has a large excess of foggy days , which is also due to the closed boiler location with stagnant air. Since city fog is one of the most damaging phenomena of the urban climate , the mandatory fine dust sticker was introduced on March 1, 2008 .
From 2016 on, the fine dust alarm will be triggered on winter days with high levels of particulate matter and little air exchange. Then the citizens are appealed to voluntarily to produce fewer pollutants; halving its prices should also motivate private drivers to switch to local public transport and thus reduce emissions.
Wind conditions
The house walls, which tower up at different heights, obstruct the air flow, as high friction effects occur and slow down the wind in the Stuttgart valley basin until it comes to a standstill . An air cushion forms over which the air flowing in must rise. However, the design of the terrain of the boiler itself has a considerable influence on the wind speeds. In the narrowing Nesenbachtal between Kaltental and Heslach , the jet effect increases in order to calm down again from Heslach through the braking effect of the houses. Northeast winds can be found in the transition seasons. The northern and southern edge heights as well as the Stuttgart basin itself run in a south-west-north-east direction. This fact means that north winds are often diverted to northeast winds and south winds to southwest winds.
History of the basin
Horticulture in the valley basin
Before industrialization , the Stuttgart basin was characterized by agriculture close to the city until 1850 , when vegetables were grown in today's inner city . Commercial garden areas (mulberries) were, for example, on the “bulwark” shortly before the city fortifications, today Fritz-Elsas-Straße. The increasing settlement in the second half of the 19th century pushed horticulture outwards to a ring in the surrounding vineyards. The annex on the other side of the basin gave way to the “Lange Feld” towards Stammheim, towards the “Schmidener Feld” towards Waiblingen and towards the district of Botnang in the west of the city. A culture of ornamental plants was preserved around the city cemeteries alone.
Second World War
Stuttgart was spared from the Second World War for a long time. Thanks to its basin location, the city could be made "invisible" by fogging. These and other camouflage measures, such as covering the “theater lake” in the upper castle garden , kept bombing raids away from the basin until 1942. The war-important works of the Bosch company (today's Bosch area in the west of Stuttgart) were, however, a constant target of British attack attempts. With its industrial sites, Stuttgart was “the German Coventry”, so from September 6, 1943, the city was in the crosshairs of stronger attacks. Here American and British bomber squadrons worked together, but without achieving success, the attacks were considered a "costly fiasco". It was not until 1944 that Stuttgart city center was reduced to rubble. Stuttgart was therefore largely devastated after the Second World War ; more than half of all buildings were destroyed.
A large part of the debris was poured onto the Birkenkopf between 1953 and 1957 , which increased the height of the mountain top by around 40 meters. Many remains of the facade of destroyed buildings can still be seen on its summit.
literature
- O. Behre: The climate of Berlin. A meteorological and hygienic investigation. Berlin 1908.
- R. Geiger: The climate of the air layer close to the ground. (= Science. Volume 78). Braunschweig 1950.
- H. Greiner: Dust precipitation measurements in Stuttgart. Technical supervision 3.1962. No. 9, pp. 349-352.
- A. Kratzer: The urban climate. (= Science. Volume 90). Braunschweig. 1956.
Web links
- Further information from the Office for Environmental Protection in Stuttgart
Individual evidence
- ^ The Stuttgart Basin on stuttgart.de, accessed on November 25, 2012.
- ↑ Soils - The Thin Skin of the Earth ( Memento of the original from April 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at bodenexponate.de, accessed on November 25, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d e illustration of the mean conditions and the large-scale climatic classification of Stuttgart on stadtklima-stuttgart.de, accessed on November 25, 2012.
- ↑ Aspects of the urban climate with an illustration of the “streams of cold fresh air in the Stuttgart basin” on geographie.uni-stuttgart.de, accessed on November 25, 2012.
- ↑ Stuttgart will trigger a fine dust alarm from January 2016 if the weather conditions are persistently poor. on: stuttgart.de
- ↑ (No) fine dust alarm. on: stuttgart.de
- ↑ cf. Kratzer, 1956, p. 96 (lit.).
- ↑ Frank Lohrberg: near city agriculture in urban and open space planning. doi: 10.18419 / opus-17 (books.google.nl)
- ↑ Karl Moersch, Reinhold Weber (ed.): The time after the war: Cities in reconstruction. Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 978-3-17-019724-4 . (books.google.nl)
- ↑ Stone tablet at the foot of the mountain ( photo on Google Maps ).
