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The Taifals were a people of uncertain origin. Mostly they are attributed to the East Germans , but sometimes also associated with the Sarmatians .

history

The Taifals appear in history together with the Visigoths (tervingi) when they invaded Lower Moesia (Bulgaria) in 248 together with Vandals , Peukins and Carps . The Terwingo-Taifal tribal association was to last for over 100 years. Taifalen, Victofalen and Terwingen have long settled in the former Roman province of Dacia ( Wallachia , Banat , Transylvania ) and in the area on the lower Danube . The Taifals were a very mobile equestrian people and probably had only a small number of “permanent” residences. Soon the different tribes began to merge. The terwingische aristocracy was in the 4th century taifals, Sarmatians , Asia Minor minorities, former Roman provincials , dako -carpischen groups and various Iranians . In 291 Terwingen and Taifalen joined forces against the Hasding Vandals and Gepids, which were expanding into Dacia . Constantine the Great (306–337) pushed the Taifalen and Terwingen from the Danube from 328, which then oriented to the northwest and came into conflict with the Tisza Sarmatians around 332. Then they advanced to Roman foederati and struck down under Constantius II (337-361) in the years 358/359 an uprising of the Limiganten.

Shield painting of the Equites Honoriani Taifali iuniores

Under the increasing pressure of the Huns , the Terwingo-Taifal tribal association also disintegrated in 376. The Taifals left the area and joined the Greutung Ostrogoths . Under Farnobius they were defeated in 377 by the Dux of Valeriae ripensis , Frigeridus , in the Marizatal . The survivors were settled in northern Italy near Modena , Reggio nell'Emilia and Parma , where the place name Taivalo , today San Giovanni in Persiceto , still reminded them of them in Lombard times . Others were deported to Gaul, where Tiffauges is named after them.

In the early 5th century, several of their combat units are listed in the Notitia Dignitatum :

  • A vexillation of the Equites Honoriani Taifali iuniores was subordinate to the Magister equitum of the West as a cavalry unit in Gaul .
  • The Equites Honoriani (Taifali) iuniores were subordinate to the Comes Africae .
  • The Equites Taifali were stationed in Britain under the command of the Comes Britanniarum .
  • In Gaul there was a Praefectus Sarmatarum et Taifalorum gentilium (Prefect of the Sarmatians and Taifals) in Pictavis ( Poitiers ) under the command of the Magister equitum Galliarum .

When the Visigoths established the Tolosan Empire (418–507) in southern France , many Taifals became subjects of the Visigoth kings . However, the peoples retained their identity and there was no rapprochement like two hundred years earlier. Christianization began in the middle of the 5th century. In Merovingian times, a pagus theifalia (about "Taifalen Gau") is documented. Gregory of Tours wrote at the end of the 6th century that the Taifals, some of which were still pagan, did not murder their bishop for religious reasons, but because he was forced upon them by the Frankish king.

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literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Peter Heather: The Goths. Wiley-Blackwell, 1998, ISBN 0-631-20932-8 , p. 45.
  2. ↑ a b Hannsferdinand Döbler: The Germanic peoples . Orbis, 2000, ISBN 3-572-01157-4 , p. 261.
  3. ↑ a b c Herwig Wolfram: The Goths. CH Beck, 2001, ISBN 3-406-33733-3 , p. 72.
  4. ↑ a b Herwig Wolfram: The Goths. CH Beck, 2001, ISBN 3-406-33733-3 , p. 67.
  5. ↑ a b c Herwig Wolfram: The Goths. CH Beck, 2001, ISBN 3-406-33733-3 , pp. 100-101.
  6. ↑ Herwig Wolfram: The Goths. CH Beck, 2001, ISBN 3-406-33733-3 , p. 19.
  7. ↑ Herwig Wolfram: The Goths. CH Beck, 2001, ISBN 3-406-33733-3 , p. 70.
  8. ↑ Ralf Scharf: The Dux Mogontiacensis and the Notitia Dignitatum. A study of late antique border defense . ( Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Supplementary volumes, Volume 48.) Walter de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2005, ISBN 3-11-018835-X , pp. 168–173.
  9. ^ ND Occ. VI.
  10. ^ ND Occ. VII.
  11. ^ ND Occ. VII and XLII.
  12. ↑ Herwig Wolfram: The Goths. CH Beck, 2001, ISBN 3-406-33733-3 , pp. 240-241.