Second Kappel War
The parties in the Swiss Confederation during the Second Kappel War in 1531
| date | 1531 |
|---|---|
| place | Cantons of Zurich and Zug |
| output | Victory of the Catholic Places |
| consequences | Balance between the Catholic and Reformed forces until the Second Villmerger War , which played a key role in preventing the Confederation from participating in the Thirty Years' War . |
| Peace treaty |
Second state peace in Kappel November 20, 1531 |
| Parties to the conflict | |
|---|---|
The Second Kappel War in 1531 was the continuation of the First Kappel War , which ended in 1529 without fighting with the First Kappel Peace .
The Kappel Wars are the first European religious wars after the Hussite Wars . The two wars were waged by the Reformed cantons under the leadership of Zurich with the reformer Huldrych Zwingli against the five inner Catholic mountain cantons. As in the Old Zurich War , the grain ban imposed by Zurich on central Switzerland also played an important role.
The agreements of the first Kappel peace did not last long. The development in the empire had a major influence . The resolutions of the Augsburg Reichstag increased the mistrust between the Catholic and Reformed parties in Switzerland . Interfering in the religious relationships of the opposing areas reinforced this attitude. Zurich was accused of wanting to incorporate new areas. When the Catholic inner cities refused to help in the Müsserkrieg , the Zurich reformer Zwingli pushed for a new armed conflict . The places allied in the Christian castle law again imposed a food ban on the inner places, whereupon they declared war on Zurich on October 9, 1531. In the battle of Kappel , the isolated and poorly managed people of Zurich, who waited in vain for timely support from Bern, suffered a defeat on October 11, 1531. Zwingli fell in this battle.
In the Battle of the Gubel , which took place thirteen days later , the war was finally decided in favor of the Catholic towns and peace negotiations were initiated. With the Second Kappeler Landfrieden , the Second Kappel War ended and the further spread of the Reformation in German-speaking Switzerland ended.
Contemporary representations
The events of the Second Kappel War were remembered in contemporary chronicles - by Aegidius Tschudi and Heinrich Bullinger , among others - as well as in numerous eyewitness reports: Hans von Hinwil names the names of thirty Zurich councilors who died and the number and type of guns lost on the Zurich side. The Zurich cannon founder and artillery captain Peter Füssli - he, too, an old believer and on the side of the Zurich residents - justified his military and personal behavior in the context of a detailed description of the battle. In his autobiography , Thomas Platter the Elder described the return of the war-disabled Zurich residents and the fear of Zwingli's surviving Zurich supporters of a further advance of the enemy .
Literary adaptations
The battle of Kappel is a motif in works of Swiss literature, for example in Gottfried Keller's novella Ursula , but also in Conrad Ferdinand Meyer's unfinished novel Der Komtur and his ballad “ Der Rappe des Komtur ” (both about Komtur Konrad Schmid, who fell in the second battle ).
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Gilg Tschudi's description of the Kappelerkrieges, edited by Theodor von Liebenau, Lucerne: Schill, 1903.
- ^ Notes on the Second Kappel War: Zurich Central Library, Ms. F 178, Bl. 54r – 78v. Cf. Christian Moser: The Dignity of the Event. Studies on Heinrich Bullinger's Reformation historiography, Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2012.
- ↑ Hans von Hinwil's report on the Kappelerkrieg. Edited for the first time from the manuscripts by Father Gabriel Meier OSB, in: Zeitschrift für Schweizerische Kirchengeschichte 1, pp. 161–182.
- ^ Hermann Escher: Peter Füeßli's description of the Kappelerkrieges, in: Zürcher Taschenbuch NF 12, Zurich 1889.
- ↑ Thomas Platter. Biography. Ed. By Alfred Hartmann, 3rd edition. u. supplemented by Ueli Dill , Basel: Schwabe, 2006.
- ↑ The Commander
literature
- Christian Bäder, Oliver Bangerter: Kappeler Wars 1529/1531: Struggle for supremacy and sovereignty, for the word and true faith . Documentation. Military history at your fingertips, 11th 3rd edition. Au 2003.
- Helmut Meyer: The Second Kappel War. Commemorative publication for the 450th anniversary of the death of Huldrych Zwingli. October 11, 1531 - October 11, 1981 . Zurich 1981.
- The division of faith through religion - the Landvogtei Knonau becomes a denominational border region, in: Bernhard Schneider : 700 years at a glance: The Knonaueramt - the city of Zurich - the Confederation , pp. 33–38, Verlag Schneider Communications Ottenbach 2016.
Web links
- Helmut Meyer: 2nd Kappel War. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .