Tatar buckwheat

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Tatar buckwheat
Tatar buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), illustration

Tatar buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum ), illustration

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Knotweed family (Polygonaceae)
Subfamily : Polygonoideae
Genre : Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum )
Type : Tatar buckwheat
Scientific name
Fagopyrum tataricum
( L. ) Gaertn.

The Tartarian Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum ), also Wrong buckwheat called, is a plant from the genus buckwheat ( Fagopyrum ) within the family of Polygonaceae (Polygonaceae). Since this cultivated plant belongs to the knotweed family and not to the sweet grass family (Poaceae), it is called pseudo-cereal (pseudocereal). The wild stem form is common in the Himalayas .

description

Appearance and leaf

The Tatar buckwheat is an annual and biennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 80, exceptionally up to 100 centimeters. The upright stem is not very branched. It remains green during the ripening period (in contrast to ordinary buckwheat with a red stem). The alternate loosely arranged, triangular-arrow-shaped leaves are petiolate, the petiole about as long as the blade. The simple, light green leaf blade is triangular and entire. It is usually wider than it is long. The ochrea is brown and membranous, about 5 millimeters long and obliquely truncated with entire margins.

Inflorescence, flower and fruit

The hermaphrodite flowers are in loose, terminal and axillary, grape-like panicles. The five greenish (rarely white), about 2 millimeters long tepals are funnel-shaped, they are not enlarged at the time of fruiting. The flowers have eight stamens and an ovary with three styluses. The gray-brown nut is 5 to 6 millimeters long, triangular with blunt, sloping, serrated edges below. The flowering period extends from July (in China from May) to September. The flowers are visited by insects , but in the cultivated form they are completely self-fertilizing.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16; there is diploidy .

distribution

The wild form of Tatar buckwheat is widespread in temperate northeast Asia from the southern People's Republic of China over the Himalayas to northeast Pakistan , in Kashmir . In China, it occurs in the provinces of Guizhou , Qinghai , Sichuan , Yunnan and in the Tibet Autonomous Region . In Pakistan it occurs in the Chitral district . It is a neophyte in many temperate areas of the world . In Central Europe, the Tatar buckwheat occurs as a weed in buckwheat fields together with the field spark ( Spergula arvensis ). It is a species of the order Polygono-Chenopodietalia.

Wild form

The wild stem form of Tatar buckwheat is botanically known as the subspecies Fagopyrum tataricum subsp. potanini Batalin . It was discovered by the Russian explorer Grigory Nikolayevich Potanin in the Chinese province of Gansi . The first description was made by the botanist Alexander Theodorowicz Batalin . He is very similar to the cultivated clan. The most important difference are the fruits, which in the cultivated form no longer fall out when ripe, but remain on the plant. It is also more branched with shorter intenodes .

The wild species Fagopyrum tataricum is common on sparsely vegetated mountain slopes, on roadsides and as a "weed" in cultivated land, but is usually rare. Since buckwheat fruits are extremely rarely found in archaeological excavations, the time of cultivation is unknown. It is assumed, however, that cultivation is not very old, since the cultivated form has retained numerous wild characteristics, for example a relatively large number of fruits fall out spontaneously for a cultivated plant and are lost during harvest.

The sister species of Fagopyrum tataricum is the (not cultivated) Fagopyrum cymosum Meisn. Both cultivated buckwheat species are relatively closely related.

ingredients

Fagopyrum tataricum contains aromatic compounds. In contrast to Fagopyrum esculentum , Fagopyrum tataricum does not contain salicylaldehyde , but does contain naphthalene .

Cultivation and use

Tatar buckwheat

Tartar buckwheat is an important crop in the foothills of the Himalayas and the higher mountains of southern China. It is particularly often grown by the Yi hill tribe. Because of its resistance to the cold and undemanding, it is mainly cultivated in regions where other crops fail or where the yield is uncertain. According to genetic analyzes, Fagopyrum tataricum was first cultivated in eastern Tibet or northwestern Yunnan , although several independent origins could well exist.

In Central Europe, the Tatar buckwheat was first used as a garden plant. The first evidence was in Memmingen in 1733 . The most important traditional cultivation region was the Ösling in the border region between Luxembourg, Belgium and the German Eifel. Today there are still isolated cultivation in Luxembourg and on the Western Balkans ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ). Cultivation in Central Europe has always been meaningless compared to ordinary buckwheat and has mostly been abandoned for a long time. Later it appeared only occasionally as a " field weed " in buckwheat crops.

The fruits must be peeled for human consumption. They are processed into grits , flour and semolina. The flour does not contain any glue and can therefore only be used for baking mixed with wheat or rye flour. It used to be grown more frequently in Central Europe as green fodder or green manure . Due to the content of rutin , quercetin and quercitrin , cultivation as a dietary supplement or raw material for pharmaceuticals is being examined.

literature

  • Christoper Brickell (Editor-in-chief): RHS AZ Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. Third edition. Dorling Kindersley, London 2003, ISBN 0-7513-3738-2 . (engl.)
  • B. Quinger: Polygonaceae. In: Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 1. General part, special part, Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990. ISBN 3-8001-3322-9
  • Li Anjen (李安仁), Suk-pyo Hong: Fagopyrum. : Fagopyrum tataricum , p. 322 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 15 - Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1996. ISBN 0-915279-37-1 (Description section)

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Koji Tsuji, Ohmi Ohnishi: Phylogenetic relationships among wild and cultivated Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaert.) Populations revealed by AFLP analyzes. In: Genes & Genetic Systems , Volume 76, 2001, pp. 47-52.
  2. a b Ohmi Ohnishi, Yoshihiro Matsuoka: Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat II. Taxonomy of Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species based on morphology, isozymes and cpDNA variability. In: Genes & Genetic Systems , Volume 71, No. 6, 1996, pp. 383-390.
  3. Ohmi Ohnishi: Search for the wild ancestor of Buckwheat I. Description of new Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) species and Their distribution in China and the Himalayan hills. Fagopyrum 15, 1998, pp. 18-28.
  4. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  339 .
  5. Gabriele Galasso, Enrico Banfi, Fabrizio De Mattia, Fabrizio Grassi, Sergio Sgorbati, Massimo Labra: Molecular phylogeny of Polygonum L. sl (Polygonoideae, Polygonaceae), focusing on European taxa: preliminary results and systematic considerations based on rbcL plastidial sequence data. In: Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano , 150 (I), 2009, pp. 113–148.
  6. Janeš, D., Prosen, H., Kreft, S. (2012). Identification and Quantification of Aroma Compounds of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) And Some of Its Milling Fractions. Journal of Food Science, Vol. 77, No. 7 doi : 10.1111 / j.1750-3841.2012.02778.x
  7. D. Gadzo, M. Djikic, T. Gavric, P. Strekelj: Comparison of tannin concentration in young plants of common and tartary buckwheat. In: Acta agiculturae slovenica , Volume 95, 2010, pp. 75-78.
  8. Udelgard Körber-Grohne: Useful plants in Germany from prehistory to today. Theiss-Verlag Stuttgart 1995. ISBN 3-933203-40-6
  9. N. Fabjan, J. Rode, IJ Kosir, Z. Wang, Z. Zhang, I. Kreft: Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) As a source of dietary rutin and quercitrin. In: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Volume 51, 2003, pp. 6452-6455.

Web links

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