Xenocyprididae

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Xenocyprididae
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix )

Systematics
Cohort : Otomorpha
Sub-cohort : Ostariophysi
without rank: Otophysa
Order : Carp-like (Cypriniformes)
Subordination : Carp fish-like (Cyprinoidei)
Family : Xenocyprididae
Scientific name
Xenocyprididae
Günther , 1868

The Xenocyprididae are a family of East Asian fish from the order of the carp-like (Cypriniformes). Three species of the Xenocyprididae, the grass carp , the marble carp and the silver carp are now also found in Europe and North America, but have been released by humans.

features

Most Xenocyprididae are small to medium-sized fish, but some can grow very large, such as the predatory Elopichthys bambusa , which can be up to two meters long , and the black amur ( Mylopharyngodon piceus ), which can weigh over 70 kg. The close relationship of all genera and species of the Oxygastrinae and their difference to the Bärblingen is based on molecular biological investigations and has not yet been supported by morphological characteristics.

Way of life

The species of Xenocyprididae live in small to medium-sized rivers, mostly close to the water surface, and feed mainly on invertebrates. Overall, however, the subfamily shows a wide range of adaptations to the available food spectrum and related specializations. Thus predatory carp , Elopichthys bambusa and macrochirichthys macrochirus fish-eating predatory fish, the marble carp ( Hypophthalmichthys nobilis ) feeds on zooplankton , while the silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) phytoplankton preferred and the grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) is fed by larger aquatic plants. The Black Amur feeds mainly on molluscs .

Systematics

The Xenocyprididae were introduced in 1868 by the German zoologist Albert Günther as a subfamily of the carp fish (Cyprinidae). For a long time they were relatively poor in species with only a little more than ten species in five genus ( Distoechodon, Hypophthalmichthys, Plagiognathops, Pseudobrama and Xenocypris ). In various phylogenetic studies, however, it was established that some species of Bärblings with the Bärblings i. e. S. (Danioninae) are only distantly related and these genera, mostly grouped together as "Ex-Danioninae", together with the Cultrinae, Hypophthalmichthyinae, Opsariichthyinae, Squaliobarbinae and Xenocypridinae form a monophyletic clade of East Asian carp fish. For this group, some ichthyologists suggested the name Oxygastrinae, others use the name Opsariichthyinae.

However, the Swiss ichthyologist Maurice Kottelat and Richard van der Laan and colleagues noted that Hypophthalmichthyinae Günther, 1868 and Xenocypridinae Günther, 1868 are the oldest names available for the taxon and must have priority over the names Opsariichthyinae and Oxygastrinae. In the Xenocypridinae, in the meantime the name has largely established itself, there are over 40 genera with around 150 species that were previously counted among the Bärblingen or the subfamilies Cultrinae, Hypophthalmichthyinae, Opsariichthyinae, Squaliobarbinae. The East Asian members of the former subfamily Alburninae (now Leuciscinae) are placed in the Xenocypridinae. Like many other subfamilies of the carp fish, the Xenocypridinae are increasingly being viewed as an independent family (Xenocyprididae).

Genera and species

The family relationships are illustrated by the following cladogram:
  Cyprinoidei  

 Paedocyprididae


   

 Carp fish (Cyprinidae)


   

 Bärblings (Danionidae)


   

 Sundadanionidae


   

 Xenocyprinidae


   


 Bitterlings (Acheilognathidae)


   

 Gudgeon relatives (Gobionidae)



   

 Cardinal fish (Tanichthyidae)


   

 White fish (Leuciscidae)








Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Richard van der Laan, William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke: Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa 3882 (2): 001-230 doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3882.1.1
  2. ↑ Kevin L. Tang et al .: Systematics of the subfamily Danioninae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 57, Issue 1, October 2010, Pages 189-214 doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.05.021
  3. ↑ ex-danioninae on Fishbase.org (English)
  4. ↑ Kevin L. Tang, Daniel N. Lumbantobing & Richard L. Mayden: The Phylogenetic Placement of Oxygaster van Hasselt, 1823 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and the Taxonomic Status of the Family-Group Name Oxygastrinae Bleeker, 1860. Copeia 2013, No. 1, 13-22, DOI: 10.1643 / CG-10-121
  5. ↑ Kevin L. Tang, Mary K. Agnew, M. Vincent Hirt, Daniel N. Lumbantobing, Morgan E. Raley, Tetsuya Sado, View-Hune Teoh, Lei Yang, Henry L. Bart, Phillip M. Harris, Shunping He, Masaki Miya, Kenji Saitoh, Andrew M. Simons, Robert M. Wood & Richard L. Mayden: Limits and phylogenetic relationships of East Asian fishes in the subfamily Oxygastrinae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) Zootaxa 3681 (2): 101–135 ( 20 Jun. 2013), DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3681.2.1
  6. ^ Joseph S. Nelson, Terry C. Grande, Mark VH Wilson: Fishes of the World. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2016, ISBN 978-1118342336
  7. ↑ Maurice Kottelat (2013). The fishes of the Inland W aters of Southeast Asia: A catalog and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. Raffles B Zool 27: 1-663.
  8. ↑ a b Shih-Pin Huang, Feng-Yu Wang and Tzi-Yuan Wang (2017): Molecular Phylogeny of the Opsariichthys Group (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) Based On Complete Mitochondrial Genomes. Zoological Studies 56: 40 (2017) doi: 10.6620 / ZS.2017.56-40
  9. ^ Eschmeyer, WN & Fong, JD: Catalog of Fishes Species by Family / Subfamily , accessed on July 13, 2018.
  10. ↑ a b Stout, CC, Tan, M., Lemmon, AR, Moriarty Lemmon, E. & Armbruster, JW (2016): Resolving Cypriniformes relationships using an anchored enrichment approach. BMC Evolutionary Biology, November 2016. DOI: 10.1186 / s12862-016-0819-5