Tychonic world model
A model of the solar system named after Tycho Brahe , which at that time was equated with the idea of the universe , is referred to as the Tychonic World System or Tychonic World Model (also known as the world image or planet model) . The Dane , who later worked as an imperial court mathematician in Prague , described this model for the first time in 1588 in the De Mundi Aetherei ... as a compromise between the " Peripateticians ", d. H. Teachers of physics from Aristotle, along with astronomy from Ptolemaeus , and heliocentrism , represented by Nicolaus Copernicus .
description
Tycho Brahe's model is a geocentric world system which, however, lets the other planets revolve around the sun, and is therefore also called geo-heliocentric. The moon and the sun revolve around the earth; Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, however, are around the moving sun. It stands between the systems of Ptolemaeus and Copernicus and avoids the then too bold step of assigning a movement to the earth, as is the case e.g. B. Galileo Galilei did. Nevertheless, the planetary loops can be conclusively explained, as can all new phenomena discovered with the telescope , such as Venus phases and the changing size of the planetary disks.
Similar models
An almost identical planetary model comes from Nicolaus Reimers (Ursus), who got into a priority dispute with Brahe, his successor as court mathematician . According to Reimers, he conceived his model in 1585 after a visit to Tycho Brahe's island of Hven . The following year he presented it in Kassel, which Brahe had learned about. Reimers' publication Fundamentum Astronomicum (1588) took place around the same time.
Difference: While Brahe does not trust the earth to move (clearly passed down in letters to Christoph Rothmann ), Reimers' work revolves around itself, which "abolishes" the daily movement of the entire cosmos and an idea of a very large, if not infinite, Fixed star sky as with Thomas Digges .
Even Paul Wittich has represented the geo-heliocentric world view, possibly inspired by the work Primae de coelo et terra institutiones. (Venice 1573) by Valentin Naboth . This is where the system named after Martianus Capella can be found , in which Mercury and Venus "already" rotate around the sun. Athanasius Kircher calls this model Egyptian.
Copernicus himself wrote in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium :
“... Therefore it does not seem to me to be negligible, what Martianus Capella, who wrote an encyclopedia, and some other Latins knew very well. He believes that Venus and Mercury orbit the sun as their center, and therefore cannot go further away from it than the circles of their orbits allow, because they do not orbit the earth like the others, but have alternating, recurring distances. What does this mean other than that they revolve around the sun as the center of their orbits? So the orbit of Mercury would in fact be enclosed by that of Venus, which is more than twice as large, and would find its sufficient place in the extension of this. If one takes this opportunity and relates Saturn, Jupiter and Mars to the same center, while one looks at the great extent of their orbits, which with those also contains and encloses the earth lying therein: one will not explain the regular order of their movements to miss…"
Furthermore, Helisäus Röslin in 1597 and Simon Marius in 1609/10 also described a geoheliocentric system. The latter was inspired by his discovery of the moons of Jupiter (at the same time as Galileo) . He wrote about it in 1614 in his work Mundus Iovialis .
India
In India a similar model was developed by Nilakantha Somayaji around 1500 .
Importance in the 17th century
For several decades, the Tychonic Model was publicly favored by many scientists - whether it was also out of inner conviction cannot be determined with certainty. Well-known representatives of the model or similar variants were the Jesuits Kircher, Christoph Clavius , Giovanni Riccioli , his colleague Francesco Maria Grimaldi and various university professors in Northern Italy.
Riccioli dealt with the Tychonic Planetary Model in detail in his “New Almagest”, published in 1651, in which he adopted the Galilean Laws of Fall , but used them experimentally as evidence against the thesis of a moving earth. In the Astronomia reformata of 1665 Riccioli recognized the ellipse as a mathematical model for describing the planetary orbits.
Arguments against and for heliocentrism
For Tycho Brahe, the immutability of the star positions was the main argument for the central position of the earth. The distance between two stars (the measured angle) would have to decrease if one got closer to them because of the annual revolution of the earth. This change ("parallax"), caused by the distance between observer and object, has been sought since Aristarchus of Samos .
Like Copernicus starting from an immeasurably distant sphere of fixed stars, Johannes Kepler described the difference between the Tychonic and his system in the Harmonice mundi : “... like when someone writing a circle on a piece of paper moves the pen of the circle, while another {Tycho Brahe} , who fixes the paper or the blackboard on a turntable, holds the pen or stylus of the compass and describes the same circle on the rotating blackboard. "
Isaac Newton's Principia with his theory of gravity appeared in 1687 and in the 18th century the mass dependence of the movements was increasingly recognized, with the Copernicans dominating the Royal Society in England even before Newton . Robert Hooke , who argued with Newton about the priority of the law of gravitation, showed understanding for the geocentrics and saw the experimentum crucis for deciding between the systems in the annual star parallax and believed he had succeeded.
The generally accepted evidence of heliocentrism was a long time coming. James Bradley discovered in 1728 while trying to measure a parallax of the "fixed stars" that the position of each star fluctuates in the course of the year because of the movement of the earth relative to the fixed star sphere ( aberration ), and Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel finally succeeded in 1838 the long, already “Proof of the King” sought after in antiquity .
It was not until the pendulum test of Léon Foucault convinced 1851, the last doubters.
literature
- Harald Siebert: The great cosmological controversy: attempts at reconstruction based on the Itinerarium exstaticum by Athanasius Kircher SJ (1602–1680). Stuttgart 2006
- Michael Weichenhan: “Ergo perit coelum…” The supernova of 1572 and the overcoming of Aristotelian cosmology. Stuttgart 2004
Web links
- "Orrery Copernican (sun-centered) or Tychonian (earth-centered) model", mechanical model of the solar system to compare the Tychonian and Copernican world model ( Memento of March 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) ( Flash ; 224 kB)
- Reimers and Brahe as cosmological systems at the end of the 16th century ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ↑ At that time mathematician also meant being an astronomer and astrologer .
- ↑ Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) . Museo Gelileo , accessed on August 12, 2019 (English): “ De mundi atherei recentioribus phænomenis , Frankfurt, 1610 Florence, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza , MED 1246, p. 189 Tycho reports the results of his research on the comet of 1577. Attempting to determine its distance from Earth, he reached the conclusion that it orbited around the Sun. The work also contains the first outline of the geo-heliocentric system that Tycho devised . "
- ↑ Harry Nussbaumer: Revolution in the sky: how the Copernican turn changed astronomy. Zurich 2011, p. 82 ; for Brahe's stopover, see z. B. Weichenhan 2004, p. 329 ff
- ↑ z. B. Siebert 2006, p. 16, line 16 f ; especially in the English language Literature or popular science, e.g. B. Tycho Brahe's model @ copernicus.torun.pl, accessed March 17, 2014
- ^ Edward Grant, In Defense Of The Earth's Centrality and Immobility: Scholastic Reaction To Copernicanism In The Seventeenth Century. Philadelphia 1984, p. 43
- ↑ Figure @ commons.wikimedia.org; Robert S. Westman (Ed.): The Copernican Achievement. Berkeley / LA / London 1975, p. 322
- ^ World systems. Diagrams of the different world systems, Ptolemaic, Platonic, Egyptian, Copernican, Tychonic and semi-Tychonic from Iter Exstaticum (1671 ed.) P. 37 @ stanford.edu, or "The pseudo-Egyptian system. This system was adopted by Vitruvius who lived between ca 80 - 70 BC and 15 BC. He was a Roman writer and architect who was rediscovered in the Renaissance. Here Mercury and Venus are revolving around the sun. Like the other Planets, the sun revolves around the earth. " @ Starsandstones.wordpress.com, accessed March 18, 2014
- ↑ quoted from: Wikisource Nicolaus Coppernicus from Thorn on the circular motions of the cosmic bodies. (German translation by CL Menzzer, 1879.), p. 25 f
- ↑ Siebert 2006, p. 63 ff
- ↑ René Taton, Curtis Wilson (ed.): Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics. Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton , (= The General History of Astronomy 2A), Cambridge 1989, p. 185 top right
- ↑ "... Brahe also pointed out that if the Earth moves around the Sun, stars should appear further from each other as we draw close to them, and to move closer to each other as we move away from them ...", see Book Review by Benjamin Murphy on Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo. By Graney, Christopher M., 2015 (with costs)
- ↑ "Parallax" originally meant only approx. "Change", παράλλαξις = difference, change, confusion, confusion, passing, see Valentin Christian Friedrich Rost : Greek-German Dictionary. 3rd edition, 2nd section, 1829, p. 223 ; parállaxis = deviation, see Gustav Adolf Seeck : Platon's Politics: A Critical Commentary. 2014, p. 59
- ↑ Johannes Kepler: World Harmony. ed. by Max Caspar, unaltered reprint of the 1939 edition, Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2006, p. 286
- ↑ That the moon and the comets are “made of the same wood” as the earth, but that all other planets are made of a very light ether, seemed very unlikely.
- ↑ see e.g. B. Philosophical Transactions from 1667 in: The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, from Their Commencement in 1665 to the Year 1800. Volume 1, London 1809, p. 148
- ^ Robert Hooke: An attempt to prove the motion of the earth from observations. London 1674, p. 3 @ libcoll.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de or indirectly Owen Gingerich : Truth in Science: Proof, Persuasion, and the Galileo Affair. Pp. 85 f, accessed on March 17, 2014; see also: Robert Hooke # Astronomy and Robert Hooke # About the description of planetary motion
- ↑ Vincenzo Viviani's attempt in 1661 had been forgotten.
