Trichoderma cornu-damae
| Trichoderma cornu-damae | ||||||||||||
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Podostroma cornu-damae |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Trichoderma cornu-damae | ||||||||||||
| ( Pat. ) ZX Zhu & WY Zhuang |
Trichoderma cornu-damae ( Syn. Podostroma cornu-damae , Hypocrea cornu-damae ) is a hose fungus from the order of the crust ball-like mushrooms (Hypocreales)nativeto Japan and Korea . Thehighly poisonous mushroom,also known as Poison Fire Coral , stands out due to its bright red color and has led to various deaths.
features
Macroscopic features
Trichoderma cornu-damae , like all members of the family, forms a stroma , a network of hyphae in which the actual fruiting bodies , the perithecia, are embedded. This stroma is cylindrical to narrow, club-like to fan-shaped or antler-like and branched dichotomously . It becomes 7–9 cm tall and 0.5–0.7 cm thick. It is yellow-brown to orange, the stem is sterile. The surface is bare, smooth, with no visible elevations of the perithecia. Their openings, the ostiolum , appear as tiny orange dots. They do not respond to potassium hydroxide .
Microscopic features
The stroma consists of interwoven hyphae 2.5–3.5 µm thick with a few short free ends. The tissue under the top layer consists only of intertwined hyphae. The perithecia are elliptical in cross section, 280-340 µm in size and 130-200 µm wide. They are surrounded by intertwined thin-walled hyphae. The perithecia tips hardly protrude from the stroma surface. The tubes are cylindrical in shape, they are (131–) 135–158 (–180) × (5.0–) 6.5–8.2 (–9.8) μm in size, the apex is thickened and provided with a ring. The ascospores are hyaline , finely prickly and come in two forms (dimorphic): The distal spores are almost spherical to slightly conical and measure (3.0–) 3.5–4.0 (–4.5) × (2.8–) 3.0–3.2 (–4.0 ) μm; the proximal spores are more elliptical to wedge-shaped or almost spherical and measure (3.0–) 3.2–4.0 (–5.0) × (2.3–) 2.5–3.2 (–4.0) μm.
Similar species
Due to the club-shaped growth and the bright colors, there is a certain similarity to core clubs and also removes with the shiny lacquer pores . Because similar species are partially collected in Japan and used in traditional medicine, confusion can occur, which causes poisoning.
Ecology and diffusion
Podostroma cornu-damae grows on rotting wood. The mushroom is native to Japan and Korea and is also known from Tibet . A single find is documented in Costa Rica . At the beginning of October 2019 a specimen was first discovered in Australia in a suburb of the northern Australian city of Cairns .
toxicity
The hose fungus is the only known fungus whose toxins can also be absorbed through the human skin. The Encyclopædia Britannica lists the mushroom as the sixth most poisonous mushroom in the world.
Several cases of fatal poisoning are known from Japan and Korea. Some victims died because they mistook the cucumber for an edible mushroom.
The mushroom contains macrocyclic trichothecenes , including several satratoxins , roridin E, and verrucarin J. Its consumption causes early diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. This is followed by hypotension , oliguria , changes in perception, and disturbance of consciousness. Without treatment, the result is a reduction in white blood cells and platelets ( leukopenia and thrombocytopenia ), flakes of skin on the face and palms of the hands (desquamation) and hair loss. The patients die from multiple organ failure. Platelet transfusion can save patients. Permanent brain damage is also possible.
Systematics and taxonomy
Podostroma cornu-damae was first described by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1895 as Hypocrea cornu-damae . In 1934 the species received its valid name from Boedijn . However, it was described again by the Japanese mycologists Tsuguo Hongo and Masana Izawa in 1994, so that it is listed in the taxonomy database Mycobank as Podostroma cornu-damae (Pat.) Hongo & Izawa (1994), in the other widespread database Index Fungorum as Podostroma cornu-damae (Pat.) Boedijn. In addition, Chamberlain and colleagues showed that the genera Podostroma and Hypocrea cannot be phylogenetically separated. Therefore the original name Hypocrea cornu-damae would actually be valid again. However, the Hypocrea species form the main fruit forms of the genus Trichoderma . Due to changes in the nomenclature code , the generic name Trichoderma was proposed as a noun conservandum , which should be preserved compared to the teleomorphic genus Hypocrea . Therefore, all former Podostroma species are now integrated in the genus Trichoderma , even if no secondary crop form was previously known. The name that is now valid is therefore Trichoderma cornu-damae . The species described in Japan as Podostroma cornu-damae may be identical to Hypocrea grossa .
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Mycobank accessed on September 7, 2019
- ↑ a b c d e Chamberlain, HL, Rossman, AY, Stewart, EL, Ulvinen, T. Samuels, GJ 2004. The stipitate species of Hypocrea (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) including Podostroma. Karstenia 44: 1-24. On-line
- ↑ a b Hee Nyung Kim, Han Ho Do, Jun Seok Seo, and Hee Young Kim: Two cases of incidental Podostroma cornu-damae poisoning . In: Clin Exp Emerg Med . tape 3 , 2016, p. 186–189 , doi : 10.15441 / ceem.15.028 , PMC 5065333 (free full text).
- ↑ a b c d e Australian discovers highly toxic mushroom. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , October 3, 2019, accessed on the same day.
- ↑ GBIF portal. Retrieved September 8, 2019 .
- ^ Encyclopaedia britannica , accessed December 17, 2016
- ↑ a b Ahn, JY, Seok, SJ, Song, JE, Choi, JH, Han, SH, Choi, JY, Kim, CO, Song, JG, Kim, JM: Two cases of mushroom poisoning by Podostroma cornu-damae . In: Yonsei Medical Journal . 54, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 265-268, 2013, pp. 265–268 , doi : 10.3349 / ymj.2013.54.1.265 , PMC 3521283 (free full text).
- ↑ Saikawa Y, Okamoto H, Inui T, Makabe M, Okuno T, Suda T, Kimiko H, Masaya N: Toxic principles of a poisonous mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae . In: Tetrahedron . tape 57 , 2001, p. 8277-8281 , doi : 10.1016 / S0040-4020 (01) 00824-9 .
- ↑ Index Fungorum accessed on November 8, 2016
- ↑ Bissett J., Gams W., Jaklitsch WM, Gary J Samuels: Accepted Trichoderma names in the year 2015. In: IMA Fungus . tape 6 , 2015, p. 263–295 , doi : 10.5598 / imafungus . 06/02/02/2015 ( researchgate.net ).
