Discipline and order
Since the time of the Reformation, the term discipline and order has denoted the orderly conditions that exist or should exist in social institutions such as families , monasteries , schools , communities , the state and the military . After the idiom was initially closely linked to Christianity, it was secularized in the 18th century .
Today the term is often used as a catchphrase for overly strict authority and discipline . The English term Law and Order is related, but denotes an order that is specifically established by a repressive police force .
etymology
The basic meaning of the word breeding ( ahd. / Mhd. Zuht ) is historically the reproduction, nutrition and care of farm animals influenced by the human owner . Other meanings that the word later took on include instruction and upbringing , especially of children (including decency and morality ), which - in keeping with the spirit of the time - were often accompanied by punishment , which also led to words like prison , disciplinary measures , punishment , licentiousness and lewdness explain.
History of expression
The expression "Zucht und Ord" has been used in German since at least the 15th century . It is often more precisely defined as “ Christian discipline and order”, whereby the demand that Christians should submit to discipline and order is mostly blamed on Paul , who, according to Luther's translation of the Bible, gave the Corinthians the advice in a letter: “Leave everything honorable and orderly approach. ” This Bible verse had a particularly strong influence on Thomas von Kempen and John Calvin ; both use the phrase "discipline and order" frequently. In contrast, it is absent in Luther's texts.
In the time of Frederick II , the expression experienced a secularization and from now on is mostly applied to the secular institutions of the Prussian state , initially to the Prussian army in particular , but since the Prussian reforms also to the educational institutions.
For centuries, the expression “discipline and order” has been used descriptively with a tendency towards positive connotation . Goethe uses him a. a. in his novel Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre . A critically quoting use in quotation marks does not begin until the end of the 19th century, although the traditional, positive use continues in parallel.
The expression was taken up again in the time of National Socialism , u. a. by Georg Usadel , an author of widespread youth publications, who in 1935 published a volume Zucht und Ord. Basics of a National Socialist Ethics published. In this context, the word “breeding” is, on the one hand, traced back to its original meaning - the development influenced by man (here: towards master man ); on the other hand, upbringing is being redesigned in the sense of National Socialist ideology , namely as allegiance .
Since the end of the Second World War , the term has been used almost exclusively as a quote. With the anti-authoritarian movement of the 1960s and 1970s, the expression “discipline and order” increasingly developed into a fighting term through which critics of traditional teaching and upbringing methods associated the terms “authority” and “discipline” with terms such as the subject mentality. a. marked National Socialism.
Effect outside of the German-speaking area
In the English-speaking world, the loan translation “Breeding and Order” is mostly used today as a cipher in the BDSM area.
As a magazine title
From the mid-1980s to the end of 1995 , a magazine for the target group of gay spanking lovers was published up to four times a year in Germany under the name Zucht und Ordinance (Z & O) , which was available by subscription or distributed via sex shops , in gay bookshops or in train station bookshops ; the copies are now archived in the Schwules Museum in Berlin.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Breeding and Order Sayings Index; Usage examples: School soap with discipline and order: "Auf die Finger" Spiegel Online, May 30, 2004; Page no longer available , search in web archives: Turning away from discipline and order , Germany Radio Wissen, May 27, 2010
- ↑ Grimm's Dictionary
- ↑ 1 Cor. 14, 40
- ^ Paul Münch : Breeding and order. Reformed church constitutions in the 16th and 17th centuries. Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-12-911530-7
- ^ Breeding and order in the Gutenberg-DE project
- ^ Stenographic reports on the negotiations of the German Reichstag, Volume 133, 1894, p. 210 ( complete online version in the Google Book Search USA ); German Association for School Health Care (Ed.): Journal for School Health Care, Volume 12, 1899, p. 92 ( full online version in Google Book Search USA )
- ↑ Georg Usadel: Breeding and order. Basics of a National Socialist Ethics , Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, 3rd edition, 1935
- ↑ Kathrin Kollmeier: Order and Exclusion: The Disciplinary Policy of the Hitler Youth , Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-35158-1 , p. 119
- ↑ E.g. Wilhelm Kahle: Essays on the Development of the Evangelical Churches in Russia , 1962, p. 186 ( limited online version in the Google Book Search USA )
- ^ Carola Sachse: Fear, reward, discipline and order: mechanisms of rule in National Socialism , Westdeutscher Verlag, 1982, ISBN 3531115952 ; Siegfried Lehnigk: A German Catastrophe: 1933-1940 , Landau: Verlag Empirische Pädagogik, 2010, ISBN 978-3-941320-40-6 , p. 29