tendency
A tendency is generally understood to mean the - not yet completed - short-term or persistent tendency of certain reference values , dates , events or polemics in a certain direction .
etymology
The loan word originated from "direction", "inclination" ( French tendance ). The direction can be constant, rising or falling. Obviously, the anatomist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach first defined the educational instinct in a book in 1781 as “tendency or endeavor”. Georg Forster then mentioned the term in an exchange of letters with the Humboldt brothers in 1791 , when he wrote of a general tendency of the age to “destroy all individuality”.
Measurement
The tendency is used in analyzes or descriptions and means the beginning or continuation of a process without being able to determine its conclusion. The most common measures for measuring central tendency are the mode , median and arithmetic mean . They relate to data of a certain reference value, which are evaluated over a short period of time and which show a certain direction of movement. Accordingly, there is no tendency for data that does not show any changes.
species
There are tendencies in many areas of life. The stock exchange tendency, the tendency in political theory and the intention of the authors to be observed in the mass media should be listed as examples:
- Under market trend is defined as the general market direction, a stock exchange or market segments at any given point in time exhibit. The reference value in Germany is usually the DAX , in the USA the Dow Jones Industrial Average . The development of the stock market trend is expressed in the following terms:
- with falling course change : yielding / weaker / weak / very weak;
- with increasing course change : friendlier / friendly / firm / firm / very firm;
- with a slight change in course : held / maintained / just maintained / resistant.
- Trends with no tendency are called “unchanged”, “maintained”, “well maintained”, “just kept”, “maintained”, “well maintained”.
- These are descriptive explanations of the course and its inclination in a certain direction. Long-term stock market trends are called stock market trends .
- In political theory a distinction is made between the
- primary tendency that has a direct effect on the behavior and actions of people, and the
- secondary tendency that has an indirect effect on the interaction of all those involved in the process.
- Mass media : The tendency here is the recognizable intention of a work ( news , newspaper article , book , play ) to represent a certain opinion. Trending literature in a broader sense is "any poetry that necessarily gives subjective answers to the great questions and deep concerns of mankind and represents certain ideas, views and confessions of its creator". As trend reporting is defined as the unbalanced reporting by moralizing or dramatized content, certain political or economic interests pursuing their own or speech reproducing media content . Trending reporting is media manipulation and in extreme cases can be propaganda or agitation ; it lacks the required reliability , accuracy and factual, neutral objectivity .
Other areas
In meteorology the tendency is e.g. B. given to give an outlook on the future weather . The same applies to the economy or statistics . In classical behavior research , the tendency describes an inner willingness to act .
In the 19th century , a passionate political or ideological orientation was called a “tendency”.
Differentiation from the trend
Trends are mostly of a very short-term nature. The trend , on the other hand, is a time series that is assumed to have a long-term and sustainable effect. The trend is a function of time , which expresses the basic direction of the course of a time series and is usually also referred to as a deterministic trend . The stochastic trend , such as a random walk , must be distinguished from this . With the deterministic trend, the deviations from the trend are stationary; H. there is always a tendency back to trend . However, this does not apply to a stochastic trend, because here the deviations from the trend are not stationary. If a trend does not only last for a short time, it becomes a trend. The trend describes a basic direction that exists independently of the tendencies in short-term events. There can therefore be several tendencies within a trend.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the educational instinct and the procreation business , 1781, p. 12 f.
- ↑ Gerhard Köbler , Etymological Legal Dictionary , 1995, p. 404
- ^ Albert Leitzmann (eds.), Georg and Therese Forster and the Humboldt brothers, documents and outline , 1936, p. 77
- ↑ Norbert Boretzky , Introduction to Historical Linguistics. In: Peter Braun, Tendenzen in der contemporary German language, 1977, p. 181
- ↑ Jürgen Bortz, Statistics: For Social Scientists , 1989, p. 47
- ↑ Dirk Glebe (Ed.), Understanding Exchange , 2008, p. 36
- ↑ Ulrich Becker, Lexikon Terminhandel , 1994, p. 97
- ↑ Heinrich Bußhoff, On a Theory of Political Identity , 1970, p. 23 ff.
- ↑ Gero von Wilpert : Specialized Dictionary of Literature (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 231). 5th, improved and enlarged edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1969, DNB 458658170 , p. 769.
- ↑ Ulrich Becker, Lexikon Terminhandel , 1994, p. 97