Winter Stielbovist
| Winter Stielbovist | ||||||||||
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Winter Stielbovist ( Tulostoma brumale ) |
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| Tulostoma brumale | ||||||||||
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The winter or teat stem bovist ( Tulostoma brumale ) is a type of mushroom from the mushroom relatives family and the most common representative within the genus.
features
Macroscopic features
The fruiting body grows underground. It has a 1–4.5 cm long stem . Its surface is pale ocher and has attached to protruding scales. It is sunk into the headboard and has a tough and firm consistency.
The head is spherical and 4–10 mm wide. It is pale leather-ocher or gray, with old age it is dirty white. The peristome is teat-shaped and is located in a brown courtyard. The opening is clearly directed upwards and has smooth edges. The outer shell (exoperidia) is quickly perishable and can hardly be seen in older fruiting bodies. The inner shell (endoperidia) is parchment-like and smooth.
The spore powder is rusty brown.
Microscopic features
The spores are more or less spherical and (3.5-) 4-4.3 (-4.8) micrometers in size. Their surface is dull warty. The elastic, colorless and thick-walled hyphae of the scalp measure 3–7 mm in width and are covered with small crystals. They are dichotomously branched and greatly expanded at the septa .
Species delimitation
The genus of the Stielboviste ( Tulostoma ) is easy to recognize by the round spore capsules on the clearly separated stems. Within the genus, the teat-stem bovist is characterized by the teat-shaped peristome within a darker halo and the ocher-colored stalk as well as microscopically by the clearly enlarged scalp at the septa . The Schwarzbehöfte Stielbovist ( Tulostoma melanocyclum ) is similar with a darker stem and usually a slightly darker halo. Its scalp shows no crystals and is hardly enlarged at the septa. The eyelashed stem bovist ( T. fimbriatum ) has a peristome that tapers towards the top and has a fringed edge. Its scalp is not enlarged at the septa either. The dune-stem bovist ( T. kotlabae ) sometimes also has an enlarged scalp at the septa. However, it does not have a dark halo and a whitish stem.
ecology
The winter Stielbovist can be found mostly on shallow and calcareous, neutral sandy and loamy soils. These are often formed from limestone , lime sand , gypsum or basic igneous rock . The fungus is found in patchy dry, semi-dry and sandy lawns, and sometimes on walls and on road embankments on calcareous or neutral soils. It is often found with the roof toothed moss ( Tortula ruralis ) and closely related species. The fruiting bodies usually appear late in the year, in October and November, and often persist into spring.
distribution
The winter-stemmed bovist is common in North America, Europe, Central Asia and Iran. It was introduced in Australia and New Zealand. In Europe, the area extends from the Mediterranean to Ireland, southern Scotland and central Fennoscandinavia in the north. In the Swiss Central Alps, the species can be found up to an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level .
swell
literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
- Hans E. Laux, Andreas Gminder: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 .
