Tenthredo

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Tenthredo
Tenthredo scrophulariae

Tenthredo scrophulariae

Systematics
Order : Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Subordination : Plant Wasps (Symphyta)
Family : Sawfly (Tenthredinidae)
Subfamily : Tenthredininae
Tribe : Tenthredinini
Genre : Tenthredo
Scientific name
Tenthredo
Linnaeus , 1758

Tenthredo is a genus from the family of sawfly (Tenthredinidae). Carl v. In 1758, Linnaeus gave this name from the ancient Greek (τενθρηδών), which means something like "a wasp that lays its nest in the earth". Under this name he summarized a number of species that are now classified as true sawfly wasps, but also as different families of sawfly wasps (Cimbicidae) or sword wasps (Xiphydriidae). The type species of the genus is the figwort wasp ( Tenthredo scrophulariae ). Many species of the genus are, like this one, drawn in black and yellow "wasp-like" and of similar size to the wasps ; but like all plant wasps they lack the typical wasp waist of the stinging kinship.

With several hundred species, the genus is one of the largest among the plant wasps. In Central Europe it is represented with around 50 species.

features

The species are medium-sized and strong with body lengths of 10 to 15 millimeters. They are conspicuously colored; In addition to the black and yellow already mentioned, there are black and red, black with less white or green types with black markings. The common characteristic of the genus is the combination of large complex eyes , the inner edges of which converge strongly towards the head shield and the upper lip, which is usually clearly protruding at the front edge . The latter feature distinguishes them from the genus Rhogogaster, which also has converging eyes but a straight upper lip.

The sensor as in almost all species of the family neungliedrig and without conspicuous formations, either most as long as the head and thorax thickened along and slightly ( Tenthredo Linné, 1758; Allantus Jurine, 1801) or thread-shaped and considerably longer than the head and thorax together ( Tenthredella Rohwer, 1910). Few species have yellow antennae; mostly these are black, often with lightened basal limbs or distal white markings. The mandibles are large and strong. The legs are also normal and without any noticeable formation; the hind hips and thighs are not elongated, so that the tip of the hind leg does not reach the end of the abdomen (differentiated from the genus Macrophya ).

In the fore wing the radial cell has a cross vein; The basal loader and the origin of the Cubitalader are far apart. The elongated cell at the rear edge (anal cell) of the forewing has a straight transverse artery.

Some species can be recognized immediately due to their characteristic coloration without further ado (e.g. Tenthredo temula : basic color black, 3rd abdominal tergite drawn in broad yellow throughout, 4th yellow on the sides, black in the middle), in others the staining characteristics are significantly more difficult or is the preparation of the saw necessary for reliable determination ("arcuata-schaefferi complex").

Almost all females or many males can be identified with the easily accessible key in the "Stresemann".

Way of life

The animals fly from May to midsummer. Many adults are predatory; they are not infrequently to be found in midsummer on the flowers of umbellifers , on which they can prey on smaller insects. Other adults are regularly found in the vicinity of the larval food plant (e.g. Tenthredo scrophulariae on Scrophularia ( brown wort ); Tenthredo solitaria on cypress spurge ( Euphorbia cyparissias ). Tenthredo koehleri is often seen in geranium or buttercup flowers; the larva lives on foam herbs ( cardamines ). In general, the larvae live hidden on their food plants.

The observation that the females lay eggs in the plant tissue of various plants with their ovipositor has caused considerable confusion in the assignment of the food plants. The conclusion drawn from this that the species are polyphagous is questionable, at least in some of the now known cases: the ovary larvae leave the depository plant quickly in order to seek out their actual food plant. In some cases monophagy or oligophagy has been known for a long time (e.g. Tenthredo sulphuripes on sickle-leaved rabbit's ear ( Bupleurum falcatum )), in others there are indications that certain parts of morphologically variable "species" are biologically separated by different food plant choices.

distribution

The genus is distributed Holarctic . In Europe there are (at least) 102 species and 7 subspecies, from North America about 120 species are known. One focus of the species occurrence seems to be in the Caucasus, another in East Asia. In Japan, China and India several new species have been discovered and described each year. A new species was also described from Spain in 2013.

Occurrence

It is noticeable that the individual species of the genus are obviously bound to different altitudes . While some species (e.g. Tenthredo campestris , Tenthredo mesomela , Tenthredo notha ) are common in the lowlands, species such as Tenthredo ferruginea or Tenthredo koehleri are found in the colline area . Tenthredo crassa or Tenthredo velox only appear from the montane level , while Tenthredo korabica is alpine . The greatest biodiversity is achieved in the colline / montane zone.

Systematics

Enslin made the statement about the genus Allantus and Tenthredo : “The concept of the genus seems to me to be something extremely useful for the order and registration of species, but something quite artificial; What was considered a genus two hundred years ago is now divided into a hundred and more 'genres' and in a hundred years the current term will probably have changed a lot further, a sign that it is not strictly limited in nature is itself, but only an arbitrary combination of certain characters into a group. "

The systematics within the genus is still unclear. The earlier division into two genera ( Tenthredo Linné (short, slightly culled antennae, compact physique, mostly black and yellow) and Tenthredella Rohwer (for the slimmer species with longer, thread-like antennae), which was quite justifiable for Central and Western Europe not to be kept when looking at Eastern European species. The various proposals for subdividing the large genus have not yet been discussed satisfactorily.

Species in Europe

The following 102 species are known from Europe:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ TAEGER, A. (1985): On the systematics of the sawfly genus Tenthredo (see str.) L. (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). - Entomological treatises. State Museum for Animal Science in Dresden 48 [1984], 83-148, Leipzig
  2. ↑ BLANK, SM, BOEVÉ, J.-L., HEITLAND, W., JÄNICKE, M., JANSEN, E., KOPELKE, J.-P., KOCH, F., RITZAU, C., SCHMIDT, S. , TAEGER, A. (1998): Checklist of the plant wasps in Germany (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). IN: Taeger & Blank: Plant wasps in Germany. Annotated inventory. - Goecke & Evers, 13-34, wine presses
  3. ^ E. Stresemann: Excursion fauna from Germany, invertebrates: insects. Hymenoptera. Spektrum, Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg & Berlin 2000, pp. 803-910.
  4. ↑ BENEŠ, K. (2008): Life history and larva of Tenthredo (Elinora) koehleri ​​Klug, 1817 (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) - Contributions to Entomology 58, 239-247, Keltern
  5. ↑ AGUADO MARTIN, LO (2013): Una Especie nueva del genero Tenthredo Linnaeus, 1758 subgenero Eurygaster Zirngiebl, 1953 de la Península Ibérica (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae). - Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 53, 259-262
  6. ↑ ENSLIN, E. (1910): The Tenthredinid genus Allantus Jur. - Revue Russe d'Entomology 10, 335-372, St. Petersburg
  7. ↑ ENSLIN, E. (1918): The Tenthredinoidea Central Europe. - German Entomological Journal 1912-17, 1-790, Berlin
  8. ↑ http://www.faunaeur.org/index.php

Web links

Commons : Tenthredo  - collection of images, videos and audio files