Vehicle to Grid

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Under Vehicle to grid ( V2G to German: from the vehicle to the network) refers to a concept for the delivery of electricity from the drive battery of electric and hybrid cars back into the public power grid . In contrast to pure electric cars, bidirectional chargeable vehicles can not only take electrical energy from the grid, but also feed it back into the grid or the house via special charging stations as part of an intelligent energy system in times of high grid load. Vehicle to grid thus enables intelligent sector coupling or the supply of a house in the event of a power failure. However, the intermediate storage is lossy.

V2G technology could help decarbonise the transport sector , perform load control tasks, improve the integration of renewable energies and create an additional source of income for energy supply companies and owners of electric cars . It is also possible to provide system services . The V2G technology can thus fulfill a similar function as battery storage power plants and solar batteries . For efficient use, however, a sufficiently high number of vehicles with electrical storage and public or private connection points is required. Some manufacturers offer the appropriate infrastructure for house connections.

Closely related is Vehicle to Home (V2H), a concept in which the electric vehicle fulfills the role of storing electricity for one's own household (without further feeding into the public power grid).

history

The idea was u. a. propagated and elaborated by Willet Kempton and his team at the University of Delaware . Studies show that of the millions of cars in industrialized countries, around 95% of the total usage time is not moved and could therefore be used as storage if they had correspondingly powerful accumulators and if they could be fed back into the power grid via the charging stations. Charged inexpensively in times of weak demand, they would support the network as quickly available buffers at peak load times. Such a concept offers an important basis for further expansion, particularly for wind energy , which fluctuates greatly in its power output .

The technology was tested at the end of 2007 with six vehicles over a period of six months, although the outcome is not documented.

In 2008, the Federal Wind Energy Association in Germany spoke out in favor of expanding V2G to support wind energy.

On September 21, 2009, the US state of Delaware became the first state in the world to pass a law that guarantees owners of electric vehicles a remuneration for fed back energy that corresponds to the time-of-day electricity tariff. This means that the vehicle owner can for the first time function practically as an electricity trader with the necessary bidirectional electricity meter by charging his batteries with inexpensive night-time electricity and discharging them again at peak consumption.

In 2018, the first publicly usable V2G charging stations were installed in the Netherlands. In October 2018, the Nissan Leaf was the first car in Germany to receive approval for feeding primary control power back into the power grid in a system operated by the energy supplier Enervie .

In 2018, Renault started a pilot project on the island of Porto Santo , in which, among other things, vehicles are used to be able to feed electricity back into the grid.

How it works and details

Vehicle-to-grid approaches are based on the fact that most vehicles are parked for most of the day. For example, most private vehicles in Germany are moved less than 2 hours a day and are therefore available for V2G applications for most of the day. Since the charging time is usually significantly shorter than the actual idle time, the charging time of the batteries can be adapted to the respective requirements in the power grid and the electric cars can thus be used for load management . Assuming that 70% of the vehicles have a battery size of 20 kWh and the battery is 50% charged, one million electric cars could provide 7 GWh of additional storage capacity. Even if all vehicles were only connected to the grid in one phase via normal household sockets with 3 kW , a control power of 2.1 GW would be available. However, if 90% of all cars in Germany were to be converted to the electric cars described above, they could store 277 GWh of electrical energy and provide 83 GW of balancing energy, which is higher than the total German peak load . However, as of 2018, feeding electricity back into the grid is expensive, so it is currently expedient to restrict load management primarily to flexible charging and only actually feed energy back into the grid in exceptional cases.

In making these considerations, it should not be overlooked that most vehicle batteries have a cycle-dependent service life. For the V2G concept to function effectively and efficiently, the vehicle owner must leave the network operator with central control over the charging and discharging processes. In this case, V2G operation affects the manufacturer's guarantee conditions, because V2G reduces the service life of the battery.

From a technical point of view, "Vehicle to Grid" can be carried out using an electric car charging station IEC 61851-1 "Mode 4" - fast charging using an external charger (bidirectional DC direct access from the charging station to the battery of the electric vehicle), i.e. also directly using type 2 . The only difference is that the associated charger / inverter is provided in the car or, in the former case, in the infrastructure.

Solutions in which a homeowner with a solar system uses the battery of his electric car to store electricity have already been implemented in Germany. Nissan also offers such a system under the name e8energy DIVA .

The Mitsubishi i-MiEV is capable of bidirectional charging in order to provide the car's battery as a power storage device for a house, for example. From 2018 the Peugeot iOn should also be able to do this.

Theoretically, the Renault ZOE masters bidirectional charging, which was tested in a pilot project in 2018. However, this required a modification to the vehicle using a non-standard remote-controllable battery controller.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Benjamin K. Sovacool et al .: Tempering the Promise of Electric Mobility? A Sociotechnical Review and Research Agenda for Vehicle-Grid Integration (VGI) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) . In: Annual Review of Environment and Resources . tape 42 , 2017, doi : 10.1146 / annurev-environ-030117-020220 .
  2. ↑ Günther Brauner: Energy systems: regenerative and decentralized. Strategies for the energy transition . Wiesbaden 2016, p. 84.
  3. ↑ David P.Tuttle, Robert L. Fares, Ross Baldick, Michael E. Webber: Plug-In Vehicle to Home (V2H) Duration and Power Output Capability. In: users.ece.utexas.edu. The University of Texas at Austin, accessed July 24, 2020 .
  4. ^ University of Delaware: Vehicle to Grid Power
  5. ^ Car Prototype Generates Electricity, And Cash . In: Science Daily . December 9, 2007. Accessed July 6, 2017.
  6. ^ University of Delaware: Offshore Wind Power
  7. ↑ Xcel Energy Announces Six-Month Test of V2G and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  8. ↑ PG&E and Tesla Motors Co-Pilot Vehicle-to-Grid Research ( Memento of the original from August 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pge.com
  9. ↑ Bundesverband WindEnergie: Driving with wind power - cheaper and less CO 2
  10. ↑ September 21, 2009 Delaware State Senate Bill 153
  11. ^ Vehicle to Grid. When the car supplies electricity . In: Renewable Energies. Das Magazin , March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  12. ↑ Sebastian Schaal: Vehicle-to-Grid: How an electric car stabilizes the power grid. In: Edison. Handelsblatt , October 25, 2018, accessed on November 4, 2018 .
  13. ↑ a b Cora Werwitzke: Renault equips island with energy ecosystem. electrive.net, February 22, 2018, accessed December 8, 2018 .
  14. ↑ Intelligent software from The Mobility House makes an entire island emission-free. Retrieved June 17, 2019 .
  15. ↑ Stefan Krauter : Simple and effective methods to match photovoltaic power generation to the grid load profile for a PV based energy system . In: Solar Energy . tape 159 , 2018, p. 768-776 , doi : 10.1016 / j.solener.2017.11.039 .
  16. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from February 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.park-charge.ch
  17. ↑ manager-magazin.de electric car rebel Karabag: "Our electric car concept is cheaper than a conventional car"
  18. ↑ http://www.goingelectric.de/2014/10/21/news/e8energy-diva-batteriespeicher-bidirektional-chademo/  ; accessed on January 31, 2015
  19. ↑ ecomento.tv Intersolar: Mitsubishi shows electric car power storage for the house
  20. ↑ Peugeot iOn will charge bidirectionally from 2018 | Electric car blog. Retrieved June 10, 2017 .
  21. ↑ The Mobility House makes Porto Santo CO2-free. In: pv magazine. Retrieved September 10, 2020 .