Vanda (orchids)
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Vanda tricolor |
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| Jones ex R.Br. |
Vanda is a genus from the family of the orchid (Orchidaceae). About 82 species are summarized in it. These are epiphytic plants andare foundin Southeast Asia. Some species and especially their hybrids are used as ornamental plants and in cut flower production.
description
Vanda has a monopodial growth habit, the shoot is upright and can become very long, the tip is rarely bent over. The roots arise in the lower area of the stem axis, they are thick and sparsely protruding, surrounded by multilayer Velamen radicum . The leaves are arranged in two rows. The internodes are short, the stem axis is completely covered by the leaf bases that enclose the stem. There is a separating fabric between the leaf base and the leaf blade. The leaves are folded in a V-shape at the base along the midrib (conduplicate), further forward flat. They are narrow, linear to belt-shaped, the tip is often slightly drawn in and thus asymmetrically bilobed or irregularly serrated.
The inflorescence is a loose raceme , it appears from the leaf axils and comprises 3 to 15 flowers . They are usually large, colored, fragrant and wither - as long as they are not pollinated - only after a long time. The flowers are resupinated . The petals are not fused together and, apart from the lip, are roughly the same, mostly spatula-shaped. The lateral petals are often smaller than the outer petals, in some species - such as the Vanda tricolor shown here - they are twisted at the base so that the back faces forward. The edges of the petals are often wavy, their blade can be patterned by different colored veins or dots. The lip is three-lobed and immovable attached to the column , at the base it has a short, usually laterally compressed spur. In contrast to related genera, the spur has no appendages or elevations inside. The side lobes of the lip are small and flipped up. The middle lobe is significantly larger, often conspicuously colored, provided with longitudinal but not very pronounced keels or ridges. The shape of the middle lobe is very different in different species, but mostly it is convex. The column is short and fleshy, widened like a pedestal at the base. She wears the hood-shaped stamen . The two pollinia are rounded, incised and connected to the large adhesive disc (Viscidium) by a common stalk (stipe).
Wood bees ( xylocopa ) have been observed as pollinators in some species .
_-_Curtis%27_85_(Ser._3_no._15)_pl._5138_(1859).jpg)
distribution
The species of the genus Vanda are distributed in Southeast Asia from India in the northwest to the Philippines, across the Indonesian islands and in northeast Australia. The greatest biodiversity is found in northern Thailand, Myanmar and southern Yunnan. They grow in ever-moist or seasonally dry forests, mostly in the plains to low mountain regions.
Systematics and botanical history
The genus Vanda was established by Robert Brown in 1820 . William Jones used the name Vanda as early as 1795 for Vanda tesselata , which occurs in India ; it is their common name in Hindi and comes from Sanskrit .
Within the orchid family, Vanda belongs to the subtribe Aeridinae . A first genetic study with about 30 species mainly of the genera Vanda , Ascocentrum and Aerides has shown that Vanda , Ascocentrum , Euanthe and Christensonia are very closely related. Vanda and Ascocentrum are therefore not monophyletic . Due to new DNA analyzes, the former genera Ascocentrum , Christensonia , Euanthe , Ascocentropsis, Neofinetia, Eparmatostigma and Trudelia have been integrated into the genus Vanda . Luisia and Papilionanthe are also closely related to Vanda .
There are some well-supported ( bootstrap ) kinship relationships within these genera . Vanda luzonica , Vanda tricolor and Euanthe sanderiana form a clade , and Vanda lamellata is probably one of them. Vanda testacea is related to Vanda liouvillei ; Vanda tessellata with Ascocentrum curvifolium ; Christensonia vietnamica possibly with Ascocentrum garayi .
A list of the recognized species of the genus can be found in R. Govaerts. These include, for example:
- Vanda alpina (Lindl.) Lindl. : It occurs from the Himalayas to southern Yunnan.
- Vanda concolor flower : It occurs in China and Vietnam.
Use and culture
Vanda species and especially hybrids are used as ornamental plants and cut flowers. In garden culture, the closely related Euanthe and Papilionanthe are also listed as Vanda . The first and most influential breed is Miss Joaquim , whose parent species are now considered to be Papilionanthe . An important cross-breeding partner was Vanda coerulea , whose blue flower color is rare in orchids. An early and widely used hybrid is Vanda Rothschildiana from Vanda coerulea × Euanthe sanderiana . Arachnis hookerana in particular was crossed for cut flower production .
The roots need air circulation and regular drying between waterings. Most of the time, the plants are cultivated hanging and with bare roots. When cultivating cold-tolerant varieties, it is possible to stay outdoors in summer with the highest possible light doses. After a period of acclimatization, Vandeen can tolerate the full midday sun; they need a large amount of light to induce flowers. The nocturnal temperature drop and the constant air circulation in the open air also have a positive effect on the flowering capacity and the overall constitution of the plants.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Vanda. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 21, 2018.
- ↑ a b Xinqi Chen, Alexandra Bell: Vanda . In: ZY Wu, PH Raven, DY Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . tape 25 . Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2009, pp. 471 ( Flora of China ).
- ↑ a b c FG Brieger, R. Maatsch, K. Senghas (eds.): Rudolf Schlechter: Die Orchideen . I / B. Blackwell, 1992, ISBN 3-8263-3084-6 , pp. 1212-1223 .
- ^ A b Robert L. Dressler: Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family . Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-45058-6 , pp. 217 .
- ^ A b Jim B. Comber: Orchids of Java . Bentham-Moxon Trust, Kew 1990, ISBN 0-947643-21-4 .
- ↑ Jones ex R.Br., Bot. Reg. 6: t. 506 (1820). Online at botanicus.org
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 675 (reprint from 1996).
- ^ A b LM Gardiner, BC Emerson, DL Roberts: Preliminary phylogeny of the South East Asian genus Vanda (Orchidaceae) . In: Proceedings of the 18th World Orchid Conference . 2005, ISBN 2-909717-47-X , pp. 199-204 .
- ↑ a b Jürgen Röth: Orchids . VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin 1983, p. 316 .
Web links
Wikispecies: Vanda Species Directory