Common water crowfoot
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Common water crowfoot ( Ranunculus aquatilis ) |
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The common water buttercup ( Ranunculus aquatilis L.) is a species of aquatic plant from the buttercup family .
description
Habit and leaves
The plant is amphibious . Shoot axes up to two meters long are formed in deep water . The landform is very low-growing. The floating leaves are deeply toothed, kidney-shaped (can occasionally be absent; sometimes irregularly shaped transition leaves), the triangular stipules are three-quarters or more of their length fused with the petiole. The diving leaves are divided into hair fine / forked (always present).
blossoms
The radially symmetrical flowers are hermaphroditic. The five white, durable petals are yellow at the base and 5 to 10 millimeters long. The nectar glands are round to cup-shaped. There are 14 to 22 stamens per flower . The flowering time is from April to September.
Usually 32 to 36 (extreme: 21 to 49) initially hairy, later partially balding nuts are formed per flower. The fruit stalk is shorter than the stalk of the opposite floating leaf.
Chromosome number
The species is hexaploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 48.
ingredients
Like all Ranunculus species, the common water crowfoot is poisonous.
Occurrence
The species occurs in standing or slowly flowing, mostly base-rich, meso- to eutrophic, muddy, but not heavily polluted waters, especially in ditches, also in ponds and ponds. The distribution in Central Europe is insufficiently known because it is a clan that is critical for its determination (see below). Contrary to what the name "common water cockfoot" suggests, the species is rather scattered and occurs, for example, far less frequently than the similar shield water cockfoot or the brush-leaved water cockfoot . In the lowlands, which are richer in water, there are naturally more sites than in the hills and mountains. The species is a character plant of the order Potamogetonetalia and occurs mainly in societies of the Nymphaeion association.
Types of confusion
There are several, sometimes very similar, white flowering Ranunculus species that occur in water. In addition, numerous hybrids between them can completely blur the species boundaries. In particular, the following is very similar:
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Shield water crowfoot ( Ranunculus peltatus
cabinet ),
with the subspecies Ranunculus peltatus subsp. peltatus , Ranunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii (Godr.) Meikle ex CDKCook (salt water crowfoot ), Ranunculus peltatus subsp. fucoides (Freyn) Muñoz Garm. and Ranunculus peltatus subsp. sphaerospermus ;
but also the types:
- Spreading water crowfoot ( Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. )
- Flooding water crowfoot ( Ranunculus fluitans Lam. )
- Pure white water crowfoot ( Ranunculus ololeucos Lloyd )
-
Brush-leaved water crowfoot ( Ranunculus penicillatus (Dum.) Bab. ),
With the subspecies Ranunculus penicillatus subsp. penicillatus and Ranunculus penicillatus subsp. pseudofluitans (Syme) SDWebster - Rion's water crowfoot ( Ranunculus rionii Lagger )
- Hair-leaved water crowfoot ( Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ),
further:
- Ivy-leaved water crowfoot ( Ranunculus hederaceus L. )
Because of the problem of identification, floristic atlases often combine the species Ranunculus aquatilis , Ranunculus ololeucos , Ranunculus peltatus , Ranunculus penicillatus and Ranunculus trichophyllus to form a collective species “ Ranunculus aquatilis agg. "(Agg. = Aggregate) - this must not be confused or equated with the species" Ranunculus aquatilis s.str. "In terms of distribution and frequency .
Taxonomy, nomenclature
Due to the problem of identification, there are a number of synonyms for this species:
- Ranunculus heterophyllus Weber - in: FH Wigg., Prim. Fl. Holsat .: 42 (1780)
- Ranunculus aquatilis var. Heterophyllus (Weber) DC. - in: Lam. & DC., Fl. Franç., Ed. 3, 4: 984 (1805)
- Batrachium aquatile (L.) Dumort. - Fl. Belg .: 127 (1827)
- Ranunculus radians Revel - Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 19: 120 (1853)
- Batrachium radians (Revel) Des Moul. - Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 20 (1859)
- Batrachium carinatum Schur - Verh. Nat. Ver. Brno, 15: 2 (1876)
- Ranunculus acutilobus Merino - Fl. Galicia, 1: 38 (1905)
- Ranunculus longifolius (Rossm.) Hegi - Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur., 3: 581 (1912)
- Ranunculus trichophyllus subsp. radians (Revel) Jáv. - Magyar Fl., 1: 370 (1924)
- Ranunculus aquatilis subsp. mongolicus Krylov - Fl. Zap. Sib., 5: 1180 (1931)
- Batrachium gilibertii Krecz. - Kom., Fl. URSS, 7: 336 (1937)
- Batrachium mongolicum (Krylov) Krecz. - Kom., Fl. URSS, 7: 337 (1937)
- Ranunculus flaccidus var. Radians (Revel) Schinz & R. Keller
- Ranunculus heleophilus Arv.-Touv.
use
The common water crowfoot is rarely used as an ornamental plant for garden ponds. The species has been in culture since at least 1789.
literature
- Henning Haeupler & Peter Schönfelder : Atlas of the fern and flowering plants of the Federal Republic of Germany. Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart 1988. ISBN 3-8001-3434-9
- Oskar Sebald : Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe. ADAC Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 .
- Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria. Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer . Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
- E. Garve: Atlas of the endangered fern and flowering plants in Lower Saxony and Bremen. Nature conservation landscape conservation Lower Saxony 30, Hanover 1994. ISBN 3-922321-68-2
- Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 8 (Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae). Page 216, Helsinki 1989. ISBN 951-9108-07-6
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 417 .
- ^ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , p. 146.
Web links
- Common water crowfoot. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb . Ranunculus aquatilis agg.
- Common water crowfoot . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Ranunculus aquatilis aggr. auct. helv. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 20, 2015.
- Ranunculus aquatilis L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 20, 2015.
- Area map for Ranunculus aquatilis s. l. at "Den virtuella floran" (Swedish)
- Entry at GRIN
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Crab Scissors (2003) | Southern Water Hose (2004) | Multi-prickly candelabrum (2005) | European Sea Can (2006) | Great Mermaid (2007) | Common swimming fern (2008) | Streaky pondweed (2009) | - (2010) | Water Nut (2011) | Common water crowfoot (2012) | Hedgehog Tube (2013) | Australian clover (2014) | Southern Water Hose (2015) | Flooding water crowfoot (2016) | White water lily (2017) | Star candelabrum (2018) | European frog bite (2019)