Second Peace of Thorn

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map of the Prussian parts of the country from 1525, after the conversion of the remaining monastic state into the Duchy of Prussia in 1525

The Second Peace of Thorn , which was negotiated on October 19, 1466 between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland under the leadership of Casimir the Jagiellon in Thorn, today's Toruń , ended the 13-year Prussian City War . The treaty did not receive the ratification required by the emperor and the pope. On February 4, 1468, the Pope expressly refused to confirm the contract. At the Reichstag in Augsburg in 1500, the validity of the Thorner Peace was denied.

The following administrative division of Prussia under different patrons had effects that were still important after the First World War .

Result

The Thirteen Years' War 1454–1466 , in which the Hanseatic cities were also involved, ended with the peace treaty . After the failure of mediation attempts in 1463/1464 by the Lübeck mayor Hinrich Castorp and in 1465 the Lübeck Bishop Arnold Westphal , negotiations were intensified in 1466 with the mediation of the papal legate Rudolf von Rüdesheim , Bishop of Lavant. The Polish diplomat and chronicler Johannes Longinus also acted as one of the mediators between the warring parties .

Consequences for the Teutonic Order

The Teutonic Order's loss of power was finally sealed with the Second Treaty of Thorn. The Warmia , Pomerellen , the Kulmer Land , Michelau an der Drewenz and the land around Marienburg , Stuhm and Christburg submitted, as agreed in 1454, under the condition of autonomy as Prussia, a royal share of the crown of Poland, i.e. H. the king personally, as well as the Hanseatic cities of the Prussian Confederation , Danzig , Elbing and Thorn, which had fallen away in 1454 and had been autonomous city republics since 1457. The Diocese of Warmia became an autonomous principality , the Diocese of Kulm to the spiritual jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Gniezno .

The remaining area, the later Duchy of Prussia , remained with the order and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order was supposed to give the Polish king military successes and an oath of allegiance. This meant that he should automatically be appointed to the rank of Polish senator in the royal council, which the Pope and Emperor were not allowed to do.

As early as 1467, when the bishop died, conflicts over the investiture of bishops with the principality of Warmia , which was a half- enclave in the eastern monastic state , led to the so-called Pfaffenkrieg ( Wojna popia ) (1467–1479).

The rights had to be repeatedly defended against later Polish politics, such as the Union of Lublin of 1569. Danzig politicians like Albrecht Giese were also subjected to reprisals.

aftermath

The division of Prussia was carried out again in the 20th century after the First World War , with East Prussia as an exclave on the one hand and the Polish Corridor or the allocation of West Prussia to the Second Polish Republic on the other. Then there was the Free City of Danzig .

literature

  • August Witt: History of the feudal relationship between Prussia and Poland from the eternal peace at Thorn, October 18, 1466, to the attainment of sovereignty in the Treaty of Wehlau, September 19, 1657. According to the sources . In: Prussian provincial sheets . Volume 12, Koenigsberg 1834, pp. 388-416 , pp. 502-530 and pp. 638-653 ; Volume 13, Koenigsberg 1835, pp. 92-109 , pp 196-216 , pp 292-307 , pp 381-397 , pp 501-510 and pp 606-621 ; Volume 14, Königsberg 1835, pp. 265-286.
  • Neumeyer, Heinz., The constitutional position of West Prussia at the time of "Polish sovereignty" (1454–1772), Kitzingen / Main 1953

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Erich Weise : The State Treaties of the Teutonic Order in Prussia in the 15th Century, Vol. 2 . Elwert publishing house, Marburg 1955.
  2. ↑ E. Zivier: "because the order donated to the German nation belongs to no one other than the Holy Roman Empire" . In: Ders .: New History of Poland . Pp. 48-49.
  3. ↑ Erich Weise : The Second Thorner Treaty of October 19, 1466 . In: Yearbook of the Albertus University in Königsberg , vol. 22 (1972), p. 8-68, ISSN  0075-2177 .