Two-tone lacquer funnel

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Two-tone lacquer funnel
2012-09-22 Laccaria bicolor (Maire) PD Orton 270921 crop.jpg

Two-colored lacquer funnel ( Laccaria bicolor )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Heather truffle relatives (Hydnangiaceae)
Genre : Lacquer funnels ( Laccaria )
Type : Two-tone lacquer funnel
Scientific name
Laccaria bicolor
( Maire ) PD Orton

The two-colored lacquer funnel ( Laccaria bicolor ) is a type of mushroom from the family of heather truffle relatives (Hydnangiaceae). The lower end of the stem, which is covered with a distinctly contrasting purple mycelial felt , is typical of the fruiting bodies . The agaric fungus is widespread worldwide in the coniferous and deciduous forests of the temperate climate zone. In Central Europe the solitary to gregarious fruiting bodies appear from July to October.

features

Lying fruit bodies of the two-colored lacquer funnel in different ages with a view of the top of the hat

Macroscopic features

The 2–10 cm large, light brown hat with a finely flaky surface is initially arched, later spread out. The distant, intermingled and purple-pink colored lamellae are attached to the stem or run down. The thin flesh is pinkish-brown in color.

Microscopic features

The 6–10 × 5–8 µm large spores are spherical and have an appendix about 1 µm long.

Species delimitation

Laccaria bicolor is very similar to the reddish lacquer funnel Laccaria laccata , as its subspecies it was originally considered.

Ecology and physiology

The two-colored lacquer funnel forms an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with various conifers, for example with Douglas fir , poplar , American red pine , Banks pine and black spruce . During this symbiosis, Laccaria bicolor is a carnivorous fungus : it secretes a toxin with which it paralyzes and kills springtails living in the ground in order to penetrate them with its hyphae. In doing so, it absorbs nitrogen compounds with which it supplies trees as a symbiotic partner. In return, the fungus receives glucose from the plant . Endosymbiotic bacteria ( Paenibacillus spec.) Were discovered in a cultivated strain of Laccaria bicolor , which may improve the absorption and utilization of nutrients. In nutrient media, ammonium and nitrate are the preferred nitrogen sources, while the amino acid glycine is used as a nitrogen and carbon supplier. Other important sources of carbon are glucose, maltose and starch , but not sucrose or galactose .

Molecular biology

The genome of Laccaria bicolor , published in 2008, has a size of 65 million base pairs and contains around 20,000 genes coding for proteins , as well as numerous transposons and repetitive DNA elements . There are no genes for enzymes that can break down plant cell walls or sucrose. Certain sequences indicate the expression of enzymes that can digest oligosaccharides of animal or bacterial origin in a saprotrophic phase of life . Some genes for small secreted proteins ( small secreted proteins ) are strongly induced at the beginning and during the symbiosis. The protein MiSSP7, which belongs to this group, plays a key role in the initiation of mycorrhizas: MiSSP7 is released from the fungal hyphae in response to plant signal molecules and absorbed by the plant roots via endocytosis , where it acts as a transcription factor . A reduced expression of MiSSP7 prevents a symbiosis between fungus and plant.

use

The edible mushroom does not have a high dietary value. In forestry, for example in Douglas fir growing in France, the mycelium of Laccaria bicolor is added to the soil substrate of tree seedlings to improve plant growth, with which a mycorrhiza can be formed. A mycorrhizal symbiosis with Laccaria bicolor causes the biomass of Douglas fir seedlings to triple. At the same time, the plant-based phosphorus and potassium intake is increased.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-440-08457-4 .
  2. ^ Dana L. Richter, Johann N. Bruhn: Field survival of containerized red and jack pine seedlings inoculated with mycelial slurries of ectomycorrhizal fungi . In: New Forest . tape 3 , no. 3 , 1989, pp. 247-258 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00028932 .
  3. ^ Dana L. Richter, Johann N. Bruhn: Mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus resinosa Ait. transplanted on northern hardwood clearcuts . In: Soil Biology and Biochemistry . tape 25 , no. 3 , 1993, p. 335-369 , doi : 10.1016 / 0038-0717 (93) 90135-X .
  4. ↑ Ken KY Wong, Yves Piché, J. André Fortin: Differential development of root colonization among four closely related genotypes of ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor . In: Mycological Research . tape 90 , no. 7 , 1990, pp. 876-884 , doi : 10.1016 / S0953-7562 (09) 81300-2 .
  5. ↑ Celine Di Battista, Daniel Bouchard, Francis Martin, Benoit Genere, Jean-Michel Amirault, François Le Tacon: Survival after outplanting of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N inoculated on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) cuttings . In: Annals of Forest Science . tape 59 , no. 1 , 2002, p. 81-92 , doi : 10.1051 / forest: 2001007 .
  6. ^ Brian Spooner, Peter Roberts: Fungi . In: Collins New Naturalist Library . tape 96 , 2005, ISBN 0-00-220153-4 .
  7. ↑ Uwe Nehls, Nina Grunze, Martin Willmann, Marlis Reich, Helge Küster: Sugar for my honey: carbohydrate partitioning in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis . In: Phytochemistry . tape 68 , no. 1 , 2007, p. 82-91 , doi : 10.1016 / j.phytochem . 2006.09.024 .
  8. ↑ J. Bertaux, M. Schmid, N. Chemidlin Prevost-Boure, JL Churin, A. Hartmann, J. Garbaye, P. Frey-Klett: In situ identification of intracellular bacteria related to Paenibacillus spp. in the mycelium of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 69 , 2003, p. 4243-4248 , doi : 10.1128 / AEM.69.7.4243-4248.2003 .
  9. ↑ A. Berredjem, A. Garnier, D. Prima Putra, B. Botton: Effect of nitrogen and carbon sources on growth and activities of NAD and NADP dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases of Laccaria bicolor . In: Mycological Research . tape 102 , no. 4 , 1998, pp. 427-434 , doi : 10.1017 / S0953756297005042 .
  10. ↑ F. Martin, A. Aerts, D. Ahren, A. Brun, EGJ Danchin, F. Duchaussoy, J. Gibon, A. Kohler, E. Lindquist, V. Pereda, A. Salamov, HJ Shapiro, J. Wuyts , D. Blaudez, M. Buee, P. Brokstein, B. Canback, D. Cohen, PE Courty, PM Coutinho, C. Delaruelle, JC Detter, A. Deveau, S. DiFazio, S. Duplessis, L. Fraissinet- Tachet, E. Lucic, P. Frey-Klett, C. Fourrey, I. Feussner, G. Gay, J. Grimwood, PJ Hoegger, P. Jain, S. Kilaru, J. Labbe, YC Lin, V. Legue, F. Le Tacon, R. Marmeisse, D. Melayah, B. Montanini, M. Muratet, U. Nehls, H. Niculita-Hirzel, MP Oudot-Le Secq, M. Peter, H. Quesneville, B. Rajashekar, M . Reich, N. Rouhier, J. Schmutz, T. Yin, M. Chalot, B. Henrissat, U. Kues, S. Lucas, Y. Van de Peer, GK Podila, A. Polle, PJ Pukkila, PM Richardson, P. Rouze, IR Sanders, JE Stajich, A. Tunlid, G. Tuskan, IV Grigoriev: The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis . In: Nature . tape 452 , 2008, p. 88-92 , doi : 10.1038 / nature06556 .
  11. ↑ Jonathan M. Plett, Minna Kemppainen, Shiv D. Kale, Annegret Kohler, Valérie Legué, Annick Brun, Brett M. Tyler, Alejandro G. Pardo, Francis Martin: A secreted effector protein of Laccaria bicolor is required for symbiosis development . In: Current Biology . tape 21 , no. 14 , 2011, p. 1197–1203 ( [1 .pdf PDF; 532 KB] ( Memento from March 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive )).
  12. ^ Ajit Varma: Mycorrhiza: State of the Art, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Eco-Function, Biotechnology, Eco-Physiology, Structure and Systematics . 3. Edition. Springer, 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-78826-3 .
  13. ↑ Laccaria bicolor. In: Bioinformatics & Systems Biology . Retrieved March 14, 2014 .
  14. ↑ Jean Weber, Jesús Díez, Marc-André Selosse, Denis Tagu, François Le Tacon: SCAR markers to detect mycorrhizas of an American Laccaria bicolor strain inoculated in European Douglas-fir plantations . In: Mycorrhiza . tape 12 , no. 1 , 2002, p. 19-27 , doi : 10.1007 / s00572-001-0142-9 .
  15. ↑ Jian-Guo Huang, F. Lapeyrie: Ability of ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N to increase the growth of Donglas Fir seedlings and their phosphorns and potassinm uptake . In: Pedosphere . tape 4 , no. 3 , 1994, p. 217-224 ( abstract available online ).

Web links

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