Gaston Tissandier

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Gaston Tissandier
The electric airship of the Tissandier brothers in 1883 in Paris- Auteuil , Paris
Title page of La Nature

Gaston Tissandier (born November 20 or 21, 1843 Paris , † August 30, 1899 there ) was a French chemist , meteorologist and aeronaut .

Life

Gaston Tissandier was the second son of the General Council Paul Emmanuel Tissandier and Caroline Agathe née Decan de Chatouville and grandson of the botanist L'Héritier de Brutelle , member of the French Academy of Sciences . He graduated from the Lycée Bonaparte and then devoted himself mainly to chemistry, initially in the laboratory of the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers under the direction of Pierre-Paul Dehérain . At the same time, he continued his studies at the Sorbonne and as a lecturer at the Collège de France , before he was appointed to the laboratory of the Union nationale in 1864 at the age of 21, which he headed until 1874.

During this time he was also engaged in meteorological work, and in 1868 he undertook his first balloon flight from Calais with Claude-Jules Duruof (1841–1899). In 1869 he covered 90 km in 35 minutes with Wilfrid de Fonvielle .

Since then he rose with his older brother Albert (1839-1906) more than 20 times. In 1870 he escaped from besieged Paris by balloon. 1875 with Joseph Crocé-Spinelli (1845–1875) and Théodore Sivel (1834–1875) two trips, one of which lasted 23 hours. The second trip on April 15, 1875, mainly undertaken for the purpose of spectroscopic investigations, led to an altitude of 8,600 m. The lack of oxygen cost both of his companions their lives, Tissandier survived but lost his hearing. In 1881, the Tissandier brothers first presented an airship that was equipped with an electric motor . The 1.5 HP motor from Siemens drove a two-bladed propeller. This hydrogen airship had its first flight on October 8, 1883. Initially, this prototype was privately financed. A second model, now with a more powerful electric motor, was accepted by the French military in August 1884 and tested for the first time.

Tissandier was vice-president of the French airship company Société française de navigation aérienne , professor of the Polytechnic Association and member of the French Legion of Honor . In addition to many other magazine articles, he mainly wrote for the La Nature magazine, which he founded in 1873 .

Gaston Tissandier survived his wife Louise Anne Arbouin, with whom he had two children. He died in 1899 at the age of 55 in his Paris domicile, N ° 3 rue Bleue in the 18th arrondissement , where rue Gaston-Tissandier has been named after him since 1934 .

Works (selection)

  • L'Eau . Hachette, Paris 1867, 4th edition 1878.
  • Elements de Chimie . Paris 1870.
  • La Houille . Hachette, Paris 1886.

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  • Histoire de mes ascensions récit de quarante voyages aériens (1868–1886) . Maurice Dreyfous (éditeur) Paris 1887 (7th edition).
    • German edition by Hermann Masius (1818-1893): Air travel by J. Glaisher , C. Flammarion , W. v. Fonvielle and G. Tissandier . With an appendix on the balloon flights during the siege of Paris. Free from the French (Voyages aériens). Introduced by Hermann Masius. With numerous Illustrations. Leipzig: Brandstetter, 1872.
    • From it: My first airship trip . In: The Gazebo . Issue 38, 1872, pp. 617–620 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
  • En balloon! Pendant le siège de Paris. Souvenirs d'un aéronaute in Project Gutenberg ( currently not usually available for users from Germany ) . Paris 1871.
  • Les Merveilles de la photographie . Hachette, Paris 1874.
  • Histoire de la gravure typographique . 1875
  • Simple notions on the ballons . 1876
  • Le Grand Ballon captif à vapeur de M. Henry Giffard , 1879
  • Les Martyrs de la science . Dreyfous, Paris 1879.
  • Observations météorologiques en ballon. Résumé of 25 aerostatic ascensions . Paris 1879.
  • The ballons dirigeables: Application de l'électricité à la navigation aerienne; [Ouvrage accompagné de 35 fig. et de 4 pl. hors texte] . Paris 1885.
  • La photographie en ballon, avec une table . Paris 1886. - In spring 1888 the photographer Arthur Batut reads this work, comes up with the idea of ​​replacing the balloon with a kite and in the same year takes the world's first kite aerial photograph .
  • The Tour Eiffel de 300 mètres: description du monument, sa construction, ses organes mécaniques, but et son utilité. Avec une lettre autographie de G. Eiffel . Masson, Paris 1889.
  • Bibliography aéronautique: Catalog de livres d'histoire, de science, de voyages et de fantaisie, traitant de la navigation aérienne ou des aérostats . Paris 1887. Reprint of the Paris 1887 edition, Amsterdam: Israël 1971.
  • Histoire des ballons et des aéronautes célèbres . H. Launette & C., Paris 1890.

literature

Web links

Wikisource: Gaston Tissandier  - Sources and full texts (French)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tissandier's date of birth is commonly given as November 21, 1843. The registry office with the original entry was lost during the Paris Commune in the branch of the Paris City Hall on Avenue Victoria, which was destroyed by arson on May 23, 1871. A copy kept in the Archives Départementales certifies November 20 (John Hanavy: Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography , Routledge, 2013)
  2. ^ Nécrologie de Gaston Tissandier in La Nature N ° 1372 of September 9, 1899 online
  3. ↑ See Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
  4. ↑ Helmut Braun: The rise and fall of airship travel - an economic historical analysis. eurotrans-Verlag, Regensburg 2007, ISBN 3-936400-22-9 , p. 114 f.
  5. ↑ Aviation (improved balloons by Dupuy de Lôme and others). . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 10, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, pp. 988–988.
  6. ↑ See Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
  7. ↑ Kevin Desmond: Gustave Trouvé: French Electrical Genius (1839-1902) . McFarland, 2015, p. 159
  8. ↑ Rue Gaston-Tissandier . Nomenclature des voies de Paris, Mairie de Paris

This article is based on a text in the public domain from Meyers Konversations-Lexikon , 4th edition from 1888 to 1890.

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personal data
SURNAME Tissandier, Gaston
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French chemist, meteorologist and aeronaut
DATE OF BIRTH November 21, 1843
PLACE OF BIRTH Paris
DATE OF DEATH August 30, 1899
Place of death Paris