Consolation writings (Comenius)

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Title page of the first edition of Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart , published in 1631

The works of Johann Amos Comenius , which he wrote as preacher and bishop of the Bohemian Brethren , in order to strengthen the community members suffering from religious persecution in the faith and to give them hope are called consolation writings (Czech: útěšné spisy ) . The Czechoslovak Academy counts the following 11 works in its complete edition of the works of Comenius. They are written in the Czech language .

Truchlivý (The Mourner); Listové do nebe (Letters to Heaven); Přemyšlování o dokonalosti křesťanské (Reflecting on Christian Perfection); Nedobytedlný hrad (The Impregnable Castle); Labyrint světa a ráj srdce (labyrinth of the world and paradise of the heart); Pres boží (God's wine press); O sirobě (About Orphanage); Centrum securitatis (center of security); Renuntiatio mundi (rejection of the world); Bazuine des genaden jaar (trumpet of the gracious year); Kšaft umírající matky, Jednoty bratrské (Legacy of the Dying Mother, the Unity of Brothers) .

Meaning of the consolation writings

The consolation writings occupy a special position in the very extensive work of Comenius . They are written against the background of the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War and are marked by the personal hardship and the inner struggles of the author, who struggles for answers to the meaning of the suffering. More than the other works, they show Comenius as a Christian , as a man of deep piety who is filled with unshakable faith in God's ultimate victory.

The Bible is the consolation in difficult times, the support of the faith and the ultimate source of knowledge for Comenius. The language of his consolation writings is largely inspired by the language of the Czech Kralitz Bible , which Comenius has mastered perfectly. The consolation writings are full of biblical quotations and allusions to expressions of the Kralitz Bible. Some writings (e.g. Paradise of the Heart and the Mourner, Part Three - The Turtle Dove's Cry ) consist entirely of quotations or paraphrases from biblical texts.

With the consolation writings, Comenius seeks a reassurance of his faith and an encouragement not only for himself but also for his community, for which he was responsible as a preacher and later as a bishop. In retrospect he writes (1661): As the darkness of the catastrophe grew (in 1623) ... I was tossed back and forth by indescribable afflictions and temptations, and in the middle of the night (which I had spent, like some previous ones) I became sleepless Grabbed by an unusual fever, called to God, jumped out of bed, picked up the Bible and prayed that if human comfort was not enough, God would not leave me inside. ... And I took up pen and began to record my previous afflictions (for myself, if the horrors should return, or for other believers) ...

Overview of the origin of the consolation writings

The young Comenius was called in 1618 as a clergyman and teacher in the Brethren in Fulnek on the Moravian - Silesian border (1618–1622). As a pastor there , he was confronted with the deep social contradictions that shaped the Bohemian society of that time. With his first consolation, Letters to Heaven (1618), he reacted to these tensions and tried to find the right Christian attitude to it.

When the Protestant Bohemian estates were defeated by the Catholic League in the Battle of the White Mountain (1620) , the persecution of all Protestant denominations in the countries of the Habsburg Monarchy began. The persecution also hit the Bohemian Brothers' Union hard: their congregations were dispersed, their schools closed, their preachers and administrators expelled. Comenius had to leave Fulnek because an arrest mandate was issued against him as a preacher of the Brothers' Union. He initially hid in various places near Fulnek until, in the spring of 1623, he temporarily found refuge on the estate of the Moravian nobleman Karl the Elder von Zierotin in Brandeis an der Adler .

During this time of flight he wrote his consolation Reflection on Christian Perfection (1621), dedicated to his wife, whom he had to leave behind in Fulnek. But the city was sacked and sacked, his books were burned in public by the Jesuits , and his wife and two sons were killed by the plague in 1622 . In that year Comenius not only lost his family, but also all of his possessions, including the valuable manuscripts.

Most of the consolation writings were written during the years of flight and asylum in Brandeis: The impregnable castle (1622), the labyrinth of the world and paradise of the heart (1623), God's wine press (1624), the first two parts of the mourner (1623 and 1624) , On Orphanism (1624) and Centrum securitatis ( Center for Security , 1625). They were spread among the church members in the persecution, giving them strength and hope. In Brandeis, Comenius married his second wife, Dorota Cyrillová.

In January 1628 Comenius finally left his homeland and found asylum with other members of the Brethren in Lissa, Poland (1628–1641). The exiles initially saw it as a temporary residence. Their hopes were directed towards the Protestant Saxon troops, which at times held more than half of Bohemia and, with the support of Gustav Adolf, reached Prague in the autumn of 1631 . The successes of the Saxon-Swedish coalition prompted Comenius to write the little joyful trumpet of the year of grace (1632). But just a year later, Wallenstein's troops drove the Saxons out of Prague. Hopes were dashed and Comenius wrote the very emotional treatise Renuntiatio mundi ( Rejection to the World , 1633).

In the following years Comenius made trips to England and Sweden . When he returned to Lissa (1648–1650) in 1648, he had to cope with two more severe blows of fate. His second wife died of a serious illness and shortly afterwards the Peace of Westphalia was signed. Although this ended the Thirty Years' War, it did not guarantee the Bohemian Protestants the religious freedom they longed for. The Bohemian lands were assigned to the Catholic Habsburgs and exposed to the Counter Reformation . With that the last hopes of a return home were dashed. The brother union now finally had to go into the diaspora and before its end Comenius wrote her “will” in Lissa, the legacy of the dying mother, the brother union (1650). The distressed situation of the university then prompted him to write the third part of the mourners : The Turtledove's Cry (1651). It is a complaint of unfulfilled hopes and unanswered prayers.

This was followed by a four-year stay in Transylvania (1650–1654). In 1654, at the age of sixty-two, Comenius returned to Lissa and shortly afterwards the next stroke of fate followed for him. The city was burned down in the turmoil of the Swedish-Polish War in 1656 and Comenius lost all his possessions, his library and all valuable manuscripts for the second time in his life. Completely destitute, he found refuge with the Geer family in Amsterdam , where he was able to spend a few quiet years at the end of his life. Here he wrote The Voice of Mourning (1660), as the fourth part of the mourners , in which he says goodbye to his community.

Two years before his death, Comenius wrote Unum Necessarium ( The Only Necessarium , 1668) in Amsterdam . In the anthology of the selected works it is also counted among the consolation writings. The last tenth chapter is seen as his legacy.

Descriptions of the individual consolation writings

Truchlivý ( The Mourner )

is a work to which Comenius returned several times during his life. It is characterized by the tension between despair and the attempt to find comfort and strength in God. It consists of four parts. The first two were created in 1623 and 1624 under the impression of the catastrophic Protestant defeat in the Battle of White Mountain and its consequences for the Evangelicals in Bohemia.

The third part, Cries of the Turtle Dove ( Řvaní hrdličky , 1651), expresses the deep disappointment with the conditions of the Peace of Westphalia. The last fourth part, Voice of Mourning ( Smutný hlas , 1660), has the character of a pastoral letter, similar to his earlier book Legacy of the Dying Mother, the Brothers' Union . Despite the depressing external circumstances, Comenius believes in the final victory of God and admonishes the remaining and scattered members of his community to hold fast to the faith until the end.

The first two parts were translated into German under the title Mourning over Mourning and Consolation over Consolation (1626) while the author was still alive. A German translation of Part III was published in 1915, and of Part IV in 1908.

Listové do nebe ( letters to heaven )

is a social theological text in which Comenius reacts to the deep social contradictions of the society of that time, with which he was confronted as a young pastor. He wrote it in 1618, shortly after he took up his position as a preacher and teacher for the Brethren in Fulnek. A German translation titled Letters to Heaven appeared in 1911.

Comenius is not interested in a change in social conditions, the differences in class at that time are God-given for him and should be accepted by the poor. Rather, the criticism is directed at the rich because of their ruthlessness and arrogance; they are reminded of their responsibility before God and admonished by Christ: therefore I deign to order you strictly : Do not oppress my poor. The final settlement of social conflicts is postponed to the day of Christ's return : until the future final, general, most just judgment and a clear decision between the parties.

Přemyšlování o dokonalosti křesťanské ( Reflecting on Christian Perfection )

is a consolation written to his wife and his community who stayed in Fulnek. Comenius wrote it in 1622 after he had to leave Fulnek and go into hiding. The foreword My dear Mrs. Magdalena, my most precious treasure to me after the Lord God! is addressed very personally to his wife.

Comenius justifies the need for Christian humility in difficult times. He explains that it is in vain to want to choose in this world how one would like to be guided by God, and that it is better to voluntarily, even if with tears, follow God and everything, happiness and unhappiness, joy and tribulation, Laughing and crying gratefully from his hand. The way to perfection is by humbly bowing to God's will.

Nedobytedlný hrad jméno Hospodinovo ( The impregnable castle, the name of the Lord )

The full title reads: The impregnable castle, the name of the Lord; to which whoever and in whatever tribulation and danger flees, is protected and preserved. The title is reminiscent of Luther's song A strong castle is our God . He takes the verse from the Old Testament book of Proverbs for the motto : The name of the Lord is a strong castle; the righteous run there and are protected. ( Proverbs 18:10  LUT )

Comenius wrote the work in 1622 during the dangerous time of his escape. After all evangelical clergy had been expelled, he too had to leave Fulnek and hid in different places. In the preface he dedicated it to the noble and pious matron DC, my dear mother in Christ . Meant is Dorota, wife of the senior brother Jan Cyrill, who is also proven. She had asked Comenius to write down a few things for her comfort and memory . The Cyrills became Comenius' parents-in-law two years later.

The short text begins with the description of the needs and sufferings that people encounter in life. She warns not to rely on wealth, to leave fortified cities or friends, these are only deceptive guarantees. Man finds the greatest security in intimate contact with God. Surrendering oneself to him is like living in an impregnable castle, because no need is stronger than God and can take away the Christian's inner peace. It is the same certainty that the pilgrim finds at the end of his search in the labyrinth of the world and paradise of the heart, written just a year later .

Labyrint světa a ráj srdce ( labyrinth of the world and paradise of the heart )

is called the most beautiful literary work of Comenius, together with Legacy of the Dying Mother, the Brothers' Union , it is his most famous and most frequently edited Czech book. It was written in 1623 and a German translation was published in Leipzig in 1738. The book was re-edited by Klaus Schaller in 2004 in today's German.

The book paints an allegorical picture of the world, how it zealously does nothing but trivial things and how everything finally turns miserably into tears or becomes mockery . A pilgrim (author himself) enters the world in search of the best profession, but is confused by the abundance of what he encounters. His two companions - the know-it-all and the delusion - try to convince him of the beauty and order of the world. But at the end of his search he despairs because he has found nothing in the world but deception, misery and futility. In the second part, the paradise of the heart , Christ meets him. In the intimate connection with him the pilgrim finally finds the peace and security he longed for.

Pres boží ( God's wine press )

Comenius chose the unusual title of this short text based on a quote from the Lamentations of Jeremiah : The Lord has trampled underfoot all my mighty ones that I had; ... The Lord stepped into the winepress of the virgin, the daughter of Judah ( Lamentations 1.15  LUT ). The pressed winepress (the press ) is a symbol for the suffering that God sends to man. The wine Comenius wrote in 1624th The font was printed in the same year together with Truchlivý and Nedobytedlný hrad, probably in the secret printing house of the Brothers' Union in Prague.

Comenius would like to show his readers two things. They should understand where the suffering comes from: So we should understand that our present suffering, the wars, looting, oppression, expulsions, price increases, famines, prisons and the multiple atrocities that descend on our bodies and souls are nothing else, as God's (I'm saying God's and not anyone else's) press. And they should understand the meaning of suffering: the craftsman who uses a press does it to serve the object, to shape it for its purpose and to make it useful. So when God puts the cross on us, he seeks a benefit for himself and for us. People should not try to avoid suffering. It is a proof of God's faithful care for man whom he wants to shape according to his will.

O sirobě ( On being orphaned or abandoned )

The full long title is: About Orphanage, that is about the loss of friends, protectors, and benefactors; where and why this deplorable state of affairs comes from, what to do then, how to console yourself and how to deal with the grieving and orphaned. Comenius wrote it in the years 1622-1624. It was first printed in Leszno in 1634 - the year when this town, which offered refuge to many members of the Brothers' Union, was hit by a plague epidemic.

The reason for writing gave Comenius the personally experienced losses and also the tragic social circumstances. In retrospect, he remembers: When my life partner was torn from me by death (1622) and soon after the firstborn son succumbed to the plague, I had ample opportunity to think about "abandonment" as a consolation for myself and the numerous widows, orphans, and shepherds robbed their church.

In 18 chapters of this strictly logically structured work, Comenius defines the orphanage, shows its causes, describes its different forms and gives instructions on how to deal with those affected. His statements draw on the Christian faith and are backed up with many biblical quotations. First he addresses those who have lost immediate family members or friends, and further chapters deal with subjects without authority and authorities without subjects. Comenius undoubtedly suffered from the fact that he could not exercise his pastoral office as a preacher of the Brethren, he dedicates two chapters to the orphaned community (without its shepherd) and the orphaned shepherd (without his community). The worst thing, according to Comenius, is being orphaned by God, that is, the loss of faith and with it the hope of eternal life . God keep people from that.

Centrum securitatis to jest Hlubina bezpečnosti ( Center of Security )

is the last consolation written in the homeland, written in 1625. Like the other consolation writings of this time, it is influenced by the dire situation of the Bohemian Protestants as a result of the beginning Counter-Reformation of the Habsburgs. In this philosophical-theological treatise, the thoughts expressed in the paradise of the heart in a poetic-novel-like form are systematically presented. Comenius has added the short treatise Renuntiatio mundi (Rejection to the World) to the printed edition . A German translation was published in 1737 and reissued by Klaus Schaller in 1964.

Comenius shows how everything in the world is founded in God, from whose power, wisdom and goodness the universe grows. God is the center of the world that has lost its balance by turning away from him. Only a return to God can save man from his despair and give his soul real security and peace.

Renuntiatio mundi to jest Výhost světu ( Rejection to the world )

The full title reads: Renuntiatio mundi, that is the rejection of the world, with which a tormented man, driven through the gauntlet of the world and confused in much unrest, but still brought back to the center of divine mercy, and God in all his will devoted, most unworthy servant of the Lord Jesus, separating himself from all godless children of the world who are completely absorbed in carnal lusts. Comenius wrote it in the years 1632–1633 as a separate treatise and later added it to the Centrum Securitatis as an appendix . Both together were translated into German in 1737.

This short religious treatise, written with great passion, is an expression of the depression and disappointed hopes that followed the failure of the Swedish-Saxon coalition in the Thirty Years War. It is one of the most pessimistic statements about this world. This is called the abode of Satan, whom the Christian must turn his back on in order to hurry to the heavenly city:

So come to the light, you ugly monster, you shameful world, that we may look at you, how beautiful you are! Hear world, you are a great shameful hole of Satan, the proud castle of Lucifer, ... a fishing rod of souls, a trap to despair and a promotion to damnation, an all-entrancing stream, an all inward vortex, a swamp of all impurity, a sea of ​​unrest and an abyss of ruin. ... And therefore it is in vain and dangerous to seek rest in this inn of the devil or even to want to stay in it; Rather, it is necessary to watch, to look carefully, and as soon as the splendor of divine grace breaks out, to leap out and rush fresh to heaven on the safe paths under the protection and escort of the holy angels.

Bazuine des genaden jaar voor de Bohemische natie ( Trumpet of the year of grace for the Bohemian people )

Comenius wrote this happy little pamphlet under the impression of the successes of the Swedish-Saxon coalition in the fight against the Habsburg emperor. The Saxon army occupied Prague and a considerable part of Bohemia in November 1631. This gave the exiles new hopes of returning home. Comenius wrote it between 1631 and 1632, a Dutch translation was printed in 1632 in Kempen . The Czech original is lost. It was translated from Dutch into Czech in 1945 under the title Polnice milostivého léta pro český národ .

The writing has the character of a political treatise. In biblical language, the author proclaims to the Bohemian people - as in the Old Testament to the people of Israel in captivity - the salvation from the claws of Babylon (Habsburgs). Liberation comes through the king from the north (King Gustav Adolf). The treatise is written as a dialogue between the trumpet of God proclaiming the defeat of the enemy and the voice of the scattered and doubted Bohemian exiles. God promises salvation, but also urges repentance.

Kšaft umírající matky, Jednoty bratrské ( Legacy of the dying mother, the brother union )

Along with the Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart, is the best-known and most frequently printed Czech work by Comenius. Comenius wrote it in 1650 out of deep disappointment about the terms of the Peace of Westphalia. The book was re-edited by Klaus Schaller in 2004 in today's German.

The Bohemian Protestant Church had been forgotten in the peace treaties of Münster and Osnabrück . Comenius saw the end of the brotherhood and wrote an allegorical "testament", the legacy of the dying mother . The dying mother is the brother union, she bequeaths her spiritual wealth to the Bohemian and Moravian people and the friendly foreign churches: I leave all Christian communities together the longing for union in faith and in love for the unity of the spirit.

literature

  • ČSAV (ed.): Dílo Jana Amose Komenského - Johannis Amos Comenii opera omnia . tape 3 . Academia, Praha 1978 (Czech, online ). Truchlivý; Listové do nebe; Přemyšlování o dokonalosti křesťanské; Nedobytedlný hrad; Labyrinth světa a ráj srdce; Pres boží; O sirobě; Center securitatis; Renuntiatio mundi; Bazuine des straight jaar; Kšaft umírající matky, Jednoty bratrské.
  • Johann Amos Comenius: Selected Works Vol. II, 1 . Ed .: Dmitrij Tschižewskij and Klaus Schaller . Georg Olms, Hildesheim New York 1976. Listové do nebe; Letters to heaven; Renuntiatio mundi; Labyrinth of the world; To grieve over grief; Unum necessarium .
  • Johann Amos Comenius: The labyrinth of the world and other masterpieces . Ed .: Klaus Schaller. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-05256-5 (461 pages).
  • Jan Kumpera: Jan Amos Komenský, Poutník na rozhraní věků (= Johann Amos Comenius, wanderer in the upheaval of times) . Amosium Servis, Ostrava 1992, ISBN 80-85498-03-0 (Czech, 372 pages).
  • Klaus Schaller: The consolation writings of Johann Amos Comenius . In: Comenius Yearbook, Volume VI . Academia, Sankt Austin 1998, ISBN 3-89665-123-4 , pp. 11-37 .
  • Ctibor Salašovič: Komenského spisy útěšné. Bakalářská práce (= consolation writings by Comenius, bachelor thesis) . Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Husitská teologická fakulta, Praha 2014 (Czech, online ).
  • Iva Šilarová: Komenského pozdní útěšné spisy a jejich biblické zakotvení. Bakalářská diplomová práce. (= The late consolation writings by Comenius, Bachelor thesis) . Masarykova univerzita , Filozofická fakulta, Ústav české literatury a knihovnictví, 2013 (Czech, online [PDF]).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ČSAV (ed.): Dílo Jana Amose Komenského - Johannis Amos Comenii opera omnia . tape 3 . Academia, Praha 1978 (Czech, online ). Truchlivý; Listové do nebe; Přemyšlování o dokonalosti křesťanské; Nedobytedlný hrad; Labyrinth světa a ráj srdce; Pres boží; O sirobě; Center securitatis; Renuntiatio mundi; Bazuine des straight jaar; Kšaft umírající matky, Jednoty bratrské.
  2. ↑ Iva Šilarová: Komenského pozdní útěšné spisy a jejich biblické zakotvení. Bakalářská diplomová práce. (= The late consolation writings by Comenius, Bachelor thesis.) . Masarykova univerzita , Filozofická fakulta, Ústav české literatury a knihovnictví, 2013, p. 12–15, 26–28 (Czech, online [PDF]).
  3. ↑ a b In the letter to the Amsterdam publisher, letter to Peter van den Berge (Petrus Montanus) , 1661. Quoted from: Jan Amos Komenský: The labyrinth of the world and other writings. Edited and translated from Czech and Latin by Ilse Seehase . Philipp Reclam, Leipzig 1984, p. 214-215 .
  4. ^ Johann Amos Comenius: Selected Works, Vol. II, 1 . Ed .: Dmitrij Tschižewskij and Klaus Schaller. Georg Olms, Hildesheim New York 1976. Listové do nebe; Letters to heaven; Renuntiatio mundi; Labyrinth of the world; To grieve over grief; Unum necessarium .
  5. ^ Johann Amos Comenius: Selected Works, Vol. II, 1 . Ed .: Dmitrij Tschižewskij and Klaus Schaller. Georg Olms, Hildesheim New York 1976. Contains mourning over mourning, consolation over consolation , the Bratislava 1629 edition on pages 143 - 208.
  6. ↑ The third part of the mourners. By JA Comenius. German by Franz Slaměník. In: Zeitschrift für Brüdergeschichte IX, Herrnhut 1915, pp. 110 - 124. Reprinted in: Zeitschrift für Brüdergeschichte Volume III , Georg Olm Verlag, Hildesheim New York 1973.
  7. ↑ Voice of Sorrow by JA Comenius. Translated from the Bohemian by Franz Slaměník. In: Monthly Issues of the Comenius Society XVII, Jena 1908, pp. 97–124.
  8. ^ Johann Amos Comenius: Selected Works, Vol. II, 1 . Ed .: Dmitrij Tschižewskij and Klaus Schaller. Georg Olms, Hildesheim New York 1976, p. 68-99 . Letters to Heaven by JA Comenius. German translation by Franz Slaměník . In: Zeitschrift für Brüdergeschichte Volume II , Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim New York 1973. Reprinted from: Zeitschrift für Brüdergeschichte V. , Herrnhut 1911, pp. 201–232.
  9. ^ Johann Amos Comenius: Selected Works, Vol. II, 1 . Ed .: Dmitrij Tschižewskij and Klaus Schaller. Georg Olms, Hildesheim New York 1976, p. 86, 70 .
  10. ↑ Johann Amos Comenius: The labyrinth of the world and other masterpieces . Ed .: Klaus Schaller. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-05256-5 , pp. 5-6 (461 pages).
  11. ↑ Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (ed.): Dílo Jana Amose Komenského - Johannis Amos Comenii opera omnia . tape 3 . Academia, Praha 1978, p. 237 (Czech, online ). Truchlivý; Listové do nebe; Přemyšlování o dokonalosti křesťanské; Nedobytedlný hrad; Labyrinth světa a ráj srdce; Pres boží; O sirobě; Center securitatis; Renuntiatio mundi; Bazuine des straight jaar; Kšaft umírající matky, Jednoty bratrské.
  12. ^ Klaus Schaller: The consolation writings of Johann Amos Comenius . In: Comenius Yearbook, Volume VI . Academia, Sankt Austin 1998, ISBN 3-89665-123-4 , pp. 25 .
  13. ↑ a b Johann Amos Comenius: The labyrinth of the world and other masterpieces . Ed .: Klaus Schaller. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-05256-5 (461 pages).
  14. ↑ Johann Amos Comenius: The labyrinth of the world and other masterpieces . Ed .: Klaus Schaller. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-05256-5 , pp. 445 (461 pp.).
  15. ↑ Jan Kumpera: Jan Amos Komenský, Poutník na rozhraní věků (= Johann Amos Comenius, wanderer in the upheaval of times) . Amosium Servis, Ostrava 1992, ISBN 80-85498-03-0 , p. 289 (Czech, 372 pp.).
  16. ↑ Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (ed.): Dílo Jana Amose Komenského - Johannis Amos Comenii opera omnia . tape 3 . Academia, Praha 1978, p. 420, 423 (Czech, online ). Truchlivý; Listové do nebe; Přemyšlování o dokonalosti křesťanské; Nedobytedlný hrad; Labyrinth světa a ráj srdce; Pres boží; O sirobě; Center securitatis; Renuntiatio mundi; Bazuine des straight jaar; Kšaft umírající matky, Jednoty bratrské.
  17. ↑ ČSAV (ed.): Dílo Jana Amose Komenského - Johannis Amos Comenii opera omnia . tape 3 . Academia, Praha 1978, p. 429 (Czech, online ). Truchlivý; Listové do nebe; Přemyšlování o dokonalosti křesťanské; Nedobytedlný hrad; Labyrinth světa a ráj srdce; Pres boží; O sirobě; Center securitatis; Renuntiatio mundi; Bazuine des straight jaar; Kšaft umírající matky, Jednoty bratrské.
  18. ↑ Jan Kumpera: Jan Amos Komenský, Poutník na rozhraní věků (= Johann Amos Comenius, wanderer in the upheaval of times) . Amosium Servis, Ostrava 1992, ISBN 80-85498-03-0 , p. 289 (Czech, 272 pp.).
  19. ^ A b Johann Amos Comenius: Centrum securitatis. Based on the German edition by A. Macher from 1737. Introduced and edited by Klaus Schaller . Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1964 (156 pages).
  20. ^ A b Johann Amos Comenius: Selected Works Vol. II, 1 . Ed .: Dmitrij Tschižewskij and Klaus Schaller. Georg Olms, Hildesheim New York 1976, p. 100, 102 . Listové do nebe; Letters to heaven; Renuntiatio mundi; Labyrinth of the world; To grieve over grief; Unum necessarium .
  21. ↑ Jan Kumpera: Jan Amos Komenský, Poutník na rozhraní věků (= Johann Amos Comenius, wanderer in the upheaval of times) . Amosium Servis, Ostrava 1992, ISBN 80-85498-03-0 , p. 205-206 (Czech, 272 pp.).
  22. ↑ Johann Amos Comenius: The labyrinth of the world and other masterpieces . Ed .: Klaus Schaller. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-05256-5 , pp. 360 (461 pp.).

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