Clay-gray teardrop falsification
| Clay-gray teardrop falsification | ||||||||||||
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Clay gray teardrop ( Hebeloma crustuliniforme ) |
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| Leveroma crustuliniform | ||||||||||||
| ( Bulliard ) Quél. |
The Tongraue tear or Tonblasse Fälbling ( Hebeloma crustuliniforme ) is a species of fungus from the family of Hymenogastraceae.
features
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Macroscopic features
The hat reaches a diameter of 3 to 8 (up to a maximum of 11) centimeters, is initially arched with a rolled edge and later spread out with a flat hump and, with age, partly open edge. Its surface is bare, greasy to sticky / slimy and cream-colored to yellow-brown and darker in color in the middle. No traces of the Velum universale can be seen on the surface of the hat, even when young. The lamellas are narrow and mixed in, have finely serrated cutting edges and are bulged on the handle. When young and when the weather is not too dry, droplets of excreted liquid often hang on the cutting edges, which leave stains of unevenly distributed spore powder when they dry out. The full-fleshed, sometimes stuffed-hollow stem becomes 2.5–11 (–15) cm long and 7–20 mm thick with a uniform thickness or a thickened base. The stem base is rounded towards the ground, no root-like extensions are formed. On the surface it is pale or colored similar to the surface of the hat, without ring structures and especially with fine flakes towards the tip. Even with very young fruiting bodies, no Cortina can be seen. The meat is thick and white, tastes bitter and radish-like and smells faintly of radish.
The spore powder is brown-olive.
Microscopic features
The top layer of the hat is a 200–350 µm thick ixocutis made up of hyphae up to 6 µm thick.
The spores are almond-shaped with an indistinct papilla at the end of the spore. They appear yellow-brown in the light microscope, are barely to weak and only recognizable with oil immersion or more clearly ornamented, even recognizable without oil immersion, have a perispora that is somewhat detached from individual to many spores, which is usually only recognizable with oil immersion and only react with Melzer's reagent slightly brownish to weak, from then on recognizable dextrinoid. The spores measure (9.2–) 9.6-13.5 (–14.9) × (5.4–) 5.5–7.2 (–7.7) µm, on average 10.8– 12.2 × 6.1–6.7 µm, the length-breadth ratio is (1.43–) 1.53–2.13 (, 2.49), on average 1.7-1.89.
The basidia are usually four-pore, more rarely two-pore, have a basal buckle and measure 27–37 × 7.4–10 µm.
The cheilocystidia are mostly stalked club-shaped, some only club-shaped, some stalk-spatulate and mostly unspetated, but rarely also secondary septate (simple or with buckle formation). The cheilocystids are (22–) 29–86 (–105) µm long and in the upper area (3.9–) 4.9–10.3 (–13.4) µm thick, in the middle (1.9– ) 2.4–6.2 (–7.4) µm thick and (1.9–) 2.4–7.5 (–7.9) µm thick at the base.
Pleurocystids are absent.
The Caulozystiden resemble the Cheilozystiden, but are several times septate.
Buckles occur in all braids.
Species delimitation
The Heboloma crustuliniform complex consists of a large number of very similar and difficult to identify species. This was initially proven by cross-breeding experiments which resulted in over 20 biological species in Europe, which initially appeared to the authors to be morphologically indistinguishable and so far have been known as Hebeloma crustuliniforme . In the meantime, thanks to a very detailed, modern monograph of the genus of the Fälblinge ( leveroma ), which brings together genetic, morphological and ecological data, it has been possible to make all taxa previously known only as cryptic, biological species recognizable using classical methods. Today 15 of them form the sub-section Hebeloma sect. Denudatae subsect. Crustuliniformia . Three further subsections of the Denudatae section contain many more pale colored falsehoods with weeping lamellae and a radish odor. A macroscopic determination of these three characteristics, as can be found in older literature, has therefore become impossible. For the exact identification of the species, the exact characteristics of the cheilocystids (length-width ratios in three areas, above, in the middle and basal), the exact characteristics of the spore ornamentation, the dextrinoid, the detachability of the perispor and the shape and dimensions as well as the ecological Niche of the species to be examined. A reliable, correct identification of the species can therefore only be carried out by specialists in the genus.
Many other, mostly poisonous or suspected poisonous falsels have similar hat colors and radish smell. The Greater Radish Fälbling ( Hebeloma sinapizans ) is stronger, larger, has a scaly instead of a flocked stem and its lamellae do not tear.
ecology
The clay pale Fälbling forms ectomycorrhizae with a variety of symbiotes, such. B. with representatives of the genera birch ( Betula ), hornbeam ( Carpinus ), cedar ( Cedrus ), hazel ( Corylus ), spruce ( Picea ), pine ( Pinus ), poplar ( Populus ), oak ( Quercus ) or linden ( Tilia ) . It is a ubiquist , but it is absent in arctic and alpine areas.
distribution
It is common in Central and Southern Europe, the Canary Islands and Cyprus. The northern limit of his area has been reached in Denmark; no secured collections are known from Scandinavia. North American collections have to be examined more closely to determine whether these are Leveroma crustuliniforme s. st. acts.
Systematics and taxonomy
It is assigned to the genus of the Fälblings ( Hebeloma ). Within the genus, the clay pale fälbling is the type species of the Denudatae section and also the Crustuliniformia subsection . The Denudatae section consists of four subsections.
The systematic assignment of the genus of the Fälblings was unclear for a long time. After a classification in the veil relatives (Cortinariaceae), later in the Traulle relatives, the position in the Hymenogastraceae now appears to be secured.
The official first description goes back to Jean Baptiste François Bulliard , who described the species in a work published in 1787. The type epithet of the roll-colored mushroom compares it with small, crispy sweet pastries , with cookies (Latin crustulum ).
meaning
It's poisonous. Unknown toxins cause more severe gastrointestinal disorders with vomiting, colicky abdominal pain and diarrhea hours after ingestion.
swell
- ^ A b P. Brandon Matheny, Pierre-Arthur Moreau, Alfredo Vizzini, Emma Harrower, Andre De Haan: Crassisporium and Romagnesiella: two new genera of dark-spored Agaricales . In: Systematics and Biodiversity . tape 13 , no. 1 , January 2, 2015, ISSN 1477-2000 , p. 28–41 , doi : 10.1080 / 14772000.2014.967823 .
- ↑ a b Karl Soop, Bálint Dima, János Gergő Szarkándi, Jerry Cooper, Tamás Papp: Psathyloma, a new genus in Hymenogastraceae Described from New Zealand . In: Mycologia . tape 108 , no. 2 , March 2016, ISSN 0027-5514 , p. 397-404 , doi : 10.3852 / 15-143 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Henry J. Beker, Ursula Eberhardt, Jan Vesterholt: Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm . In: Fungi Europaei . tape 14 . Edizioni Tecnografica, Italia 2016, ISBN 978-88-96059-42-5 , p. 1-1218 .
- ↑ Duur K. Aanen, Thomas W. Kuyper, Teun Boekhout, Rolf F. Hoekstra: Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Hebeloma based on ITS1 and 2 sequences, with special emphasis on the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 92 , 2, March – April, 2000, pp. 269-281 (English).
- ↑ Duur K. Aanen, Thomes W. Kuyper: A comparison of the application ofa biological and phenetic species concept in the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex within a phylogenetic framework. In: Persoonia . tape 18 , no. 3 , 2004.
- ↑ Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-440-08457-4 , p. 352.
- ↑ Gerlinde Hausner: Mushrooms . The most important edible and poison mushrooms. 2nd Edition. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-405-13811-6 , p. 104 .
