Teutates

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Rosmerta and Teutates. Saint Remi Museum ( Reims , France )

Teutates is a god from Celtic mythology . He is generally seen as the actual tribal god ( Touto-tati-s "father of the tribe / people"), as a fatherly leader in war and peace. Sometimes it is assumed that representations of Gallic gods of war with ram horns or accompanied by a boar are supposed to show Teutates.

According to the Interpretatio Romana , the Romans aligned the Celtic gods and cults with their own. Teutates is a nickname for Mars and Mercurius .

A long line of similar deities such as Toutais, Teutanus, Toutiorix or Toutanos are known who appear as the epithets of the Celtic Mars, Mercurius, Apollon and Jupiter .

Lore

From Rocky Wood / Barkway (county Hertfordshire ) came along with a bronze statuette of Mars a whole Votivschatz seven thin, leaf-shaped silver plates to light, of which the largest is labeled "Marti Toutati" (now in the British Museum ).

In Noricum , Teutates appears on a dedicatory inscription found in Seckau as the epithet of Mars Latobius .

Teutates is mentioned several times in Roman inscriptions, with various forms of names and equations with Roman deities. Despite the similar names, the four gods are not identical to each other.

Mars Toutates

Two inscriptions from Britain call Mars Toutates. An inscription from Seckau in Styria names a whole series of epithets: MARTI LATOBIO MARMOGIO TOVTATI SINATI MOGENIO, where Toutatis is written smaller between the lines and was probably added later. An inscription from Rome names the TOVTATI MEDVRINI, another from the province of Dacia names the Mars Toutaticus. The name is interpreted as "people's father" (<* Touto-tatis; to air. Túath; kymr. Tud "people"). The name Medurinus "judge" is also equated with the Irish god Midir .

Teutanus

Teutanus or Iuppiter Teutanus was the ancestral god of the late Celtic Eravisker , who owned their oppidum on the southern slopes of the Gellértberg in Budapest . The Romans probably called this mountain Mons Teutanus . The Eravisker dedicated an inscription to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Teutanus Conservator and Iuno Regina ("Queen Iuno ") every year on June 11th. The name Teutanus means king ; according to the Germanic language: got . þiudans, at . þjóðann "King, ruler". In the past, many researchers understood the name Teutanus to be an epichorical (local) divine name and equated it with the Gallic Toutates . This approach is controversial today.

Mercurius Toutenus

The Vangionen worshiped Mercurius Toutenus, as two inscriptions show.

Apollo Toutiorix

An inscription from Wiesbaden ( Aquae Mattiacorum ), a Roman medicinal bath and health resort, is dedicated to Apollo Toutiorix. The name can be interpreted as “people's king” (from ancient Celtic * toutā “people, tribe”), but since the Gallic Apollo was the god of the spas, it could also be translated as “healer king”. The dedication to Apollo Virotuti's “male healer” from Savoy also fits in with this .

Adoration

Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (39-65) names three Gallic gods in his Pharsalia - Teutates, Esus and Taranis - who have to be satisfied through human sacrifice . The best-known commentary on this is the Bernese Lukan Scholien .

The main commentator on these scholia confirms that they are Teutates / Mercurius. For him, a person has to be held headfirst in a full cauldron until suffocation . A later hand added that Teutates / Mars would be soothed "with terrible blood" because battles came about through the inspiration of this very deity.

This different equation of Teutates with Mars or Mercurius is often found in the Interpretatio Gallica , since there is no congruent connection between Gaulish / Celtic and Greco / Roman gods. The classical ancient authors on the one hand and the Gauls on the other hand seek the common denominator of the deities, which in this case was to be found in the fertility and prosperity components of both Roman deities.

Trivia

More recently, Teutates is best known for the exclamation "At Teutates!" By the Gauls from Asterix - Comics .

literature

  • Helmut Birkhan : Celts. Attempt at a complete representation of their culture. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-7001-2609-3 .
  • Sylvia and Paul F. Botheroyd: Lexicon of Celtic Mythology. Tosa Verlag, Vienna 2004.
  • Bernhard Maier : Lexicon of Celtic Religion and Culture (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 466). Kröner, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-520-46601-5 .
  • Endre Tóth : The Juppiter Teutanus Altars. In: Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds. Hungarian National Museum. Budapest 2003.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helmut Birkhan: Celts. Attempt at a complete representation of their culture. Pp. 553, 599.
  2. ↑ Peter Scherrer: Taranis in the Danube Region? - Reflections on local deities in Noricum and Pannonia , p. 95
  3. ↑ result of Teutates of www.arbre-celtique.com
  4. ↑ The Roman Inscriptions of Britain (RIB) [1] and AE 2001, 1298 from Benwell ( Condercum ): Marti / Toutati / s (acrum) Vinoma / v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) m (erito)
  5. ↑ CIL III, 5320 Marti / Latobio / Marmogio / Toutati / Sinati Mog / [e] tio C (aius) Val (erius) / [V] alerinus / ex voto
  6. ↑ Heidelberg Epigraphic Database, Commentary on the inscription CIL 03, 05320
  7. ↑ CIL VI, 31182 Petiganus / Placidus / Toutati / Medurini / votum sol / vet (!) Anni / versarium
  8. ↑ AE 2004, 1204 Marti / Toutatico / C (aius) Valerius / Hermes pro / salute sua / v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) m (erito)
  9. ^ Zsolt Mráv: Castellum contra Tautantum. To identify a late Roman fortress. In: Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926-1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-9 , p. 354.
  10. ↑ Wolfgang Meid: Celtic personal names in Pannonia. In: Archaeolingua 20. Budapest 2005. p. 57.
  11. ↑ Endre Tóth: The Juppiter Teutanus altars. In: Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds. Hungarian National Museum. Budapest 2003. p. 402 ff.
  12. ↑ CIL XIII, 6122 from Homburg : Mercur (io) / IOTOUVI [1] E / [3] OEIRNV / OAIRONIS ; AE 1927, 70 from Bingen ( Bingium ): Merc [urio] / Tou [teno] / temp [lum] / cum [signo] / et orn [amentis] / Virili [s pos (uit)] / v (otum) s (olvit) [l (ibens) l (aetus) m (erito)].
  13. ↑ CIL XIII, 7564 In h (onorem) d (omus) d (ivinae) / Apollini Tou / tiorigi / L (ucius) Marinius / Marinia / nus | (centurio) leg (ionis) VII / Gem (inae) [[Alexan ]] / [[d [r] ianae]] vo / ti compos
  14. ↑ CIL XII, 2525 from Annecy ( Boutae ): Apoll (ini) / Virotuti / T (itus) Rutil (ius) Buricus / [
  15. ↑ M. Annaeus Lucanus, Pharsalia 1, 444-446.
  16. ↑ Helmut Birkhan: Celts. Attempt at a complete representation of their culture. Pp. 552 f, 800.
  17. ^ Sylvia and Paul F. Botheroyd: Lexicon of Celtic Mythology. P. 326 f. (entire chapter "Human Sacrifice")