Hair-leaved water crowfoot

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Hair-leaved water crowfoot
RanunculusTrichophyllus.jpg

Hairy water crowfoot ( Ranunculus trichophyllus )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Genre : Buttercup ( Ranunculus )
Type : Hair-leaved water crowfoot
Scientific name
Ranunculus trichophyllus
Chaix

The hair-leaved water crowfoot ( Ranunculus trichophyllus ), also called hair-leaved buttercup , is a species of the genus buttercup ( Ranunculus ) within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It thrives in stagnant or slow-flowing waters in the temperate latitudes and subarctic areas, mainly in the northern hemisphere .

Similar species

This plant species, which is similar to the flowing water crowfoot ( Ranunculus fluitans ), is found in stagnant or slowly flowing waters; this species also has smaller flowers and leaves.

Description and ecology

Landform
illustration
Flowering Ranunculus trichophyllus

Vegetative characteristics

The hairy water crowfoot is an annual to perennial herbaceous plant . The stem reaches lengths of up to about 1 meter. The roots are located at the lowest node of the stems, with a diameter of only 0.3 to 0.4 millimeters. The bare, flooding stems with air chambers grow upright or lying down.

This aquatic plant does not develop floating leaves. Adapted to life under water, the plant has robust, finely divided, hair-shaped water leaves. Outside the water, these collapse like a brush. In contrast to the flooding water crowfoot, the leaf tips are not on the same level and the leaves are shorter than the distances between the stem nodes . It forms stipules , two thirds or more of which are fused with the 4 to 11 millimeter long petioles. The thread-like leaves themselves are 4 to 11 millimeters long and 7 to 23 millimeters wide under water.

Flower and fruit

The flowering period extends from June to August. The long flower stalks arise opposite the leaf base and are one to one and a half times as long as the leaf opposite. A few flowers emerge on the upper part of the stems and protrude above the surface of the water. The relatively small, hermaphrodite flowers both have a diameter and length between 5 and 15 millimeters. The five green, bare sepals are protruding, slightly falling and about 3 millimeters long. The five free white petals that are yellow at the base are 3 to 6 millimeters in size compared to other water crowfoot species. Their shape is obovate and they are two to three times as long as the sepals. Nine to fifteen stamens develop in the flower, and nectar leaves are also formed.

In a collective crop there are 16 to 33 nuts close together. The initially more or less hairy, later bald nuts are 1 to 2 millimeters long, mussel-shaped and have two noses at the side ends. The yellow or black fruits when ripe protrude slightly above the surface of the water on sturdy stems. Each nutlet contains a seed. Most subspecies can be distinguished by the shape and surface structure of the fruits and nectaries .

ecology

The pollination is done by insects or by self-pollination . In order to replicate the Haarblättrige Water crowfoot uses the water spreading or plant fragments form roots at the stem nodes.

Occurrence

The hair-leaved water crowfoot is a Eurasian-North American floral element . Its distribution area extends over the whole of Europe (excluding Northern Scandinavia ), Asia (excluding the tropics and the Arctic ), Northern and South Africa, and North America. The hair-leaved water crowfoot is circumpolar in the temperate latitudes and subarctic areas of the northern hemisphere . In southern Australia , Tasmania and New Zealand, it is a neophyte in the early 20th century.

The hair-leaved water crowfoot usually thrives in sunny to partially shaded locations in slow-flowing or stagnant water that is only moderately rich in nutrients and moderately warm. Their presence suggests loamy or sandy soils that are slightly acidic or calcareous . They can be found in ponds and streams, mainly in the bank regions, in small to larger groups.

In nutrient-rich ponds there are very dense stands just below the water surface. In standing water, the plant is only weakly rooted and often floats completely in the water. The species overwinters through its seeds or in the form of evergreen young plants. The plant is annual in dry places, otherwise persistent. The hair-leaved water crowfoot also forms lush, blooming and fruiting land forms that are only moderately sensitive to frost. Overall, the hair-leaved water crowfoot is poorly competitive and typically found in disturbed waters and pioneer locations.

ingredients

All Ranunculus species are poisonous ( protoanemonin ). Because of their pungent taste, they are avoided by cattle. When the plant dries, the poisonous protoanemonin is converted into the non-poisonous anemonin , so that hay, which contains dried buttercups, is harmless. Mown stems can cause skin irritation on contact ( meadow dermatitis ). Protoanemonin (also anemonol or ranunculol) is a toxin that occurs in different concentrations in all buttercups.

Systematics

The first publication of Ranunculus trichophyllus was by Dominique Chaix .

Due to the subspecies that are difficult to distinguish, there are a number of synonyms ; American authors do not always agree with their European colleagues. The classification used in Europe is reproduced here. Several subspecies are grouped under the type of hair-leaved water crowfoot ( Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix see left ). The species group is therefore also known as Ranunculus trichophyllus agg. designated:

Common hair-leaved water crowfoot

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix subsp. trichophyllus : This subspecies has the characteristics described above and is found in nutrient-rich waters. It is tetraploid or hexaploid and has the chromosome number 2n = 32 or 48. It occurs in societies of the Ranunculion fluitantis association.

Mountain water crowfoot

Ranunculus trichophyllus subsp. eradicatus (Laest.) CDKCook : Habitus like Ranunculus trichophyllus subsp. trichophyllus . The subspecies differs in its delicacy and is rooted at almost all nodes. The closed flowers pollinate themselves ( Kleistogamy ). The sepals are 2 to 3 millimeters and the petals 3 to 4.5 millimeters long and seem obsolete. The arrangement of the nectar leaves is semicircular to circular. The flower develops nine to 13 stamens and about 15 to 25, sometimes 30 to 40 bald nuts. This subspecies is tetraploid with the number of chromosomes 2n = 32. The occurrences in Central Europe are constant or the increases correspond roughly to the decreases in other places. The distribution of this subspecies is arctic-alpine. The main distribution area is the Arctic. They are found scattered in the European low mountain ranges and in the Alpine foothills. In the Alps it can still be found at altitudes above 2500 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it occurs from 1500 to 2075 meters above sea level. It prefers nutrient-poor waters. It is a character species of the Callitricho-Sparganietum angustifolii from the Isoetion association and likes to appear together with the needle rush ( Eleocharis acicularis ) and the bank buttercup ( Ranunculus reptans ). The basic chromosome number of the clan is n = 8.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ SG Aiken, MJ Dallwitz, LL Consaul, CL McJannet, LJ Gillespie, RL Boles, GW Argus, JM Gillett, PJ Scott, R. Elven, MC LeBlanc, AK Brysting, H. Solstad: Datasheet of Ranunculus aquatilis var. Diffusus With . at Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago by DELTA. Last accessed: September 2016
  2. ↑ Oskar Sebald : Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe. ADAC Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 .
  3. ^ Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (ed.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 1: General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae. 2nd, supplemented edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 .
  4. ↑ A. Gamiel: Protection concept for endangered aquatic plants in the rivers and ditches of Schleswig-Holstein ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.9 MB) page 140 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kifl.de
  5. ↑ Hair-leaved water buttercup - Ranunculus trichophyllus. In: Arnulf Schultes, plants-deutschland.de. 1999, accessed September 3, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Dr. Villars and his botanical disciples. In: Roger L. Williams, Hunt Institute for botanical Documentation, Carnegie mellon University. 2014, accessed September 3, 2019 .
  7. ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 8 (Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae). Page 217-218, Helsinki 1989. ISBN 951-9108-07-6
  8. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  418 .
  9. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 553.
  10. ↑ G. Tischler: The chromosome numbers of the vascular plants of Central Europe . 's-Gravenhage, junk. 1950

Web links

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