Rimini

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under Rimini (disambiguation) .

Rimini
Country	Italy
region	Emilia-Romagna
province	Rimini  (RN)
Local name	Rémin / Remni
Coordinates	44 ° 4 '  N , 12 ° 34'  E Coordinates: 44 ° 3 '34 "  N , 12 ° 34' 6"  E
height	5  m slm
surface	134.5 km²
Residents	151,200 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density	1,124 inhabitants / km²
Factions	Bellariva, Corpolò, Marebello, Miramare di Rimini, Rivabella, Rivazzurra, San Fortunato, San Giuliano a Mare, Santa Aquilina, Torre Pedrera, Viserba , Viserbella
Post Code	47921-47924
prefix	0541
ISTAT number	099014
Popular name	Riminesi
Patron saint	San Gaudenzo (October 14th)
Website	Rimini
Rimini view

Rimini is a city on the Italian Adriatic coast in Emilia-Romagna with 151,200 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019) and the capital of the province of Rimini . Today it is a center of bathing tourism . The extensive old town of Rimini is about two and a half kilometers from the Adriatic coast. Most of the districts of the city that are directly on the sea are development areas.

history

Antiquity

Rimini is a very old city. Archaeological remains of the Villanova culture and Celts were found here . Strabo attributes the founding of the city of Umbrers . She was in the 6th century BC. BC. Member of an Etruscan city ​​union. The Romans made the place 268 BC. BC to a colony under Latin law (with 6000 colonists), which they called Ariminum and which was not far from the mouth of the Ariminus River (now Marecchia ) in the Adriatic Sea . The colony, which minted copper coins in its early days, soon gained great military importance and served the Romans in the 3rd century BC. BC together with Arretium (today Arezzo ) as a bulwark against the Gauls who settled in the Po Valley . It was also an important port.

When the censor Gaius Flaminius in 220 BC BC built the Via Flaminia connecting Rome with the Adriatic coast , he led it to Ariminum, which has been the end of this Roman road since then . 187 BC In BC Ariminum was also the starting point of the then newly built Via Aemilia , which led to Placentia (today Piacenza ). During the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) the city was often used by the Romans as a base for military operations. She was loyal to the Romans and could 209 BC Despite great distress still provide their contingent.

Statue of Julius Caesar in Rimini

No later than 88 BC After the alliance war , Ariminum became a municipality and its inhabitants received Roman citizenship and voted in the Aniensis tribe . Ariminum then sided with Gaius Marius when he fought Sulla ; therefore Sulla's troops sacked the city. As early as 49 BC When the civil war broke out between Caesar and Pompey , after crossing the Rubicon , Caesar turned against Ariminum first and was able to occupy it very quickly. This is where the tribunes of the people (including Marcus Antonius ) who had fled Rome came , whose violent treatment Caesar demonstrated to his soldiers in a dramatic speech. So he could win his warriors for the march against Rome.

43 BC The triumvirs Marcus Antonius, Octavian (later Emperor Augustus ) and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus agreed to distribute the urban area of ​​Ariminum among their veterans. Nevertheless, the city remained important and wealthy. Augustus, to whom it temporarily served as headquarters during the wars against the Illyrians , took care of it by restoring the Via Flaminia. The residents thanked him through the 27 BC A magnificent arch of honor was built . Furthermore, shortly before his death in AD 14, Augustus ordered the construction of a bridge over the Marecchia, which was only completed by his successor Tiberius in AD 21 . Gaius Caesar ordered the paving of all the city's streets in 1 AD. At that time it was called Colonia Augusta Ariminensis . A 118 m × 88 m amphitheater with a 73 m × 44 m arena dates from the time of Hadrian .

Christianity found its way into Rimini relatively early. A bishop of Ariminum named Stemnio is attested to at a Roman council held in 313 AD. In 359 the Council of Rimini took place, at which negotiations between Catholics and Arians took place. Ariminum reappears as a militarily important place in late antiquity during the Gothic Wars of the 5th and 6th centuries. Here Alaric negotiated with the Praetorian prefect Iovius and dethroned the usurper Attalus . During the Gothic War, which lasted from 535 to 554, the Ostrogoth king Witichis besieged Ariminum in 538 unsuccessfully, but a troop of Goths Totilas 550 captured the city, which Narses recaptured a few years later for the Byzantine Empire .

middle Ages

The Byzantines remained lords of Rimini, which now formed the northernmost city of the Pentapolis maritima , which in turn was part of the Exarchate of Ravenna . The Lombard king Liutprand conquered Rimini in 728 together with many other cities, but gave it back to the Byzantines around 735. Pippin the Younger took the city in 756 and transferred it through the Pippin donation to the Pope, for whom it was ruled by counts until the end of the 10th century. Soon afterwards, Rimini came under the influence of the Roman-German emperors. In 1157, Frederick I Barbarossa granted the city the right to own coinage and self-administration through an imperial patent, so that it became an independent municipality. From this point on in particular, the emperor and the pope fought for dominance over the city.

At that time, Rimini was waging wars with neighboring cities. After a defeat against Cesena in 1216 it granted two members of the powerful feudal lord family of the Malatesta citizenship, for which they promised the city military support in case of war. In 1239 Malatesta I. Malatesta (1183-1248) became Podestà of Rimini, where there were violent feuds between Ghibellines and Guelphs . The former initially had the upper hand during the reign of Emperor Frederick II . The Malatesta, too, were initially on the imperial side, but in the last few years of Frederick II switched to the side of the Guelphs, who ultimately prevailed. With Malatesta da Verucchio (1212–1312), who provided military aid to the Pope, his family took over the leadership role of the Guelphs not only in Rimini, but throughout Romagna . The Malatesta fought bitter skirmishes with rival noble families and were expelled from Rimini in 1288, but were able to return to the city in heavy street fighting as early as 1295. In the same year Malatesta da Verucchio became lord of Rimini and his opponents had to leave the city. From now on, the Malatesta ruled Rimini for 200 years.

Malatestino I. Malatesta († 1317), a son of Malatesta da Verucchio, succeeded his father in 1312 as lord of Rimini and maintained himself in this position until his death in 1317. At the request of the Guelphs, his half-brother Pandolfo followed him instead of his son I. Malatesta (around 1267-1326), and only after his death came Malatestinos son Ferrantino Malatesta († 1353) in 1326 to the government of Rimini. The Holy See now sought to enforce its nominal sovereignty over Romagna more emphatically than before; Ferrantino was banished from Rimini by the papal legate Bertrand du Pouget in 1331 and left the cities to his rule. After he briefly returned to power in Rimini, he had to give way in 1335 to Pandolfo's son Malatesta II. Malatesta (around 1299-1364). The latter was nicknamed Guastafamiglia ("family spoiler ") and shared his brother Galeotto I. Malatesta († 1385) in the rule. Guastafamiglia conquered Pesaro and Fossombrone in 1333 , Fano in 1334 and Ancona and Ascoli in 1348 . At the pressure of Pope Innocent VI. In 1355, when Cardinal Albornoz sent him only Rimini, Fossombrone, Fano and Pesaro, whom he had to rule as vicar of the Pope, the rule of the Malatestas was formally legitimized.

Castel Sismondo in Rimini, built from 1437 for Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (idealized representation from 1880)

After the death of Galeotto I in 1385, the lands of the Malatesta were divided; his eldest son Carlo I. Malatesta (1368-1429) was lord of Rimini and part of Romagna, while u. a. his brother Pandolfo III. Malatesta (1370-1427) received the government over Fano. Carlo I was temporarily in the service of Gian Galeazzo Visconti , after his death in 1402 he joined the Regency Council for his underage sons and joined Pope Gregory XII during the church schism . to whom he offered asylum in Rimini and whom he persuaded to abdicate in 1415. Pandolfo III. had three illegitimate sons, all of whom were legitimized by Pope Martin V and of whom Carlos I Galeotto Roberto Malatesta (1411-1432) was Lord of Rimini from 1429-32 after the death . This was followed by Pandolfos III. second illegitimate son, Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (1417–1468), probably the most colorful personality of his clan and the most famous Mr. Rimini. Under him, the power of the Malatestas in Rimini and Pesaro reached its propaganda zenith and already passed its peak. Sigismondo was a patron of the arts and an outstanding warrior condottiere , also mainly responsible for the fortifications of Rimini in the 15th century, but was on the other hand, reinforced by the propaganda of Pius II , as an unscrupulous Italian Renaissance prince. Having come into conflict with the Pope, he lost almost all possessions except for Rimini and the associated area in the fight against Federico da Montefeltro in 1463.

When Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta died in 1468, he was followed by his third wife Isotta degli Atti (around 1432 / 33–1474) and his illegitimate son Sallustio Malatesta (1450–1470). But Roberto Malatesta (1441 / 42–1482), another illegitimate son of Sigismondo, seized Rimini in 1469. In alliance with Federico da Montefeltro, he repulsed troops from Pope Paul II sent against him and in 1470 eliminated his half-brothers Sallustio and Valerio. He got on better with Sixtus IV , defended him in Rome in 1482 against the Duke of Calabria and died shortly afterwards. Then his illegitimate son Pandolfo IV. Malatesta (1475-1534), initially under the tutelage of Roberto's widow (a daughter of Federico da Montefeltro ), rule over Rimini. He was a daring warrior, put down several conspiracies against him, and was hated by his subjects for his tyranny. When Cesare Borgias invaded Romagna (1500), he had to flee from Rimini, which surrendered to the Pope's son without a fight. Pandolfo IV was able to return in 1503, but sold Rimini to the Venetians because of its unpopularity with its inhabitants . This arrangement displeased Pope Julius II , who suggested the League of Cambrai , which was directed against the Republic of Venice . In 1509 Venice was decisively defeated and Rimini came to the Papal States as a result . Pandolfo IV and his son Sigismondo Malatesta (1498–1553) were able to move back into Rimini briefly in 1522 and again in 1527, but Clement VII finally brought the city under the direct rule of the Papal States in 1528.

Rimini, drawing by Georg Braun (1572)

Modern times

An earthquake buried the port of Rimini in 1672. Other earthquakes were that of Christmas Eve 1786 and a strong earthquake in March 1875, which caused severe damage in Rimini, Cesenatico and Cervia . Two strong earthquakes followed in 1916, with the one on August 16 causing severe damage between Pesaro and Rimini.

The Papal States lost control of Rimini for some time during Napoleon's wars , which became part of the Cisalpine Republic in 1797 and then to the Rubicone Department of the Kingdom of Italy until 1814 . From 1815 the city belonged again to the Papal States. In 1831 and in September 1845 revolutionary uprisings against papal rule took place here. In 1860 Rimini finally came with Romagna to form the new Kingdom of Italy, which was created in the course of the Risorgimento movements . In the course of the 19th century it developed into a seaside resort . During the Second World War , the city suffered severe damage from Allied bombing. Conquered by the Allies in September 1944 during the struggle for the position of the Goths , Rimini was rebuilt after the war and tourism was further developed.

Population development

1861	1881	1901	1921	1936	1951	1961	1971	1981	1991	2001	2011
27,996	32.096	36,487	47,026	58,622	69,873	92,912	118.419	127.813	127.960	128,656	139.601

Attractions

Tempio Malatesta

Tempio Malatestiano

The present building of the cathedral of Rimini ( Malatesta Temple ) was built by Sigismondo Malatesta commissioned, with the major architect Leon Battista Alberti in the 15th century the existing Gothic building with an (only partially completed) Renaissance - facade has provided. Sigismondo Malatesta was a cultivated and educated ruler. He used all means to spread his fame and to be glorified: panel paintings, frescoes, medals and biographies heralded his fame.

In 1446 Sigismondo Malatesta decided to transform the church into a mausoleum for himself and his lover and later wife Isotta degli Atti . After some renovations by Agostino di Duccio , he commissioned Leon Battista Alberti to redesign the church. This gave the church a new look, whereby the facade, which is based on the type of the Roman triumphal arch, is of great importance for the architecture of the Renaissance. Originally, the sarcophagi were to be placed in niches in the facade of the building, now known as the Tempio Malatestiano. On the outer side walls of the church there were sarcophagi of various scholars and humanists, whose bones Sigismondo had brought to Rimini from various places, including that of the Byzantine philosopher Georgios Gemistos Plethon , who made Platonism known in Italy, and whose grave Sigismondo during his campaign for the Venetians in Morea. In this way, Sigismondo wanted to present himself as a patron of the humanists and be buried in a scholarly pantheon. However, the pagan character of the church met with rejection and was denounced by Pope Pius II .

Piero della Francesca created a portrait of Sigismondo, which is now in the Louvre, and a fresco in the Tempio Malatestiano that, although damaged, can still be admired today: Sigismondo Malatesta kneels in front of his namesake, who bears the features of the Emperor Sigismund . Also Pisanello created at least two medals with the portrait of Sigismondo. Most important works inside:

• Sigismondo Malatesta burial chapel.
• Crucifix by Giotto (early 14th century) above the main altar.
• Fresco by Piero della Francesca (2nd half of the 15th century) depicting Sigismondo Malatesta. The fresco was originally in the sacristy, but has recently been removed and is now on display in the last right side chapel.

Fontana della Pigna

Fontana della Pigna

The Fontana della Pigna ( pine cone fountain) is located in Piazza Cavour , it was constructed in 1543 by Giovanni da Carrara . The special thing about this fountain is that most of its components were put together from earlier fountains. The basin dates from the 15th century, other parts even date from Roman eras. In 1807 the Fontana was restored, the spigot was replaced by a statue of St. Paul, but this was later reversed.

Arch of Augustus

Arch of Augustus

Piazza Tre Martiri, clock tower

The Arch of Augustus (Arco di Augusto) is a Roman arch of honor for the Emperor Augustus , which was given to him for the restoration of the Via Flaminia in 27 BC. Was built.

Ponte di Tiberio

Also called Ponte d'Augusto , bridge from the time of the Roman emperor Tiberius , over which traffic still runs today. The bridge over the Marecchia , which was called Ariminus in ancient times and gave the city its name, was started by Augustus in AD 14 and, as an inscription on the parapet reminds, completed by Tiberius in AD 21 . From Istrian stone built, they developed across five arches supported on massive pillars flood-breakers, which are arranged obliquely to the bridge axis, to assist the flow.

Sports

• In football, Rimini Calcio played in Serie B for several years .
• In basketball, the Basket Rimini reached the highest Italian league and qualified twice for the Korać Cup .
• Rimini Baseball Club won several Italian and European titles.
• Paganello is an ultimate tournament held annually around Easter .
• Challenge Rimini is a middle distance triathlon .
• In 2008 the first CSIT World Sports Games took place here, which succeeded the Workers' Olympics .

tourism

Advertisement for Rimini and its Grand Hotel (1908)

Rimini beach 1963

Rimini Beach 2010

Rimini 2012, in front the dolphinarium

On Sunday, July 30th, 1843, the Bishop of Rimini, Francesco Gentilini , and Cardinal Legato Luigi Vannicelli Casoni inaugurated the privileged lido founded by Counts Alessandro and Ruggero Baldini and the doctor Claudio Tintori (Stabilimento Privilegiato dei Bagni di Mare di Rimini) as the first seaside resort on the Adriatic. From the middle of the 18th century onwards, numerous similarly sophisticated and luxurious health resorts emerged in Central Europe, which were reserved for a minority of wealthy aristocrats and educated citizens who sought relief from their complaints in the sea air. The local borders were formed by the mouths of the Reno and Metauro , but above all the Rimini district of Marina di Rimini developed with the construction of the first private villas and with the establishment of the Kursaal Hotel with its hydrotherapy beach as a center of bathing tourism. On the beach of Rimini there was only the wooden seaside pool, the first vacationers had to stay in the hotels in the center. In 1861 Rimini was connected to the railway line from Bologna to Ancona . In 1868 the old seaside resort was demolished and replaced by a sophisticated new building with a pier and restaurant. From 1908 the Grand Hotel became important for the city , about which the Italian film director Federico Fellini wrote:

“The Grand Hotel stood for wealth, luxury and oriental opulence. I imagined us strolling around the hotel as children, eager to peek inside. It was an impossibility. So we entered the garden, which was covered by tall palm trees that reached up to the fifth floor. In the courtyard were limousines with fascinating number plates, whose origins we did not know. A Mercedes Benz. A Bugatti. The chauffeurs in their shiny boots smoked and walked up and down. "

- Federico Fellini : La mia Rimini

In 1911 the first bathing beach was built in neighboring Cervia and in the 1930s Riccione developed into one of the most famous bathing resorts on the Italian Adriatic. At this time the modello riminese of mass tourism was established. An amusement park was opened in Riccione, and in 1934 the first nightclub, the Embassy , and the seafront were opened in Rimini . There were hardly any foreign tourists until the Second World War. In Rimini itself, the number of tourists had grown from 19,000 in 1948 to 100,000 in 1953 and to 380,000 holidaymakers in 1963, thus becoming the capitale europea del turismo . In 1960, fifty percent of the 560,000 holidaymakers in the province of Rimini were foreigners, the majority of whom were Germans. This established the myth of the invasione tedesca , the Teuton grill. In Rimini, the number of hotels in Marina Centro and the neighboring districts rose to 1500, the approximately fifteen kilometer long beach is divided into 250 bagni with 40,000 parasols. Because of their size, the bagni are nameless and have been numbered for better orientation. They are divided into the zones Marina Centro, Bellariva, San Giuliano a Mare, Rivabella and Viserba.

From 1982 onwards, after a plague of algae in the northern Adriatic, German tourism shifted to Croatia and cheap air travel to other Mediterranean countries. Today it is mainly Russian and local tourists who visit Rimini. Thus, tourism, which has been dominated by Germans since the 1960s, has been shaped by Russians since the 2000s, who come all year round. At least 2,500 women work as prostitutes along the coastal road, including many minors from Eastern Europe, and more and more prostitutes are also from Africa. Most of the pimps are attributed to the Albanian Mafia . Italy's largest miniature park is located near Rimini , the Italia in Miniatura , in which, in addition to Italian buildings, other European buildings are exhibited in miniature format. An amusement park is also connected to the park , which has, among other things, a wild water course . Rimini is also known for the many discos, which are frequented by many young people.

Climate table

Rimini
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     48   7th 0     48   9 1     57   13 4th     53   17th 7th     50   21st 11     51   25th 15th     54   28 17th     67   27 17th     68   24 15th     77   19th 10     73   13 5     57   9 1 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: wetterkontor.de

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Rimini Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 6.9 9.2 12.9 16.8 21.4 25.2 27.9 27.3 24.2 19.1 12.9 8.5 O 17.7 Min. Temperature (° C) −0.3 1.4 3.9 7.1 11.0 14.7 17.3 17.1 14.5 10.4 5.3 1.1 O 8.7 Precipitation ( mm ) 48 48 57 53 50 51 54 67 68 77 73 57 Σ 703 Rainy days ( d ) 8th 5 8th 8th 7th 7th 4th 5 6th 8th 11 9 Σ 86 Water temperature (° C) 13 12 12 14th 17th 20th 23 24 22nd 19th 16 14th O 17.2 Humidity ( % ) 83 80 77 76 76 73 72 74 76 80 84 84 O 77.9 Source: wetterkontor.de

traffic

Rimini is well connected to the Italian transport network. The city is located on the Adriatic A14 motorway and the Strada Statale 16 Adriatica , which runs parallel to it . The city is also on the Bologna – Ancona railway and the Ferrara – Rimini railway . The following train stations and stops can be found in the urban area: Rimini , Rimini Miramare, Rimini Viserba and Rimini Torre Pedrera. From 1932 to 1944 a branch line operated to San Marino , and from 1916 a branch line to Novafeltria was built, which was in operation until 1960.

Rimini has an airport . The trolleybus line 11 connects the city with the neighboring town of Riccione.

In ancient times the Via Flaminia ended in Rimini.

politics

The mayor, Andrea Gnassi, was elected on May 30, 2011. Like his predecessor, he is a member of the center-left Partito Democratico .

Town twinning

Rimini has partnered cities with

• Saint-Maur-des-Fossés , France, since 1967
• Ziguinchor , Senegal, since 1974/76
• Seraing in Wallonia , Belgium, since 1976/77
• Sochi , Russia (since 1977)
• Fort Lauderdale in Florida , USA, since 1985/87
• Yangzhou , China, since 1999/2004

Personalities

Personalities born in Rimini

→ Main article : List of sons and daughters of the city of Rimini

Well-known residents of Rimini

• Agostino di Duccio (1418 – around 1481), sculptor

literature

• Christian Hülsen : Ariminum . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume II, 1, Stuttgart 1895, Col. 828-830.

Web links

Commons : Rimini  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Website of the Comune di Rimini (Italian)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Statistiche demografiche ISTAT. Monthly population statistics of the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica , as of December 31 of 2019.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Giovanni Uggeri: Ariminum. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 1, Metzler, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-476-01471-1 , Sp. 1081.
3. ^ Strabo: Geographika. 5, 217.
4. ^ Ariminum. In: Hellmut Brunner (Ed.): Lexicon old cultures. Volume 1, Meyers Lexikonverlag, 1990, ISBN 3-411-07301-2 , p. 180.
5. ^ Velleius Paterculus , Historia Romana. 1, 14, 6; see. Eutropius , Breviarum ab urbe condita 2, 16 and Titus Livius , Ab urbe condita librorum periochae 15.
6. ^ GA Mansuelli: Ariminum. In: The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. 1976.
7. ↑ Livy: Ab urbe condita librorum periochae 20.
8. ^ Livy: Ab urbe condita 39, 2, 10.
9. ↑ Polybios , Historíai 2, 23; 3, 61; 3.77; Livius, Ab urbe condita 21, 51, 6 f.
10. ↑ Livy: Ab urbe condita 27, 10, 7.
11. ^ Pliny , Naturalis historia 10, 50.
12. ^ Cicero , In Verrem actio 1, 36; Appian , Bella civilia 1, 67; 1.87; 1, 91.
13. ↑ Caesar: De bello civili 1, 8, 1; Suetonius , Caesar 33; Lucan , Pharsalia 1, 299 f,
14. ↑ Appian: Bella civilia 4, 3.
15. ↑ Res gestae divi Augusti 4:19 ; Suetonius, August 30; Cassius Dio , Roman History 53, 22.
16. ↑ CIL 11,365
17. ↑ CIL 11,367
18. ↑ CIL 11, 366
19. ↑ CIL 11, 408 ; CIL 12, 1529
20. ↑ Codex Theodosianus 16, 2, 15; among others
21. ↑ Zosimos , Historia nea 5, 48 and 6, 12.
22. ^ Prokop , De bello Gothico 2, 11 f .; 2, 17; 3, 37; 4, 28.
23. ↑ Trevor Dean: Malatesta. In: Volker Reinhardt (ed.): The great families of Italy. Alfred Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-520-48501-X , p. 325; Rimini. In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. 1910-11, Vol. 23, p. 344.
24. ↑ Trevor Dean: The Great Families of Italy. P. 325 f .; Rimini. In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. 1910-11, Vol. 23, p. 345.
25. ↑ Trevor Dean: The Great Families of Italy. P. 327 f .; Rimini. In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. 1910-11, vol. 23, p. 345 ff.
26. ↑ Trevor Dean: The Great Families of Italy. P. 328; Rimini. In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. 1910-11, Vol. 23, p. 347.
27. ↑ ingvterremoti.wordpress.com: I terremoti nella STORIA: Il terremoto della notte di Natale, Rimini, December 25, 1786 , accessed on August 7, 2019 (Italian)
28. ↑ Uwe Rada: The Adria: Rediscovery of a place of longing . 2nd Edition. Pantheon Verlag, September 1, 2014.
29. ↑ The history of the Middle Adriatic. Retrieved April 14, 2019 . 
30. ↑ Rimini seaside resort. Retrieved April 14, 2019 . 
31. ↑ Constanze Reuscher: The Russians drink because they are sad. welt.de, September 15, 2014, accessed on September 15, 2014.
32. ↑ Catholics for brothels. Retrieved August 8, 2019 .