Breviary from urbe condita
Breviarium ab urbe condita ( Latin short version [of the history] since the city was founded ) is the title of a historical work by the Roman historian Eutropius . It belongs to a genre of brief historical writings ( breviaria ), which also includes the epitome of Florus , the Historiae abbreviatae of Aurelius Victor and the breviarum of Rufus Festus .
Eutropius' Breviarium ab urbe condita treats Roman history in ten books in chronological order from the foundation of the city ( ab urbe condita , 753 BC) to the death of Emperor Jovian (364 AD). Eutropius wrote the work around 369 on behalf of Emperor Valens (ruled 364–378) in order to give this historical orientation knowledge at hand. Despite numerous chronological and factual inaccuracies and errors, the work was very successful: It was read and quoted by both pagan and Christian authors, translated into Greek at an early stage (around 379 by Paianios , in the early 6th century by the Capitol of Lycia ). Even in the Middle Ages, the breviary ab urbe condita remained in use as a textbook on Roman history and was revised and continued by two authors: in the 8th century by Paulus Diaconus and around 1000 by Landolfus Sagax .
Due to its lack of linguistic demands, the breviary ab urbe condita has been a popular school reading in Latin lessons in modern times , both in Germany (especially in the 18th and early 19th centuries) as well as in Italy, Spain, Russia and in English-speaking countries. As a historical source, it is particularly important for the late antiquity period , where it makes lost sources such as the Enmann Emperor's story tangible and reports the author's own experiences from the Persian War of Emperor Julian .
title
Eutropius gave his historical work the title Breviarium from urbe condita , which has come down to us in the now lost manuscript from Fulda . The author is referring to Titus Livius ' historical work Ab urbe condita , which also extends from the founding of the city to the author's lifetime. In fact, the breviary in the first six books is based on Livy to such an extent that the Byzantine Lexicon Suda referred to it as a proper extract from it.
dedication
In a preface ( praefatio ) Eutropius dedicated the work to the Emperor Valens, whom he addressed with the title Domino Valenti Gothico Maximo Perpetuo Augusto . Since Valens assumed the title Gothicus Maximus after his campaign against the Goths in 367-369 AD, the time when the breviary was written is dated to 369/370 AD.
In the dedication epistle, Eutropius writes that on behalf of the emperor ( ex voluntate mansuetudinis tuae ) he wanted to summarize the events of Roman history ( res Romanas ) from the foundation of the city to his time ( ab urbe condita usque ad nostram memoriam ), in chronological order ( per ordinem temporum ) and in a compact presentation ( brevi narratione ). Eutropius goes on to say that he added remarkable details from the imperial servants ( strictim additis etiam his, quae in principum vita egregia extiterunt ), with the intention of showing the emperor how he had already emulated the models of his predecessors without knowing about it have ( ut tranquillitatis tuae possit mens divina laetari prius se inlustrium virorum facta in administrando imperio secutam, quam cognosceret lectione. ).
Content and structure
The breviary ab urbe condita is divided into ten books. Books 1–6 cover the time of the kings and the republic (753–44 BC), books 7–10 the imperial period . The boundaries of the book apparently correspond to epochs that were considered important by the author.
- Book 1: From the founding of Rome (753 BC) to the siege of the Capitol by the Gauls (387 BC)
- Chapters 1–8: Roman royal times . Foundation of Rome and development under the kings Romulus , Numa Pompilius , Tullus Hostilius , Ancus Marcius , Tarquinius Priscus , Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus .
- Chapters 9-20: Early period of the Roman Republic : expulsion of the kings and first year of consulate (chapters 9-10), unsuccessful war of the expelled king and the Etruscans against Rome (11), introduction of the dictatorship (12), Secession plebis (13), Victory over the Volscians and conquest of Corioli (14), campaign of Coriolanus against his hometown (15), campaign of the Fabians against the Samnites (16), victory of the dictator Cincinnatus on Mount Algidus (17), installation and forcible deposition of the Decemviri ( 18), conquest and destruction of Fidenae (19), conquest of Veii and Falerii by Cincinnatus and his victory over the Gauls , who almost conquered Rome (20).
- Book 2: From the establishment of the military tribunes (386 BC) and the victories of Camillus to the end of the First Punic War (241 BC): Rome's rise to a great power in the western Mediterranean.
- Chapters 1–4: Establishment of the military tribunes and expansion of the Roman sphere of influence; Death of Cincinnatus.
- Chapters 5–6: Victories over the Gauls south of the Alps.
- Chapters 7–10: Samnite Wars and victory over the Gauls and Etruscans in the battle of the Vadimonian Sea (283 BC) .
- Chapters 11-14: War against Taranto and Pyrrhus (280-275 BC).
- Chapters 15–17: Alliance of friendship with King Ptolemy II , foundation of Ariminum and Beneventum , conquest of Brundisium .
- Chapters 18–27: First Punic War (264–241 BC).
- Chapter 28: Defeated Falisker Rebellion (241 BC).
- Book 3: From the end of the First Punic War to the end of the Second Punic War (202 BC): Rome subjugates all rivals in the western Mediterranean.
- Chapter 1: Embassy of the Romans to Egypt and of King Hieron II from Sicily to Rome.
- Chapters 2–3: Subjugation of the Ligurians and conquest of Sardinia .
- Chapter 4: Victory and first triumphal procession over Illyria .
- Chapters 5–6: Victories of Lucius Aemilius Papus and Marcus Claudius Marcellus over the Gauls.
- Chapters 7–23: Second Punic War (218–202 BC)
- Chapters 7–8: Hannibal conquers Sagunto (Chapter 7) and crosses the Pyrenees and Alps , while the Romans send troops to Spain and Sicily (8).
- Chapter 9: Defeats of the Roman consuls Publius Cornelius Scipio on Ticinus , Tiberius Sempronius Longus in the Battle of Trebia and Gaius Flaminius on Lake Trasimeno .
- Chapter 10: Defeat of the Romans at the Battle of Cannae .
- Chapter 11: The Romans refuse to surrender and defeat Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal in Spain .
- Chapter 12: Undecided skirmishes of Marcus Claudius Marcellus at Nola . Alliance of King Philip V of Macedonia with Carthage.
- Chapter 13: Successes of the Roman generals Titus Manlius Torquatus in Sardinia and Marcus Valerius Laevinus in Macedonia.
- Chapter 14: Hannibal marches on Rome , but withdraws to Campania . Defeat and death of the Scipions (Publius and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio ) in Spain. Conquest of Sicily by Marcellus. Laevinus makes alliances of friendship with King Philip of Macedonia, many Greek cities and King Attalus I of Asia.
- Chapters 15–17: Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeats the Carthaginians in Spain. Quintus Fabius Maximus conquers Taranto and regains many other Italian cities.
- Chapters 18–19: Defeat of Hannibal in the Battle of Metaurus and the reconquest of Bruttium by the Romans.
- Chapter 20: Scipio crosses over to Africa and defeats the Numidians allied with Carthage . Hannibal is recalled from Italy.
- Chapters 21–23: Carthaginian peace delegation to Rome (21). Hannibal disrupts the ceasefire in Africa (22). Scipio destroys the Carthaginians ( Battle of Zama ), returns to Rome with huge spoils of war, celebrates a triumphal procession there and receives the honorary name "Africanus".
- Book 4: From the Macedonian War (200–197 BC) to the Jugurthin War and Triumph over Jugurtha (104 BC)
- Chapters 1–2: Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeats King Philip V of Macedonia and makes peace. Then Flamininus successfully wages war against Nabis of Sparta and triumphs in Rome.
- Chapter 3: War against Antiochus III. , Victory of the consul Manius Acilius Glabrio in the battle of Thermopylae
- Chapter 4: Victories of the Romans over Antiochus and his vassal Hannibal, alliance with King Eumenes II of Pergamon and peace agreement of Apamea . The victorious consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio takes the honorary name Asiagenes .
- Chapter 5: Triumph of Marcus Fulvius Nobilior over the Aitolians . Hannibal flees to King Prusias of Bithynia . When Titus Quinctius Flamininus demands his extradition, Hannibal ends his life by poison.
- Chapter 6: Perseus of Macedonia, the successor of his father Philip, begins the Third Macedonian-Roman War in an alliance with Kotys of Thrace and Genthios of Illyria . Eumenes of Pergamon, Ariaratus of Cappadocia , Antiochus of Syria, Ptolemy of Egypt and Masinissa of Numidia join the Romans , while Prusias of Bithynia remains neutral. The consul Publius Licinius Crassus fights unsuccessfully against Perseus, while “Gaius” Anicius defeats the Illyrians under Genthios within 30 days.
- Chapter 7: Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeats the Macedonians in the Battle of Pydna and makes peace.
- Chapter 8: On the march back, Aemilius Paullus plundered 70 cities in Epirus and then triumphed in Rome, as did Anicius. Eumenes and Attalus from Asia Minor and Prusias from Bithynia come to Rome for the play, and with the approval of the Senate, they deposit consecration gifts in the Capitol.
- Chapter 9: The consuls Lucius Mummius and Marcus Claudius Marcellus fight successfully in Lusitania .
- Chapter 10: Third Punic War : The consuls Manius Manilius and Lucius Marcius Censorinus have Carthage besieged by their tribune Scipio (the younger) .
- Chapter 11: The Numid King Masinissa, a long-time friend of the Roman people, dies. After his will, Scipio divides his kingdom among the descendants.
- Chapter 12: Scipio is appointed consul well before the usual age limit, conquers Carthage, has it looted and destroyed, and accepts the honorary title Africanus.
- Chapter 13: Rebellion in Macedonia under Pseudo-Philip , who destroys the army of Praetor Publius Iuventius , but is later defeated and captured by Quintus Caecilius Metellus .
- Chapter 14: Rome declares war on the city of Corinth . The consul Lucius Mummius conquers and destroys the city. Three triumphal marches take place simultaneously in Rome: that of Scipio Africanus, Metellus and Mummius.
- Chapter 15: The uprising of the pseudo-Perses in Macedonia is put down by Quaestor Tremellius .
- Chapter 16: In the Celtiberian War Metellus is replaced by Quintus Pompeius , who in turn is succeeded by Quintus Servilius Caepio . The Lusitan leader Viriathus is betrayed and murdered by his own people; Caepio refuses the murderers a reward.
- Chapter 17: Quintus Pompey fails to capture Numantia and concludes an unfavorable peace treaty. The same goes for Gaius Hostilius Mancinus , whose peace agreement is not recognized by the Senate. Finally, Scipio Africanus the Younger ends the war by conquering and destroying Numantia.
- Chapter 18: King Attalus of Pergamon dies and inherits his kingdom to the Roman people, who thus come into possession of Asia .
- Chapter 19: The triumphal procession of Decimus Junius Brutus over the Gallaekers and Lusitans and the younger Scipio Africanus over Numantia.
- Chapter 20: Rising of Attalus' brother Aristonikos in Asia. The consul Publius Licinius Crassus fights against him with the support of the kings Nicomedes of Bithynia, Ariarathes of Cappadocia and Pylaimenes of Paphlagonia . After Crassus' death in battle, Marcus Perperna is sent as his successor, who defeats Aristonikos at Stratonikeia and sends him to Rome. Perperna dies while preparing for the triumphal procession.
- Chapter 21: Under the consulate of "Lucius" Caecilius Metellus and Titus Quinctius Flamininus (123 BC) Carthage is re-established on the orders of the Senate and settled with Roman citizens.
- Chapter 22: The consuls Gaius Cassius Longinus and "Sextus Domitius Calvinus" (correctly: Gaius Sextius Calvinus ) war in transalpine Gaul and defeat the Rhône the Arverni under their king Bituitus. Then both consuls triumph in Rome.
- Chapter 23: Under the consulate of Marcus Porcius Cato and Quintus Marcius Rex , the city of Narbo is founded as Colonia (118 BC). The following year a triumphal procession over Dalmatia takes place under the consuls Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola .
- Chapter 24: The consul Gaius Cato suffers heavy defeats in the fight against the Skordisker .
- Chapter 25: Under the consulate of Gaius Caecilius Metellus and Gnaeus Carbo (113 BC) the brothers Gaius and Marcus Caecilius Metellus triumph over Sardinia and Thrace, respectively. The news arrives in Rome that the Cimbri and Teutons have invaded Italy from Gaul.
- Chapter 26: The Jugurthin War begins under the consulate of Publius Scipio Nasica and Lucius Calpurnius Bestia (111 BC) . The consul Calpurnius Bestia allows himself to be bribed by Iugurtha and concludes a peace treaty that is not recognized by the Senate. In the following year (110 BC) he was replaced by Spurius Postumius Albinus , who, together with his brother, unsuccessfully fought against the Numidians.
- Chapter 27: The consul who succeeded him, Quintus Caecilius Metellus (109 BC) reformed the army, repulsed Jugurtha many times and conquered several cities. His successor Gaius Marius ends the war by defeating Jugurtha and his allies Bocchus and having Jugurtha captured by the quaestor Cornelius Sulla . In Gaul, the Romans win at the second consul Marcus Junius Silanus over the Cimbri, in Macedonia under Minucius Rufus on the Scordisci and Triballi and in Hispania under Servilius Caepio over the Lusitanians. Two triumphal marches take place over Jugurtha, one of Metellus and one of Marius.
- Guide 5: Of the Kimbernkriegen (.. 113-101 BC) to the end of the Social War and Sulla victory in civil war over the Marians (. 82 BC.)
- Chapter 1: Defeat of the Roman consuls Quintus Caepio and "Marcus Manlius" ( Gnaeus Mallius Maximus ) against the Cimbri, Teutons, Tigurines and Ambrones in Gaul. In the threatening situation, Gaius Marius is appointed consul five times in a row. He defeats the Teuton leader Teutobodus .
- Chapter 2: Marius and his colleague Quintus Lutatius Catulus win over the Cimbri and Teutons in northern Italy and end the war.
- Chapter 3: Social War (. 91-88 BC.): After Schlachttod the consuls Porcius Cato and Publius Rutilius the generals Marius, win Gnaeus Pompey and Sulla decisive victories and end the war.
- Chapters 4–9: Mithridatic Wars and Roman Civil War.
- Chapter 4: Sulla takes command of the war against King Mithridates of Pontus . When Marius tries to wrest the command from him, Sulla marches with the army in Rome, expels Marius and sets off for Asia Minor.
- Chapter 5: Mithridates drives out the kings of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Paphlagonia, allied with Rome, and calls for the murder of all Roman citizens in Asia Minor ( Vespers of Ephesus ).
- Chapter 6: With the handover of the city of Athens to the Pontic military leader Archelaus by Aristion , the Mithridatic war spreads to Europe. Sulla defeats Archelaus near Piraeus and occupies Athens. He also defeats the reinforcements that Mithridates sends from Asia Minor.
- Chapter 7: Sulla makes alliances with (or defeats the) tribes of the Dardans , Scordians, Dalmats and Maeder. He makes a provisional peace with Mithridates to secure his power in Italy. At the request of the Senate, he defeated the consuls Norbanus and Scipio appointed by Marius .
- Chapter 8: Sulla also defeats the new consuls Gaius Marius the Younger and Gnaeus Papirius Carbo . While Marius is putting an end to his life in Praeneste , Carbo is killed by Gnaeus Pompeius in Sicily .
- Chapter 9: Pompey crosses over to Africa and there defeats Marius' general Domitius and his allies Hierdas, King of Mauritania. In Rome Sulla triumphs over Mithridates. Pompey triumphs over Africa at the age of only 24.
- Book 6: From the Continuation of the Civil Wars (77 BC) to the Assassination of Caesar (44 BC)
- Book 7: From the power struggles after Caesar's murder to the death of Emperor Domitian (96 AD): Julisch-Claudian and Flavian emperors
- Book 8: From Nerva (96 AD) to the death of Severus Alexander (235 AD)
- Book 9: From Maximinus Thrax , the first soldier emperor , to the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian (305 AD)
- Book 10: From Constantius I and Galerius to Jovian (364 AD)
swell
As the title of the work and a phrase in the introduction suggest, Eutropius in Books 1–6 referred primarily to the historical work of Livy Ab urbe condita , which he did not consult directly, but used in an epitome that was apparently received from us was different. For the imperial period, Eutropius mainly used the Enmann imperial story , which probably ended with the battle of Argentoratum (357 AD). A certain correspondence with the emperor's biographies Sueton arises from the fact that Enmann's imperial history processed them. For the events after AD 357, Eutropius used some of his own experiences.
Reception in historiography
The breviary ab urbe condita was very successful as a handy and low-requirement history presentation. It was used by other authors shortly after its publication, for example by Hieronymus in his Chronicle, by Augustine in his De civitate dei , by Rufus Festus (probably), by Cassiodor and Jordanes , by the church historian Orosius and possibly also by the Historia Augusta . As a handy historical work with a broad time horizon, Eutropius' breviary was widely read even in the Middle Ages . In the late 8th century the Lombard prince educator Paulus Diaconus , who worked in Montecassino , revised the work and continued it in six more books until 553, the time of Justinian's reign . Paul's additions mainly concern events in church history. This version of the Breviarium , called Historia Romana , was even more popular than the original: more than 160 manuscripts have survived from the 9th to 15th centuries, some of which name Eutropius rather than Paul. Regardless of this, the breviary ab urbe condita has also been passed on in its original form. Another adaptation was written by a certain Landolfus Sagax around the year 1000 , who continued the history work in eight additional books up to the year 806 (also with the title Historia Romana ; the first editor Pierre Pithou called the work Historia Miscella ).
Eutropius' work was also widely received in the Greek-speaking east of the empire, as it was available in various translations. During Eutropius' lifetime, around 379 AD, the translation of Paianios was created , which has survived almost completely (only the end with the reign of the emperors Julian and Jovian is missing). Another translation was written by the historian Kapiton of Lycia , who worked under the emperors Anastasios I (ruled 491-518) and Maurikios (ruled 518-527) based on the testimony of the Suda . It has not been passed down directly, but is mostly associated with the fragments of an Eutropius translation that differed from Paianio's in numerous Suda articles and the Constantinian collections of excerpts. A third translation, which is not identical to the two mentioned, seems to have used Theophanes Confessor in his description of Emperor Diocletian in the 9th century . Later users of the Greek translation of Paianios are Maximos Planudes (13th / 14th century) and Nikephoros Gregoras (14th century), who used the text as a supplement to Cassius Dio and his epitomist Xiphilinos .
From the 16th to the 18th centuries the breviary ab urbe condita was available in numerous printed editions. It was used just in the 18th and 19th centuries in German, English and Italian schools as a beginner's reading in Latin lessons and as a source for history lessons . Due to its numerous chronological and factual inaccuracies and errors, the reputation of the breviary declined noticeably. However , it is still valued as a contemporary representation of late antiquity (especially the 4th century) and as a source for lost historical works (especially for Enmann's imperial history ).
Handwritten tradition and edition history
Eutropius' breviary ab urbe condita is preserved in 20 manuscripts from the 9th to 15th centuries, which are assigned to at least three different lines of tradition. There are also around 160 manuscripts from the Historia Romana by Paulus Diaconus, some of which are of importance for the production of the original text.
The first printed edition appeared on May 20, 1471 in Rome, in the workshop of the printer Georg Lauer; however, its edition still contained the additions of Paulus Deaconus. Successive discoveries of the surviving manuscripts led to the restoration of the original text of the Breviarium ab urbe condita : Anton van Schoonhoven started with his edition, completed in 1545 and published in Basel in 1552, by using a manuscript from Ghent (today in the Leiden University Library , Bibliotheca Publica Latina 141) removed most of the Pauline additions. On this path, Élie Vinet (Elias Vinetus) progressed , who in addition to Schoonhoven's edition used a (later lost) manuscript from Bordeaux . The edition by Friedrich Sylburg (Frankfurt am Main 1590) was of particular importance as it not only gave the readings of the (later also lost) manuscript from Fulda , but also contained the Greek translation of Paianios (never before printed). The editions of the 17th and 18th centuries mainly contributed to the criticism and exegesis of the text without using new handwritten material.
After Theodor Mommsen had recognized the importance of the oldest manuscript ( Gotha Research Library , Ms. Memb. I, from the 9th century) in 1866 , Wilhelm Hartel delivered a monograph together with his Eutropius edition in 1872, in which he discussed the circumstances of him examined known manuscripts and separated the Eutropius manuscripts from the Pauline ones. The edition in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH), which was organized by Theodor Mommsen and carried out by his student Hans Droysen , rested on a broader basis . It contained not only the Latin text of the breviary (based on seven manuscripts), but also the Greek translations of Paianios and Kapiton as well as the continuations by Paulus Deaconus and Landolfus Sagax. A few years later, Carl Wagener and Franz Rühl published their own editions based on years of preparatory work (1884 and 1887, respectively), which went beyond Droysen, especially with regard to the constitution of the text. Rühl's edition, published by Teubner-Verlag , was widely distributed and was reprinted until the 1970s. Their text often differs from that of the earlier editions because Rühl tended to smooth out the problematic transmission of the manuscripts by using conjectures or different readings of individual manuscripts.
On the foundation laid by Hartel, Mommsen and Droysen, Nino Scivoletto built his studies on the tradition of the breviary in the 1960s . Not only on the basis of binding and separating errors, but also with paleographic arguments, he developed a stemma that is based on two lines of transmission that arose in the early Middle Ages, a Gallic and an Italian tradition. In his opinion, the Historia Romana of Paulus Diaconus goes back to the latter , and to the former three other manuscript groups, some of which show signs of contamination. Scivoletto's findings were incorporated into the Eutropius edition of his pupil Carlo Santini , who in turn classified another group of manuscripts in the stemma. Santini's 1979 edition in the Bibliotheca Teubneriana gave the readings of 20 manuscripts, including six Paul’s manuscripts, and assigned them to four lines of tradition, which he (following Scivoletto) marked with Greek minuscules :
- The first class ( φ ) consists of Sylburg's lost Fulda manuscript and the Gotha Codex ( Gotha Research Library , Ms. Memb. I, from the 9th century).
- The second class ( κ / λ / μ ) contains four manuscripts from the 11th and 12th centuries, some of which are incomplete.
- The third grade ( χ / ψ ) consists of four manuscripts from the 10th to the 13th century.
- The fourth class ( π ) corresponds to the Historia Romana of Paulus Diaconus.
In addition, there are individual manuscripts that are either contaminated or lost and therefore cannot be safely classified in the stemma, including the lost Codex Burdigalensis by Vinetus, the excerpts from a Petersburg manuscript discovered by Rühl (9th century, Class. Lat.Qv9 = Dubrowski 327) and an excerpt in the Bamberg University Library (10th century, Class. 31 = E.III.22), which is the only Eutropius' title of magister memoriae that has survived.
Since its publication, Santini's edition has formed the basis for research into Eutropius. The (annotated) translations and bilingual editions that appeared from the 1990s and were primarily intended as study editions corresponded to a renewed interest in historiography in late antiquity: Harold W. Bird published an English translation with commentary ( Translated Texts for Historians ) in 1993 , Friedhelm L. Müller 1995 a Latin-German edition with commentary and Stéphane Ratti an annotated French translation of books 7–9 (1997). In 1999, Joseph Hellegouarc'h, who had been studying Eutropius since the 1970s, presented his Latin-French edition, based on the autopsy of several manuscripts, which, however, did not differ from the manuscript groups established by Scivoletto and Santini. Fabrizio Bordone (with Italian translation, commentary and an introduction by Fabio Gasti, 2014) and Bruno Bleckmann and Jonathan Groß (with German translation and commentary, 2018) published further study editions .
Editions and translations
Translations and bilingual editions
- Harold W. Bird: The Breviarum Ab Urbe Condita of Eutropius . Translated Texts for Historians . Liverpool 1993 (English translation with extensive introduction and commentary).
- Bruno Bleckmann , Jonathan Groß: Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita. Small and fragmentary historians of late antiquity B 3. Paderborn 2018, ISBN 978-3-506-78916-7 (German translation with philological and historical commentary, the latter only for books 9-10).
- Fabrizio Bordone: Eutropio: Storia di Roma. Grandi classici greci latini . Santarcangelo di Romagna 2014, ISBN 978-88-18-03023-5 (Italian translation with commentary).
- Friedhelm L. Müller : Eutropii breviarium ab urbe condita - Eutropius, Brief history of Rome since its founding (753 BC – 364 AD). Introduction, text and translation, notes, index nominum a) geographicorum b) historicorum . Stuttgart 1995.
- Stéphane Ratti: Les empereurs romains d'Auguste à Dioclétien dans le Bréviaire d'Eutrope. Les livres 7 à 9 du Bréviaire d'Eutrope: introduction, traduction et commentaire . Paris 1996 (French translation of books 7 to 9 with commentary).
Critical Editions
- Carlo Santini : Eutropii Breviarium ab urbe condita . Leipzig 1979 ( Bibliotheca Teubneriana ): Relevant edition based on the most important manuscripts
- Hans Droysen (Ed.): Auctores antiquissimi 2: Eutropi Breviarium ab urbe condita cum versionibus Graecis et Pauli Landolfique additamentis. Berlin 1879 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version): Extensive edition with text-critical apparatus, sources and testimony apparatus as well as the Greek translations and the continuations of Paulus Diaconus and Landolfus Sagax
literature
- Michael von Albrecht : History of Roman literature from Andronicus to Boethius and its continued effect . Volume 2. 3rd, improved and expanded edition. De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-026525-5 , p. 1177 f. (brief overview)
- Willem den Boer : Some Minor Roman Historians. Brill, Leiden 1972, ISBN 90-04-03545-1 , p. 114 ff.
- Peter Lebrecht Schmidt : Eutropius. In: Reinhart Herzog (ed.): Restoration and renewal. The Latin literature from 284 to 374 AD (= Handbook of the Latin Literature of Antiquity , Volume 5). CH Beck, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-406-31863-0 , pp. 201-207
Individual evidence
- ↑ Suda, article "Kapiton" (κ 342): ἔγραψε μετάφρασιν τῆς ἐπιτομῆς Εὐτροπίου Ῥωμαϊστὶ ἐπιτεμόντος Λίβιον τὸν Ῥωμαῖον. "He wrote a translation of the short version of Eutropius, who summarized the Roman Livy in Roman."
- ↑ Giorgio Bonamente, La dedica del "Breviarium" e la carriera di Eutropio . In: Giornale Italiano di Filologia . Vol. 29 (1977), pp. 274-297. - Harold W. Bird: Eutropius and Festus: Some Reflections on the Empire and Imperial Policy in AD 369/370 . In: Florilegium . Volume 8 (1986), pp. 11-22, here 16.
- ^ Harold W. Bird: Structure and Themes in Eutropius' Breviarium . In: The Classical Bulletin . Vol. 66, pp. 87-92 (1990).
- ↑ Vladimir Pirogov: De Eutropii breviarii from uc indole ac fontibus. Berlin 1873, pp. 39-86; Gustav Reinhold: The historical work of Livy as a source of later historians. Berlin 1898.
- ↑ For a summary of the probable sources of Eutrop, see Bruno Bleckmann, Jonathan Groß: Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita. Small and fragmentary historians of late antiquity B 3. Paderborn 2018, pp. 19–23.
- ^ Peter Lebrecht Schmidt : Eutropius. In: Reinhart Herzog (ed.): Restoration and renewal. The Latin literature from 284 to 374 AD (= Handbook of the Latin Literature of Antiquity , Volume 5). CH Beck, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-406-31863-0 , pp. 201-207
- ↑ Suda, article “Kapiton” (κ 342): “Kapiton: Lykier, Historiker. He wrote ... a translation of the Breviary of Eutropius, who had stripped out the Roman Livy in Latin “( Καπίτων · Λύκιοςντντοντορικός .
- Jump up ↑ Lars Boje Mortensen, The Diffusion on Roman Histories in the Middle Ages: A List of Orosius, Eutropius, Paulus Diaconus and Landolfus Sagax Manuscripts . In: Filologica Mediolatina . Vol. 6-7 (1999-2000), pp. 101-200, here p. 115.
- ↑ Hans Droysen: The Eutropausgaben of Schoonhoven and E. Vinetus . In: Hermes . Volume 12 (1877), pp. 385-386.
- ^ Wilhelm Hartel: Eutropius and Paulus Diaconus . In: Session reports of the philosophical-historical class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences . Volume 71 (1872), pp. 227-310.