Textile factory "Red Banner"

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"Energy station" of the textile factory "Red Banner"

The textile factory "Red Banner" ( Russian Трикотажная фабрика "Красное Знамя" , scientific transliteration Trikotažnaja fabrika "Krasnoe Znamja" ) is a monument of industrial architecture in Saint Petersburg . The factory renovation in what was then Leningrad was planned by the German architect Erich Mendelsohn in the constructivist style .

history

In 1855 the merchant Iwan Osipowitsch Natus founded a small jersey and hosiery manufacture. In 1862 he moved this to the Petrograd side of the city not far from the Zhdanovka, a tributary of the Little Neva . In 1866, the Petersburg German Friedrich-Wilhelm Kersten acquired the plant, who modernized the "Kersten Factory" ( Фабрика Керстена ) and transformed it into an industrial company.

The factory was nationalized on February 14, 1919 and awarded the Order of the Red Labor Banner on November 7, 1922, the 5th anniversary of the October Revolution . It was then given its current name. In the 1920s, the factory complex was significantly expanded and rebuilt through the construction of a wide variety of buildings. On the basis of these extensions, the Leningrad Textile Trust , which was created with the introduction of the New Economic Policy (НЭП), wanted to create a model of a modern socialist company.

During the Second World War , the plant produced uniforms for soldiers on the Leningrad Front and artillery shells . The country's first Perlon stockings came from the factory in 1947. In the 1960s, the production of synthetic fibers such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) began, and technology for the production of artificial blood vessels was also developed. In 1993 the textile factory "Rotes Banner" was converted into an open joint stock company (Открытое Акционерное Общество, ОАО), from which in 1994 the clothing factory "Hotei" ( Хотей ) arose. Hotei has a production site in Vyborg and no longer produces in the old Petersburg factory buildings.

The 4.5 hectare site was sold to an investor who wanted to turn it into a center for contemporary art. As part of the 1st International Festival of Queer Culture St. Petersburg against xenophobia , racism , sexism and homophobia , the exhibition "Foto-Fest Fiolet" took place in the textile factory "Red Banner" in 2009. In 2011 the cultural center “Krasnoe Znamja” organized the art exhibition fragments of an unknown city together with the Goethe Institute in St. Petersburg . As a result of the economic crisis, the investor faced financial problems and the banks took over the property as security. As part of bankruptcy proceedings that began in 2010, the buildings of the former textile factory are to be auctioned.

architecture

Having become aware of Erich Mendelsohn's dynamic, futuristic architecture of Expressionism, a delegation from the Textile Trust in Luckenwalde visited his hat factory, Friedrich Steinberg, Herrmann & Co., which was completed in 1923 invited and later commissioned with the planning. During the construction phase he undertook several trips through the country, which inspired him to study Russia - Europe - America (1929).

His textile factory was based on the design language and technical experience of the Luckenwalder hat factory, which, however, appeared more functionalist here. In the inner courtyard, he planned three parallel, low factory halls (two dye works and a bleaching plant), the ventilation shafts of which - just like in Luckenwalde - ended in higher trapezoidal elevations. Mendelsohn reported on his project in 1927:

“After visiting the […] hat factory and other buildings I had built, after long negotiations and in competition with other German engineers, I received the order: to prepare an expert project for the existing Leningrad Textile Trust project, which also includes the organization of production , the heat and energy industry, such as construction engineering and architectural education. The contract was concluded in Berlin. [...] The preliminary project consisted of the overall plan, several variants and a model. [...] By the spring of 1926, the expert project had been completed according to the contract. [...] When I returned to Leningrad in July 1926, a new contract entrusted me with drawing up the execution drawings for the expert project. "

Since 1925, criticism from Soviet architects began to increase. Triggered by a broad discussion in the press, the Moscow Architects' Association was outraged that the architectural contract had been awarded as a personal contract to an architect from Germany. The criticism was not about the specific project, rather the question was why a German had been invited, although there were many architects in the Soviet Union who would have been just as well suited. Instead of the ventilation chimneys planned by Mendelsohn - despite the mathematically and statically proven superiority in terms of costs and efficiency - only one ventilation shaft should be installed on a trial basis. The length of the shaft was to be shortened from 42 meters to 28 meters and the height reduced to 19 meters. Mendelsohn's dissatisfaction continued to grow with new requests for corrections and lower quality of execution. Polemical statements and lies - also in the international press - continued to increase, so that in the spring of 1927 Mendelsohn completely withdrew from the building project and broke off contacts with Leningrad.

Of Mendelsohn's original project, only the “energy station” (power plant) built in 1925/1926 in Pionerskaja Ulica 57 was realized. The further completion was now in the hands of the building commission of the textile trust. The remaining buildings were completed with major deviations from Mendelsohn's design from 1926 to 1937 by the architects Hyppolit Nikolas Emil Pretreaus and Sergei Ossipowitsch Ovsjannikow.

With the exception of the energy station, Mendelsohn never published photos of the completed project, for which he no longer took on authorship. He only published images of the model as a work of art in the sense of an ideal design with the location of Berlin.

Monument protection

Production building of the hosiery factory "WP Kersten", Korpusnaja Uliza 1 / Krasnogo Kursanta Uliza 27

Most of the buildings in the factory have been recommended for inclusion in the list of monuments by the state conservation committee. These are the following objects:

  • No. 1350: Building complex of the “Rotes Banner” factory (built 1925–1937, architects: SO Ovsjannikow, HNE Pretreaus, E. Mendelsohn, EA Tretyakov), Pionerskaya Ulitsa 53
    • Power plant - historical and cultural monument of local importance - (architects E. Mendelsohn, SO Ovsjannikow, HNE Pretreaus, EA Tretyakov), Pionerskaya Ulitsa 53
    • No. 1350.1: knitting
    • No. 1350.2: dyeing
    • No. 1350.3: bleaching
    • No. 1350.4: Hosiery dyeing
  • No. 1263: Building complex of the "WP Kersten" hosiery knitting factory (built in the 1890s to 1910s, architects: AI Akkerman, SP Kondratew)
    • No. 1263.1: important production building (built in 1895, extensions around 1900 and 1914, architects: AI Akkerman, SP Kondratew and unknown architects), Krasnogo Kursanta Uliza 27, Korpusnaja Uliza 1 ("Главный производственный корпус")
    • No. 1263.2: Production building (built 1910, unknown architect), Krasnogo Kursanta Uliza 27, Korpusnaja Uliza 1 ("Катонный корпус")
    • No. 1263.3: Dining room (built at the end of the 19th century, extension 1902–1903, SP Kondratew and unknown architects), Krasnogo Kursanta Uliza 27, Korpusnaja Uliza 1 ("Столовая")
    • No. 1263.4: Administration building and apartment house (built in 1911, architect: SP Kondratew), Krasnogo Kursanta Ulitsa 25

literature

Web links

Commons : Textile factory “Red Banner”  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Швейная фабрика "Хотей"
  2. ↑ Татьяна Калашникова: Комплекс Мендельсона попал под прицел. (Mendelsohn complex becomes a monument.) In: Fontanka, July 21, 2008.
  3. ↑ Exhibition “Фрагменты неизвестного города. Искусство и Городское пространство “ (fragments of an unknown city. Art and urban planning; PDF; 7.4 MB) from October 27th to 30th, 2011 in St. Petersburg.
  4. ↑ Роман Денисов: Остатки высоких идей. (The remains of great ideas.) ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: Weekly newspaper Недвижимость и строительство Петербурга , No. 22 (759) from June 3, 2013, p. 6.
  5. ↑ Erich Mendelsohn: Russia - Europe - America. An architectural cross-section. Rudolf Mosse Buchverlag, Berlin 1929. Supplemented as reprint by the English texts from the estate of Erich Mendelsohn: Birkhäuser, Basel, Berlin, Boston 1989, ISBN 3-7643-2279-9 (Basel…), ISBN 0-8176-2279- 9 (Boston).
  6. ^ Grigoryeva: Erich Mendelsohn's work as an architect in the Soviet Union. P. 29 f.
  7. ^ Declaration by Erich Mendelsohn, without further details, typewritten copy [1927]; quoted from: Sigrid Achenbach: Erich Mendelsohn. 1887-1953. Ideas, buildings, projects. (Catalog for the exhibition from February 20 to April 5, 1987 for the 100th birthday from the holdings of the art library of the State Museums of Prussian Cultural Heritage), Arenhövel, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-922912-18-4 , p. 72.
  8. ^ Grigoryeva: Erich Mendelsohn's work as an architect in the Soviet Union. Pp. 69-72.
  9. ^ Grigoryeva: Erich Mendelsohn's work as an architect in the Soviet Union. P. 76 f.
  10. ^ Grigoryeva: Erich Mendelsohn's work as an architect in the Soviet Union. P. 77.
  11. ^ Grigoryeva: Erich Mendelsohn's work as an architect in the Soviet Union. P. 82.
  12. ^ Grigoryeva: Erich Mendelsohn's work as an architect in the Soviet Union. P. 82.
  13. ↑ Ita Heinze-Greenberg: "Steppe and Motor". Erich Mendelsohn on Russia. In: Ada Raev , Isabel Wünsche (Ed.): Course fluctuations. Russian art in the value system of European modernism. Lukas, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86732-012-2 , pp. 83-92.
  14. ↑ Администрация Санкт-Петербурга: Список вновь выявленных объектов, представляющих историческую, научную, художественную или иную культурную ценность (list of objects of historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value, since December 1, 2010 amended).

Coordinates: 59 ° 57 ′ 41 ″  N , 30 ° 16 ′ 54 ″  E