League of Cambrai

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Great Venetian War (1508-1516)

On December 10, 1508 , the representatives of the French King Louis XII signed in Cambrai . and Emperor Maximilians I signed a treaty of alliance which was signed by Pope Julius II , the Aragonese King Ferdinand the Catholic , the Hungarian King Vladislav II and the English King Henry VIII . This alliance is called the League of Cambrai .

Turning against the Republic of Venice , the League Treaty was its focus at the beginning of the so-called Great Venetian War . Regardless of the manifold conflicts in Christianity, which were also fought and would allow other naming, it found its end in 1516 in the Treaty of Noyon .

The goals of the League of Cambrai

The official aim of the League of Cambrai should be a campaign against the Ottoman Turks. In fact, however, an extermination campaign against the Republic of Venice was planned. On April 27, 1509, the Pope announced the ecclesiastical interdict against Venice .

The contracting parties wanted to expand their sphere of influence at the expense of the Republic of Venice in Italy . They had contradicting goals, which led to the collapse of the league in 1510 .

  • Louis XII. (1462–1515) wanted toconsolidatehis rule in the Duchy of Milan . He justified his claim to the duchy with his descent from the former ducal family Visconti . Ludwig's grandparents were Valentina Visconti and Ludwig von Orléans (1372–1407). Louis XII. was allied with the Republic of Venice; due to the lack of loyalty to the alliance of the Venetians, however, he was prepared to switch sides. The city of Brescia was assured tohim in the Treaty of Cambrai. At the same time he had to undertaketo endhis war against the Kingdom of Navarre .
  • Maximilian I (1459–1519) wanted to renew claims under imperial law in northern Italy or prevent Italy from breaking away from the empire. The Reichstag of 1507 confirmed Maximilian's financial and military support for this project. Maximilian wasmarried to Bianca Maria Sforza (1472-1510) for thesecond timesince 1493 . She was a niece of the Duke of Milan, Ludovico il Moro (1452-1508),who had been overthrown in 1499/1500. On February 4, 1508, Maximilian wasnamed "Elected Roman Emperor"in Trento with the consent of the Pope. French and Venetian troops preventedMaximilian'splanned move to Rome for the imperial coronation. The Treaty of Cambrai assured him the possession of the city of Verona . Maximilian was asked not to becomepolitically activein the Duchy of Geldern for the interests of his grandson Karl, who later became Emperor Charles V (1500–1558).
  • Pope Julius II (1443–1513) wanted to create a strong papal state. He also wanted to unite Italy under papal rule. At the same time, all French, German and Spanish troops were to be driven out of Italy. The Treaty of Cambrai assured him rule over the city of Ravenna .
  • Ferdinand the Catholic of Aragon (1452–1516) wanted to consolidate or expand the rule of the Aragonese in southern Italy. According to the contract, Ferdinand wastoreceivethe city of Otranto and other areas on the Adriatic coast .

Confrontation with Venice

The Venetians were able to recruit 40,000 mercenaries. In the spring of 1509 the Venetian condottiere Bartolomeo d'Alviano succeeded in conquering the cities of Gorizia , Trieste and Fiume . To prevent further disaster, Maximilian concluded an armistice with the Republic of Venice at the end of April 1509. In May 1509 the army of the League of Cambrai won the Battle of Agnadello under the leadership of Condottiere Gian Giacomo Trivulzio from Milan . This had the 1499/1500 by Ludwig XII. exiled former Duke of Milan, Ludovico il Moro, and was traditionally the head of the Lombard Guelphs. From 1499 he was the French governor of Milan, but was replaced by Charles d'Amboise before the war against Venice . The Venetian condottiere Bartolomeo d'Alviano was taken prisoner.

The Venetians did not surrender, however. They conquered Padua and Treviso and fortified the city walls of these cities. After Maximilian invaded Italy in August 1509, he besieged both cities for 40 days. After the destruction of the city walls of Padua and Treviso, Maximilian and Venice made peace. Against the assignment of territory by the Venetians, peace was finally concluded with the Pope and the King of Aragon. This is how the diplomats of the Republic of Venice managed to isolate the king from France.

On February 24, 1510, the Pope withdrew the interdict against the Republic of Venice. This ends the alliance of the League of Cambrai.

As France became too powerful in Italy, the Pope concluded the Holy League with Venice, the Emperor and the King of Aragon in 1511 . The political goal of the new coalition was the expulsion of the French from Italy.

literature

  • Neithard Bulst : Ludwig XII. In: French kings and emperors of the modern age 1498–1870 . Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-406-38506-0
  • Detlef Plöse: Maximilian I. in: German Kings and Emperors of the Middle Ages . 1st edition. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-412-03688-9
  • Horst Rabe: German history 1500–1600 . Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-406-35501-3
  • Leopold von Ranke : history of the Germanic peoples . Emil Vollmer Verlag, Essen, ISBN 3-88851-185-2
  • Ilan Rachum: Encyclopedia of the Renaissance . Atlantis Verlag, Zurich, ISBN 3-7611-0725-0
  • Klaus Schelle: The Sforza. Peasants, condottieri, dukes. The history of the renaissance family. Magnus-Verlag, Essen 1980, ISBN 3-88400-099-3 .

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