Temple of Sangri

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The partially restored temple of Sangri

The Temple of Sangri (also Demeter Temple of Sangri ) is a late Archaic temple on the Cyclades -Insel Naxos in the hallway Gyroulas about 1.5 km south of Ano Sangri . The temple was built around 530 BC. It is one of the early Ionic temples. It was built entirely from Naxian marble .

Research history

Nikolaos Kondoleon discovered the temple in 1949. It was excavated and researched from 1976 to 1985 under the direction of Vassilis Lambrinoudakis and Gottfried Gruben by employees of the University of Athens and the Technical University of Munich . Subsequently, a partial restoration took place and the construction of a neighboring small museum, which opened in August 2001. A final publication of the research is still pending.

construction

The temple shows unusual features in many ways. The floor plan is almost square at 13.29 m × 12.73 m, while Greek temples, especially from the early period, are elongated. The facade is in the south, instead of the usual east or at least the west. The temple rises without a step structure, the crepis , only on the euthyntery , which at the same time forms the stylobate of the columns .

Model of the temple

The facade was made up of five columns between antes . The smooth column shafts rested on bases of Sami , albeit non-fluted design. The shafts, quite unusually, show a slight retraction with increasing column height, while columns from the archaic and classical period usually have a slight swelling of the shaft, the entasis . The final leaf wreath capitals were not three-dimensional, the ornament was merely painted on the double curved echinus , while the following abacus was decorated with a ribbon.

On the smooth architrave , hidden behind panels on the facade, lay the front beam heads of the oldest known marble ceiling of ancient architecture, which spanned the spatially adjoining pronaos . Seven almost four meter long beams formed the purlins of this ceiling. The beams were all bent upwards by 2 cm, which was carried over to all subsequent structural members of the ceiling and was part of the curvature that ran through the building .

Two doors, which corresponded to the second and fifth intercolumns in the front pillar position, opened access to the cella . The door frames were decorated with ribbons lined with coarsely worked astragals , the thresholds had a painted kymation , the lintel, however, was simply left smooth.

The cella was divided into two transepts by five columns across the room. They corresponded with the pillars of the front. The inner columns, which increased in height from 5.40 m to 6.46 m in height towards the middle of the room, had the same lower column diameter of 50 cm despite the different dimensions and thus violated every rule of archaic proportions, were worked without tapering. They are actually to be addressed as round pillars . Like the front columns, they stood on smooth Sami bases, which, however, had no torus . They carried the marble purlins of a gable roof, each around 4 m long on the front and back walls . Marble rafters about 2 m long and only 20 cm high rested on the purlins and covered with marble roof tiles. Thanks to the 2-4 cm thick bricks, daylight penetrated diffusely into the interior, even with the cell doors closed.

  • Naxos, Temple of Dimitria at Sangri 2016.jpg
  • Temple Demeter Naxos 1.JPG
  • Naxos, Demeter Temple Sangri (1) 2016.jpg
  • Naxos, Demeter Temple Sangri (2) 2016.jpg

The cella walls themselves rested on a 28 cm high and 70 cm wide toichobat and were made up of two bowls. While the outer shell consisted of rectangular blocks, the inner shell was made of smaller stones of different shapes and offered an irregular, "raw" appearance. The cavities between the bowls were filled with rubble stones and marble fragments. The cuboids of the outer shell showed anathyrosis on the butt joints, but not on the smooth bed joints. The blocks were only connected sparingly with wooden dowels, mostly in the area of ​​the cornice. The outer shell had an outward inclination of approx. 3%, which, like the formation of the outer columns, turns common design principles upside down, since an inclination , an inward inclination , would usually be expected. The whole outside wall was plastered and painted.

It is impressive that the entire structure, which was built only from marble parts, is completely traversed by a curvature, for which each individual component had to be manufactured individually for its position. At the same time, this type of production facilitates the reconstruction, since the original position can be determined for a large number of the approx. 1600 components obtained after exact measurements.

history

The temple was built around 530 BC. It was erected in a sanctuary, probably dedicated to Demeter , possibly with Kore , according to the finds . Because of this fact, but also because of its unusual shape, the temple is repeatedly referred to as Telesterion . But there are also indications of a cult of Apollo on site. In the 6th century AD the temple was largely demolished and a three-aisled Christian basilica was built from its stones at the same place .

literature

  • Aenne Ohnesorg : Island-Ionian marble roofs. de Gruyter, Berlin 1993, pp. 67-73.
  • Manolis Korres : Sangri di Nasso. In: Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica, Classica e Orientale . Secondo Supplemento 1971-1994. Vol. 5, Rome 1997 ( full text ).
  • Gottfried Gruben : The temples of the Greeks. 3. Edition. Hirmer, Munich 1980, p. 340. 342-344. 346.
  • Gottfried Gruben: Naxos and Delos. In: Yearbook of the German Archaeological Institute 112, 1998, pp. 261–416.
  • Νάξος: το αρχαίο ιερό του Γύρουλα στο Σαγκρί. Υπουργείο Αιγαίου / Τομέας Αρχαιολογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, Athens 2001, ISBN 960-785934-0 .
  • Vassilis Lambrinoudakis, Gottfried Gruben, Aenne Ohnesorg u. a .: Naxos - The sanctuary of Gyroula in Sangri. A newly found, three millennia old cult site of the Demeter. In: Ancient World . Vol. 33, 2002, pp. 387-408.

Web links

Commons : Temple of Sangri  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Nikolaos Kondoleon in: Πρακτικά της Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρεία (Praktika tes Archaiologikes Hetaireia) 1951, p. 223; ders. in: Πρακτικά της Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρεία 1954, p. 33; also in: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique . Volume 79, 1955, p. 291.
  2. ↑ Vassilis Lambrinoudakis in: Πρακτικά της Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρεία 1976, pp. 299-308; ders. in: Πρακτικά της Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρεία 1977, pp 378-386; ders. in: Αρχαιολογική εφημερίς (Archaiologike Ephemeris) 1981, pp. 295-297; ders. in: Πρακτικά της Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρεία 1984, pp. 305-312.
  3. ↑ Νάξος: το αρχαίο ιερό του Γύρουλα στο Σαγκρί. Υπουργείο Αιγαίου / Τομέας Αρχαιολογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, Athens 2001.
  4. ↑ For the time being, see above all: Gottfried Gruben: The Temples of the Greeks. 3. Edition. Hirmer, Munich 1980, p. 340. 342-344. 346; Vassilis Lambrinoudakis, Gottfried Gruben, Aenne Ohnesorg u. a .: Naxos - The sanctuary of Gyroula in Sangri. A newly found, three millennia old cult site of the Demeter. In: Antike Welt 33, 2002, pp. 387-408.
  5. ↑ Manolis Korres: Sangri di Nasso. In: Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica, Classica e Orientale . Secondo Supplemento 1971-1994. Vol. 5, Rome 1997.
  6. ↑ Gottfried Gruben: The temples of the Greeks. 3. Edition. Hirmer, Munich 1980, p. 343; Aenne Ohnesorg: The Demeter sanctuary near the village of Sangri on Naxos / Cyclades . Projects of the Chair of Building History at the Technical University of Munich.
  7. ↑ Gottfried Gruben: The temples of the Greeks. 3. Edition. Hirmer, Munich 1980, p. 343; Aenne Ohnesorg: The Demeter sanctuary near the village of Sangri on Naxos / Cyclades . Projects of the Chair of Building History at the Technical University of Munich.
  8. ↑ Aenne Ohnesorg: The Demeter sanctuary near the village of Sangri on Naxos / Cyclades . Projects of the Chair of Building History at the Technical University of Munich.
  9. ↑ To the roof Gottfried Gruben: The temples of the Greeks. 3. Edition. Hirmer, Munich 1980, p. 341 with Fig. 284; P. 343 f .; Aenne Ohnesorg: Island-Ionian marble roofs. de Gruyter, Berlin 1993, pp. 67-73.
  10. ↑ Manolis Korres: Sangri di Nasso. In: Enciclopedia dell'Arte Antica, Classica e Orientale . Secondo Supplemento 1971-1994. Vol. 5, Rome 1997.
  11. ↑ Gottfried Gruben: Naxos and Delos. In: Yearbook of the German Archaeological Institute 112, 1998, p. 266 f .; Aenne Ohnesorg: The Demeter sanctuary near the village of Sangri on Naxos / Cyclades . Projects of the Chair of Building History at the Technical University of Munich.
  12. ↑ Gottfried Gruben: The temples of the Greeks. 3. Edition. Hirmer, Munich 1980, p. 342.

Coordinates: 37 ° 1 ′ 45 "  N , 25 ° 25 ′ 52.7"  E