Sybren tulip

Sybren Tulp (1941)

Sybren Tulp (born March 28, 1891 in Leeuwarden , † October 22, 1942 in Amsterdam ) was a Dutch officer and during the German occupation of the Netherlands Police President (Hoofdcommissaris) of Amsterdam.

biography

Sybren Tulp was an officer in the Dutch-Indian Army (KNIL) from 1912 . In 1936 he became an officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau . In 1938 he resigned from service for health reasons and returned to Europe. He had closely followed political developments in Germany since the early 1930s and became an ardent admirer of Adolf Hitler . Before he finally settled in the Netherlands again, he traveled with his wife to the two fascist countries of Germany and Italy and became a member of the National Socialist Party in the Netherlands, the NSB , the following year . In a letter he wrote admiringly about fascist Germany, which was being hindered in its efforts by the rest of the world and "international Judaism" , and lamented the demoralized state of his own homeland, which was suffering from the consequences of the global economic crisis , and where the situation changed during his absence had deteriorated. Tulp, who had left the Netherlands at a time when nationalism was having a wedding, was deeply disappointed.

Tulp was described as "engaging" and "jovial", a man who knew what to do in every situation and was popular with subordinates. He was married to the daughter of a mother from what was then the Dutch East Indies and a German KNIL officer. His wife also developed into a "fanatical" National Socialist.

In February 1941 there was a two-day general strike in Amsterdam and the surrounding area to protest against the deportation of over 300 Jews . As a result, Tulp was succeeded Hendrik Johan Versteeg jr in May 1941 . appointed by Reichskommissar Arthur Seyß-Inquart as the new police chief of Amsterdam. He set up two new departments within the Amsterdam police: the Bureau Joodsche Zaken , which served to track down Jewish people from June 1942, and the Politie Bataljon Amsterdam (PBA) with 300 demobilized Dutch soldiers in a barracks, which was operational from March 1942. The soldiers, Schalk Haarder after their training location SchalkhaarSelect called, were considered "elite" and were particularly well equipped. Formally they were auxiliary police officers, but the company was part of the NSB and specialized in carrying out raids against Jews, at which Tulp was preferably present in person.

At first, Tulp had stipulated that his men should be left out of the “Jewish actions”, but the Higher SS and Police Leader Hanns Albin Rauter was of the opinion that the battalion should “be called in here and there on Jewish matters, precisely because this work is a very great one is unpleasant and because it can harden the character of men ”. After all, the PBA's “successes” in the search for and capture of Jewish people even exceeded the expectations of its German superiors. It was his subordinates who sent 300 German Jews to Mauthausen concentration camp in retaliation in June 1942 . It was also his authority that enforced the German measures to exclude Jews from public life. On July 7, 1942, Sybern Tulp, now a member of the Dutch SS , proudly reported to his superior Rauter in German to The Hague : "Everything is going well here in Amsterdam and we are completely ready to carry out the Jewish measures smoothly." In September 1942 alone Around 6,000 Jews were arrested by the PBA in Amsterdam to be deported to Auschwitz and murdered.

Tulp was so valued by the Germans that Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler came to Amsterdam on May 18, 1942 and, together with Tulp, held an honorary parade of his men on the Museumplein .

On October 22, 1942, Tulp, who caught a cold in a raid, died of rheumatic fever . After his death, the widow received a condolence telegram from Himmler. At the cremation, Rauter gave a speech in which he announced that the Amsterdam police battalion would be named Sybren Tulp Company and that the barracks would be named Tulpkazerne after him . The men of the company themselves were called "Zwarte tulpen" by the Amsterdamers. After Tulp's death, however, the company lost its importance, and the arrests of Jews were largely carried out by the Germans themselves.

Sybren Tulp had a half-brother named Harry who was active in the resistance against the German occupation and worked for the illegal newspaper Het Noorderlicht . Harry Tulp died on October 19, 1942, three days before his older brother, in Buchenwald concentration camp .

Web links

Commons : Sybren Tulp  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ^ Sybren tulip. sthabenonderzoek.com, accessed December 22, 2014 . 
2. ^ JM Breukers: Politie en Bezettingstijd. politiemuseum.nl, p. 9 , accessed on December 22, 2014 (Dutch). 
3. ↑ ^{a b} A.JJ Meershoek: Dienaren van het gezag. De Amsterdamse politie tijdens de bezettin. PhD thesis University of Amsterdam , 1999, p. 150 , accessed December 22, 2014 (Dutch). 
4. ↑ Götz Aly / Katja Happe (eds.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945, Vol. 5. Western and Northern Europe: 1940 - June 1942. 2012, p. 387 , accessed on 22. December 2014 . 
5. ↑ AJJ Meershoek: Dienaren van het gezag. De Amsterdamse politie tijdens de bezettin. PhD thesis University of Amsterdam , 1999, p. 148f , accessed on December 22, 2014 (Dutch). 
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Sybren tulip. De Dokwerker, accessed December 22, 2014 (Dutch). 
7. ↑ Barbary Beuys: Life with the enemy. Amsterdam under German occupation 1940–1945. 2012, accessed December 22, 2014 . 
8. ^ Bob Moore: The Occupied Netherlands. In: Anthony McElligott / Tim Kirk (eds.): Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honor of Sir Ian Kershaw. 2003, p. 191 , accessed on December 22, 2014 (English). 
9. ^ Christopher Browning: The Origins Of The Final Solution. The Evolution of the Nazi Jewish Policy 1939–1942. 2005, p. 204 , accessed on December 22, 2014 (English). 
10. ↑ Barbary Beuys: Life with the enemy. Amsterdam under German occupation 1940–1945. 2012, accessed December 22, 2014 . 
11. ↑ ^{a b} J. M. Breukers: Politie en Bezettingstijd. politiemuseum.nl, p. 21 , accessed on December 22, 2014 (Dutch). 
12. ^ Joods Amsterdam. (No longer available online.) In: joodsamsterdam.nl. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved October 28, 2015 (Dutch). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
13. ^ JM Breukers: Politie en Bezettingstijd. politiemuseum.nl, p. 10 , accessed on December 22, 2014 (Dutch).