Siege of Sarajevo and Ashley Olsen: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox actor
| image = Ashley Olsen.jpg
|conflict=Siege of Sarajevo
| caption = Ashley Olsen at Luna Park, [[Sydney]].
|partof=the [[Bosnian War]]
| birthname = Ashley Fuller Olsen
|image=[[Image:Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg|300px]]
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1986|6|13}}
|caption=Bosnian [[parliament]] building burns after being hit by Serbian tank fire. Photo by [[Mikhail Evstafiev]]
| birthplace = [[Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California]], [[USA]]
|date=April 5, 1992<ref>April 5, 1992 was the date of the first attack on Sarajevo by the JNA and Serb paramilitaries and is as such considered the beginning of the siege. However as early as March 1, 1992 barricades and armed gunmen started appearing on the streets of Sarajevo.</ref> - February 29, 1996<ref>February 29, 1996 was the official end to the siege as declared by the Bosnian government. The war ended with the signing of the Dayton Accords on November 21, 1995 and the Paris Protocol on December 14, 1995. The reason that the siege was not declared as over was because the Serbs had not yet implemented the Dayton deal which required them to withdraw from areas north and west of Sarajevo as well as other parts of the city. The Serbs also violated the Dayton peace by firing a rocket propelled grenade at a Sarajevo tram on January 9, 1996 killing 1 and wounding 19.</ref>
| othername = Ash
|place=[[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[television producer|producer]], [[fashion model]], [[fashion designer]]
|casus= establishment of [[Republika Srpska]] and its claim o Sarajevo as its capital. Bosnia and Herzegovina's [[declaration of independence]],
| yearsactive = 1987 – 2004
|territory=
| spouse =
|result=Siege lifted due to the [[Dayton Agreement]]
| website = http://www.mary-kateandashley.com
|combatant1={{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina|1992}} [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (1992-95)<br>[[NATO]] (1995)
| baftaawards =
|combatant2={{flagicon|Yugoslavia|SFR}} [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (1992)<br>{{flagicon|Republic of Srpska}} [[Army of Republika Srpska]] (1992-95)
| awards = '''[[Young Artist Award]]'''<br>Best Young Actor/Actress - Under Five Years of Age<br>''[[Full House]]'' (1989)<br>Outstanding Performance by an Actress Under Nine Years of Age<br>''Full House'' (1990)<br>Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten<br>''Full House'' (1992)<br>Best Youth Actress in a TV Mini-Series, M.O.W. or Special<br>''[[Double, Double, Toil and Trouble]]'' (1994)<br>'''[[Kid's Choice Award]]'''<br>Favourite Movie Actress<br>''[[It Takes Two]]'' (1995)<br>Favorite TV Actress<br>''[[Two of a Kind]]'' (1998)<br>'''[[DVD Exclusive Awards]]'''<br>Franchise Performers Award (2003)
|commander1=[[Mustafa Hajrulahović Talijan]]</br>[[Vahid Karavelić]]<br/> [[Nedžad Ajnadžić]]
| domesticpartner =
|commander2= [[Milutin Kukanjac]] JNA (Mar - Jul 1992)</br>[[Tomislav Šipčić]] (Jul-Sep 1992)<br>[[Stanislav Galić]] (Sep 1992-Aug 1994)<br/>[[Dragomir Milošević]] (Aug 1994- Feb 1996)</br>
|strength1=40,000 (1992)
|strength2=30,000 (1992)
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|notes=
}}
}}
'''Ashley Fuller Olsen''' (born June 13, 1986) is an [[United States|American]] [[actress]], [[television producer|producer]], [[executive producer]], [[fashion designer]] and [[fashion model]]. She has had a successful acting career beginning at a very young age, in roles with her twin sister [[Mary-Kate Olsen]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/12/22/48hours/main589814.shtml?source=search_story|title=Rich Girls: The Olsen Twins|accessdate=2008-04-06|quote="Fraternal twins Mary-Kate and Ashley had been splitting a role on the television network sitcom “Full House” since they were 9 months old and in diapers"}}</ref>


From 2006 onwards, she has appeared in television and movie roles independently of her sister.{{cn|date=September 2008}}
The '''Siege of [[Sarajevo]]''' was conducted by the Serb forces of self-proclaimed [[Republika Srpska]] and [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (later transformed to the [[Army of Serbia and Montenegro]]), lasting from April 5, 1992 to February 29, 1996.


== Career ==
It was fought during the [[Bosnian War]] between poorly equipped defending forces of the [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] government, who had declared independence from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) and [[Bosnian Serb]] forces ([[Army of Republika Srpska]]) (VRS) located in the hills around Sarajevo, who sought to destroy the newly-independent state of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and create the Serbian state of [[Republika Srpska]] (RS).


Working as a twin Ashley Olsen began her [[career]] at the age of nine months, when she and her sister Mary-Kate were hired for the role of [[Michelle Tanner]] on the popular [[television series]] [[Full House]] in 1987. To comply with strict child labor laws regarding child actors, Ashley and Mary-Kate took turns during taping of the show. Both girls were credited as "Mary Kate Ashley Olsen" in an attempt to deter audiences from coming to the realization that the girls were in fact [[twins]] playing the role of Michelle Tanner.
It is estimated that of the more than 12,000 people who were killed and 50,000 who were wounded during the siege, 85% were civilians. Because of killing and forced migration, by 1995 the population decreased to 334,663 - 64% of the prewar population.<ref>[http://www.cseecunion.org/HistoryOfCities/Sarajevo.html History of Sarajevo]</ref>


Following [[Full House]], Ashley released a string of successful straight-to-video movies and became a popular figure in the [[preteen]] market during the late '90s and early 2000s. Her name became a [[cottage industry]], with her likeness seen in clothes, books, fragrances, magazines, movies and posters. There were even fashion dolls of her made by [[Mattel]] from 2000-2005.
In January 2003, the [[ICTY]] Trial Chamber convicted the first commander of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, [[Stanislav Galić]], of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo, including the first [[Markale massacres#First massacreMarkale massacre|Markale massacre]].<ref>[http://www.un.org/icty/galic/trialc/judgement/gal-tj031205-1.htm#IIIC2 Galić verdict- 2. Sniping and Shelling of Civilians in Urban Bosnian Army-held Areas of Sarajevo]</ref> General Galić was sentenced to life imprisonment for the [[crimes against humanity]] during the siege.<ref>[http://www.un.org/icty/cases-e/cis/galic/main-e.htm Galić: Crimes convicted of]</ref> In 2007, a Serb general, [[Dragomir Milošević]], who replaced Stanislav Galić on the commander position of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, was found guilty of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo and its citizens from August 1994 to late 1995 including the [[Markale massacres#Second massacre|second Markale massacre]]. Milošević was sentenced to 33 years in prison. The Trial Chamber concluded that the Markale town market was hit on August 28, 1995 by a 120mm mortar shell fired from the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps positions.<ref>[http://www.sense-agency.com/en/stream.php?sta=3&pid=10670&kat=3 SENSE - DRAGOMIR MILOSEVIC SENTENCED TO 33 YEARS]</ref>


She starred in the video series ''[[The Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley]]'', the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] show ''[[Two of a Kind (TV series)|Two of a Kind]]'', and ABC Family's ''[[So Little Time]]''. She was ranked number three on the [[VH1]] program ''100 Greatest Child Stars''.
==Warfare==
===Build-up===
From its creation following World War II, the government of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] kept a close watch on [[nationalism]] among the Yugoslav peoples, as it could have led to chaos and the breakup of the state. With the death of Yugoslavia's longtime leader, Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]], in 1980, this policy of containment took a dramatic reversal.


Her most recent theatrical venture was in the light-hearted romantic comedy, ''[[New York Minute (film)|New York Minute]]'', also starring [[Eugene Levy]]. The film was expected to launch her into more serious adult roles, but was a box office flop.
===Start of the war===
[[Image:Evstafiev-bosnia-serbs-boy-gun-to-head.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Serb soldiers in Sarajevo with a boy who is wearing a Serbian uniform as is shown by the coat of arms on his left pocket. Photo by [[Mikhail Evstafiev]]]]


===Fashion designer===
The first casualty of war is a point of contention between Serbs and Bosniaks. Serbs contend that the first casualty was [[Serb]] Nikola Gardović, a groom's father killed at a Serb wedding procession on the first day of the referendum, March 1, 1992. Bosniaks contend that this was one of a number of politically oriented killings in the first quarter of that year.
[[Image:Ashley Olsen 3.jpg|thumb|200px|Ashley Olsen]]
Following a high volume of public interest in their fashion choices, both work in collaboration on a string of fashion lines available to the public.


Starting as young girls, they have a clothing line in [[Wal-Mart]] stores across America for girls ages 4-14 as well as a beauty line called "''Mary-Kate and Ashley: Real fashion for real girls''". In 2004 they made news by signing a pledge to allow all the workers that sew their line of clothing in [[Bangladesh]] full maternity leave. The [[National Labor Committee]], which organized the pledge, later praised the twins for their commitment to worker rights. The director of the organization, [[Charles Kernaghan]], is quoted as saying, "The Olsen twins have done the right thing. Now it is up to Wal-Mart to either support Mary-Kate and Ashley’s commitment to [[women’s rights]], or tragically to shut them down."<ref>Grossberg, Josh. [http://web.archive.org/web/20060503120153/http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,15492,00.html?newsrellink ''Mary-Kate, Ashley: No Sweat'']. E! Online. 9 December 2004.</ref> However their collaboration with [[Wal-Mart]] tarnished their fashionable reputations amongst the fashion industry until they were tapped as the faces of upscale fashion line [[Badgley Mischka]] in 2006, in an attempt to gain credibility in the fashion industry after their association with [[Wal-Mart]].<ref>Hall, Sarah. [http://web.archive.org/web/20060426210209/http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,18369,00.html ''Olsen Twins Strike a Pose'']. E! ONline. February 15, 2006.</ref>
In early March 1992, [[barricade]]s and checkpoints were erected in Sarajevo. On April 5, the day of the [[declaration of independence]], massive [[anti-war]] marches took place in the city, with the largest group of protesters moving towards the [[parliament]] building. At that point, Serb gunmen fired upon the crowd from the [[Serbian Democratic Party]] headquarters, killing two people. These people, [[Suada Dilberović]] and Olga Sučić, are considered by Bosniaks to be the first casualties of the siege of Sarajevo; today, the bridge where they were killed is named in their honor. Armed conflict broke out after the European Community recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina as a sovereign state on April 6, 1992. The [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) attacked the Ministry of Training Academy in Vrace (commandering strategic positions in high above the city), the central tramway depot, and the Old Town district with [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]], [[artillery]], and tank fire, and JNA units seized control of [[Sarajevo Airport|Sarajevo's airport]]. The JNA expanded its control of approaches to the city by establishing road blocks along key roads. By the end of April, the contour of Sarajevo's siege was largely established. On April 22, a peace rally in front of the Assembly of the Republic was broken up by shots coming from the Holiday Inn. <ref>Stanislav Galic judgment - (a) April 1992: Armed Conflict Erupts in Sarajevo [http://www.un.org/icty/galic/trialc/judgement/index.htm]</ref>


In a more matured fashion project, Ashley and her sister have released [[The Row]], a high-end fashion line inspired by [[London]]'s [[Savile Row]], the line a direct reflection of their own popular personal style. The line features shirts and tank tops selling for hundreds of dollars each. The clothing is sold at high-end retailers such as [[Barneys]], Maxfield, [[Harvey Nichols]], Brown's, and others around the world.
===Early fighting for the city===
[[Image:May21992.JPG|thumb|left|200px|A map of the initial JNA offensive]]
{{Campaignbox Bosnian War}}


Ashley and Mary-Kate continued their expansion in the fashion industry with the Fall '07 launch of ''Elizabeth & James'', their contemporary collection inspired by many of their unique vintage finds and pieces in their personal wardrobes.
In the months leading up to the war, the [[JNA]] forces in the region began to [[mobilization|mobilize]] in the hills surrounding the city. [[Artillery]] and various other equipment that would prove key in the future besieging of the city was implemented at this time. In April 1992, the Bosnian government demanded that the government of Yugoslavia remove these forces. Milošević, who headed the Serbian government, agreed to withdraw the individuals who originated from outside of Bosnia's borders, an insignificant number.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} Those Bosnian Serb forces in the army were transferred to the VRS, which had declared independence from Bosnia a few days after Bosnia itself seceded from Yugoslavia.


== Public image ==
On May 2, 1992, a complete [[blockade]] of the city was officially established by the Bosnian Serb forces. Major roads leading into the city were blocked, as were shipments of food and medicine. Utilities such as water, electricity, and heating were cut off. The number of Serbian forces around Sarajevo, although better armed, was inferior in number to the Bosnian defenders within the city. Hence, after the failure of initial attempts to take over the city by the attacks of JNA's armored columns, the besieging forces continuously [[bombardment|bombarded]] and weakened the city from the mountains, fortified into at least two hundred reinforced positions and [[bunker]]s.
===Controversy===
Though her fashion choices have become somewhat popular, Olsen has not been without criticism for her wearing and promotion of [[fur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.observer.com/2008/peta-sends-olsens-birthday-gift|title=PETA Sends Olsens a Birthday Gift|}} The New York Observer</ref> In 2006, she was included on [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA's]] ''2006 Worst Dressed'' list for wearing fur and is often a target of their anti-fur campaigning.


===The siege of Sarajevo===
===Personal life===
[[Image:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-un-holds-head.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Norwegian UN soldier at the Sarajevo airport. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev]]


Ashley dated a Columbia University quarterback, Matt Kaplan, from February 2001 - May 2004. Since then, she has been linked to restaurateur [[Scott Sartiano]] (September 2004 - June 2005), actor/singer [[Jared Leto]] (July 2005), businessman [[Greg Chait]] (July 2005 - January 2007) and cyclist [[Lance Armstrong]] (October 2007). Currently, Ashley is dating actor [[Justin Bartha]]. The two have been spotted out and about together since May 2008.
The second half of 1992 and first half of 1993 were the height of the siege of Sarajevo. Various atrocities were committed during heavy fighting. Serbian forces from outside the city continuously shelled the government defenders. Most of the major [[military]] positions and arms supplies within the city were in Serbian control. [[Sniper]]s roamed the city all over as ''Pazite, Snajper!'' ("Beware, Sniper!") became a common sign. Some streets were so dangerous to cross or use that they became known as "[[Sniper Alley|sniper alleys]]". Some neighborhoods of the city were taken over by the Serbs, especially in [[Novo Sarajevo]], as Serbian [[offensive]]s into parts of the city were met with success. To counterbalance the siege, the [[Sarajevo International Airport|Sarajevo Airport]] was opened to [[United Nations]] (UN) airlifts in late June 1992; Sarajevo's survival became strongly dependent on them.


===Legal suits===
The Bosnian government forces had greatly inferior weaponry to the besiegers. Some Bosnian [[black market]] criminals who had joined the army at the outset of the war illegally [[smuggle]]d arms into the city through Serb lines, and the [[Raid (military)|raid]]s on Serb-held positions within the city helped the cause. The [[Sarajevo Tunnel]], completed in mid-1993, allowed supplies to come into the city, and people to get out. The tunnel was one of the major ways of bypassing the international [[arms embargo]] (which was applied to all parties to the Bosnian conflict, including the defenders of Sarajevo) and providing the city defenders with weaponry, and it was said the tunnel saved Sarajevo. However, by April 1995 there were only 20 artillery pieces and five [[tank]]s in the defence of the city. The strength of the First Corps lay in its considerable supplies of [[rocket-propelled grenade]]s, [[anti-aircraft missile]]s, and [[anti-tank missile]]s, but they could not really be used in the offensive actions needed to break out of Sarajevo.<ref>[http://rocchio.syr.edu/data/ORION/balkans.bosnia.warhistory.bosgeneral.html Bosnia War History]</ref>
In 2005, Ashley filed a $40 million lawsuit against tabloid magazine ''[[National Enquirer]]'' for printing a headline reading "Ashley Olsen Caught In Drug Scandal," with a story accompanied by a photo of Ashley with her eyes half-closed. The lawsuit stated that the photo was clearly used to create a misrepresentation of Olsen under the influence of drugs. Olsen completely denied the accusations and said that she has not and does not use or sell illegal drugs. The suit consisted of $20 million in libel damages and $20 million in false light invasion of privacy damages. Per her suit, Ashley Olsen and her lawyers believe that "''freedom of the press is a valuable right, but it is not a license for gossipy tabloids to tar and feather innocent celebrities and destroy their reputations and businesses for the rag's profits.''"<ref name="tab">Amter, Charlie and Sarah Hall. [http://web.archive.org/web/20060324110118/http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,15940,00.html Ashley Olsen's Tab Turn.] February 16, 2005.</ref>


== Filmography ==
[[Image:Evstafiev-bosnia-cello.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Vedran Smailović]] playing in the partially destroyed National Library in Sarajevo in 1992. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev]]
{{see|Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen#Selected filmography}}


== Awards and nominations ==
Reports indicate an average of approximately 329 shell impacts per day during the course of the siege, with a high of 3,777 shell impacts on July 22, 1993. The shellfire caused extensive damage to the city's structures, including civilian and cultural property. By September 1993, reports concluded that virtually all buildings in Sarajevo had suffered some degree of damage, and 35,000 were completely destroyed. Among these buildings targeted and destroyed were hospitals and medical complexes, media and communication centers, industrial targets, government buildings, and military and UN facilities. Some of the more significant of these were the building of the [[presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and the [[National Library]], which burned to the ground along with thousands of irreplaceable texts.
*'''[[Walk of Fame]]'''
**2004: Star on the Walk of Fame (with [[Mary-Kate Olsen]])
*'''[[Young Artist Award]]'''
**1989: Best Young Actor/Actress - Under Five Years of Age (''[[Full House]]'') - '''WON''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)
**1990: Outstanding Performance by an Actress Under Nine Years of Age (''[[Full House]]'') - '''WON''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)
**1992: Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten (''[[Full House]]'') - '''WON''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)
**1994: Best Youth Actress in a TV Mini-Series, M.O.W. or Special (''[[Double, Double, Toil and Trouble]]'') - '''WON''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)
**1996: Best Performance by an Actress Under Ten - Feature Film (''[[It Takes Two]]'') - '''Nominated'''
*'''[[Teen Choice Awards]]'''
**2004: Choice Movie Blush (''[[New York Minute]]'') - '''Nominated''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)
*'''[[TV Land Awards]]'''
**2004: Quintessential Non-Traditional Family (''[[Full House]]'') - '''Nominated''' (with [[Candace Cameron Bure]], [[Dave Coulier]], [[Lori Loughlin]], [[Mary-Kate Olsen]], [[Bob Saget]], [[John Stamos]] and [[Jodie Sweetin]])
*'''[[Razzie Awards]]'''
**2005: Worst Actress (''[[New York Minute]]'') - '''Nominated''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)
**2005: Worst Screen Couple (''[[New York Minute]]'') - '''Nominated''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)
*'''[[Kids' Choice Awards]]'''
**1996: Favorite Movie Actress (''[[It Takes Two]]'') - '''WON''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)
**1999: Favorite TV Actress (''[[Two of a Kind]]'') - '''WON''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)
*'''[[DVD Exclusive Awards]]'''
**2003: Franchise Performers Award - '''WON''' (with Mary-Kate Olsen)


== See also ==
[[Image:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-funeral-reaction.jpg|thumb|200px|Funeral of a civilian killed in Sarajevo. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev]]
*[[Mary-Kate Olsen]]
*[[Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen]]
*[[Dualstar]]


== Further reading ==
The shelling of the city took a tremendous toll on lives. [[Mass killing]]s due primarily to mortar shell impacts made headline news in the West. On June 1, 1993, 15 people were killed and 80 injured during a [[football (soccer)|football]] game. On July 12 of the same year, 12 people were killed while in line for water. The biggest of these however was the first [[Markale massacres|Markale marketplace massacre]] on February 5, 1994, in which 68 civilians were killed and 200 were wounded.
*Olsen, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, with Damon Romine. [http://books.google.com/books?id=0iqIGwAACAAJ&dq=isbn:0061075698 ''Mary-Kate and Ashley: Our Story: Mary-Kate & Ashley Olsen's Official Biography'']. HarperEntertainment 2000. ISBN 0061075698.


== References ==
In response to the Markale massacre, the UN issued an [[ultimatum]] to Serb forces to withdraw heavy weaponry beyond a certain point in a given amount of time or face [[air strike]]s. Near the end of the given time, Serb forces complied. City shelling drastically decreased at that point, which could perhaps be seen as the beginning of the end of the siege.

===Ethnic cleansing===

<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Brckic and ismic dead.jpg|thumb|Mixed couple [[Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo|Admira Ismić and Boško Brkić]] shot dead while trying to escape Sarajevo]] -->
[[Image:Sarajevo Grbavica.JPG|thumb|Burned apartment buildings in downtown [[Grbavica (Sarajevo)|Grbavica]], a Serb-inhabited suburb of Sarajevo, before being turned in to the government in 1996]]

The Serb forces were reported to have carried out a vicious campaign of [[ethnic cleansing]] in the parts of the city occupied by them during the siege. In ''The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia'', Michael A. Sells claimed how "non-nationalist Serbs were also targets of violence":

<blockquote>
''Serbs who refused to participate in the persecution of Muslims were killed. In a Serb-army occupied area of Sarajevo, Serb militants killed a Serb officer who objected to atrocities against civilians; they left his body on the street for over a week as an object lesson. During one of the 'selections' carried out by Serb militants in Sarajevo, an old Serb named Ljubo objected to being separated out from his Muslim friends and neighbors; they beat him to death on the spot.''
</blockquote>

After several years in the 1990s characterised by denial of the widely held view of the Serb responsibility for the [[Yugoslav wars]], a trend has developed in the 2000s where Serbs, and a number of external publishers and commentators, drew Bosniak and Croat parallels to such infamous examples of atrocities as [[Srebrenica Massacre|Srebrenica]]. For instance, they commonly draw attention to ethnic cleansing of Serb civilians by Bosnian Muslim and Croatian forces during the Balkan conflict. It is alleged that between 1992 and 1995, 150,000 Serbs were ethnically cleansed from Sarajevo, with several thousand killed. The allegations were brought to the media forefront in early 2005 when the [[Prime Minister]] of Republika Srpska, [[Pero Bukejlović]], argued that [[genocide]] was committed against Serbs during the siege of Sarajevo, that he claimed exceeded that of the [[Srebrenica massacre]], denounced widely as an act of genocide against Bosnian Muslims.

Today, Sarajevo citizens of all nationalities generally take accusations of ethnic cleansing by the government forces in Sarajevo during the war as a highly offensive insult. In response to premier Bukejlović's statement, many have demanded a public apology to all Sarajevo citizens. The [[president]] of the Serb Citizens Council, Dr. Mirko Pejanović (a wartime member of the Bosnia-Herzegovina Presidency, and the 2007–2011 Dean of the Faculty of Political Sciences at the University of Sarajevo), stated:

:''Nobody, not even Bukejlović, can change or cover up the truth for the sake of current political needs. In Sarajevo, during the four year siege carried out by Karadžić's military forces and the SDS, there were deaths of Sarayevians of all ethnicities. The people were both suffering and dying from hunger, cold, they were being killed by mortar shells... among the 12,000 killed Sarayevians recorded in the war, at least one fourth were members of the Serb nation or had Serb ethnic ancestry. Thus, we can not talk of an extermination or genocide of Serbs, but of a responsibility of the SDS and Karadžić's military forces for the overall extermination of Sarajevo and Sarayevians, and within that of the Serb people.''

During the war, Serb forces systematically raped and sexually abused Muslim Bosnian women in rape camps after being separated from men. There are claims the rapes occurred with the knowledge and approval of Serbian officials. In 2001, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) officially indicted Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac, and Zoran Vukovic for the crimes of rape.



===NATO intervention===
{{seealso|1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
[[Image:Dmitry Rogozin and Ratko Mladić in Sarajevo - January 1996.png|thumb|200px|right|[[Russia]]n soldier and politician [[Dmitry Rogozin]] discussing the role of Russian volunteers with [[Bosnian Serb Army]] leader [[Ratko Mladić]] in besieged Sarajevo, January 1996]]
In 1995, after the second Markale massacre, in which 37 people were killed and 90 were wounded, the international forces firmly turned against the besiegers. When the Serb forces raided a UN-monitored weapons collection site, [[NATO]] jets attacked Bosnian Serb [[ammunition depot]]s and other strategic military targets. On the ground fighting escalated, this time with the joint Bosnian and [[Croatia]]n forces on the offensive, and the Serbs slowly lost more and more ground both in Sarajevo area and elsewhere. Heating, electricity, and water would eventually come back to the city as well.

A [[cease fire]] was reached in October 1995, and the [[Dayton Agreement]] was reached later that year bringing peace to the country. A period of stabilization and return to normalcy followed, with the Bosnian government not officially declaring the siege of Sarajevo over until February 29, 1996, when Serbian forces left positions in and around Sarajevo. Over 200,000 Serbian civilians and Sarajevo's citizens left Serbian suburbs.

==Aftermath==
[[Image:Bloodpave.jpg|thumb|Scars called [[Sarajevo Rose]]s remain across the city, serving as poignant reminders of the destruction]]

Sarajevo was heavily damaged during those four years. The manuscript collection of the [[Oriental Institute in Sarajevo]], one of the richest collections of Oriental manuscripts in the world, was deliberately destroyed by Serb nationalist forces. The siege of Sarajevo was undoubtedly the worst and most catastrophic period in the city's history since World War I. After the glory of the [[1984 Winter Olympics]], the city had been experiencing tremendous growth and development, which was entirely reversed by the siege.{{Facts|date=April 2008}}

The city had been a model for inter-ethnic relations, but the siege of Sarajevo inspired dramatic population shifts. Aside from the thousands of refugees who left the city, an immense number of Sarajevo Serbs left for the Republika Srpska as well. The percentage of Serbs in Sarajevo decreased from more than 30% in 1991 to slightly over 10% in 2002. Regions of [[Novo Sarajevo]] that are now part of the Republika Srpska have formed [[East Sarajevo]] (Istocno Sarajevo), where much of the pre-war Serbian population lives today.

Since the gloomy and desolate years of the early 1990s, Sarajevo has made a substantial recovery. By 2004, most of the damage done to buildings during the siege had been fixed. New construction projects have made Sarajevo perhaps the fastest growing city in former Yugoslavia. Sarajevo's metro-area population in 2002 was around 401,000, which was 20,000 less than the population of the city itself in 1991.

== Siege of Sarajevo in documentaries and art ==
[[Image:SarajevoSiege2.JPG|thumb|200px|The former building of Sarajevo newspaper ''[[Oslobođenje]]''. For years after the siege it remained as a memorial]]

*''Sarajevo, Exodus of a City'', a book by Dzevad Karahasan
*''[[Sarajevo Blues]]'', a book of poetry by [[Semezdin Mehmedinović]]
*''Sarajevo Roses'', a book by South African UN Peacekeeper Anne-Marie Du Preez Bedroz
*''[[Sarajevo Tango]]'', a comic-art by [[Hermann Huppen]]
*''Caído en Sarajevo (Fallen at Sarajevo)'', a song by Chilean rock band Arka [http://www.arka.cl/noticias/2003_eng.htm#1]
*''[[Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24]]'', a song by [[Savatage]] and the [[Trans-Siberian Orchestra]]
*''Đavo u Sarajevu (Devil in Sarajevo)'', a book by Nenad Veličković
*''[[Dead Winter Dead]]'', a rock-opera by [[Savatage]], 1995
*''[[Diários da Bósnia]] (Bosnian Diaries)'', a film by Joaquim Sapinho
*''[[Fax from Sarajevo|Fax From Sarajevo]]'', a comic-art by [[Joe Kubert]] [http://www.kubertsworld.com/bios/sarajevo.html]
*''Fools Rush In: A True Story of Love, War, and Redemption'', by [[Bill Carter]] [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1932958509/]
*''[[Miss Sarajevo]],'' a song by [[U2]] and [[Brian Eno]] under the pseudonym "Passengers"
*''[[Mladí muži poznávají svět]]'' (''Young Men Discovering The World''), a movie by [[Radim Špaček (film director)|Radim Špaček]] [http://www.filmcenter.cz/index.php?PG=FLA&IDFL=94&LANG=EN]
*''My Childhood Under Fire: A Sarajevo Diary'' by Nadja Halilbegovich
*''[[Natasha's Story]]'', a book by [[Michael Nicholson]]
*''Pretty Birds'', by Scott Simon, 2005 ISBN 1-4000-6310-8
*''Regarding The Pain Of Others'', by [[Susan Sontag]]
* ''Remember Sarajevo'', a book by Roger Richards [http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0302/rr_index.html]
*''[[Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo]]'', a [[PBS]] [[Frontline (PBS)|Frontline]] documentary
*''Savršeni krug'' (''The Perfect Circle''), a film by Ademir Kenović
*''[[Shot Through the Heart]]'', a TV film by David Attwood
*''[[The Fixer (Sacco comic)|The Fixer]]'', a [[graphic novel]] by [[Joe Sacco]]
*''The Question of Bruno'', stories by Aleksandar Hemon
*''[[Welcome To Sarajevo]]'', a war movie by [[Michael Winterbottom]]
*''Witness from Sarajevo'', by Boris Jug [http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/finsbury/37/id18.htm]
*''[[Zlata's Diary]]'', a book by Zlata Filipovic
*''[[Le Sommeil du monstre]], a [[comic book]] by [[Enki Bilal]].
*''Veilles d'Armes, a documentary by [[Marcel Ophuls]]
*''The Cellist of Sarajevo'', by Steven Galloway

==Notes==
{{History of Bosnia}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{commonscat-inline}}
*{{imdb name|id=0001580|name=Ashley Olsen}}
* [http://www.sense-agency.com/en/stream.php?sta=3&pid=10670&kat=3 SENSE Tribunal: DRAGOMIR MILOSEVIC SENTENCED TO 33 YEARS]
*[http://www.mary-kateandashley.com/ Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen] the Official Website
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/yugo/article/0,,2226269,00.html The Guardian: General who led Sarajevo siege jailed for war crimes]
*[http://www.people.com/people/ashley_olsen Ashley Olsen] at PEOPLE.com
* [http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/content/Article/867646.html Radio Free Europe: The verdicts for the Siege of Sarajevo] {{bs icon}}
*[http://dualstarentertainmentgroup.com/ Dualstar Entertainment Group Corporate Website]
* [http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts on the Siege of Sarajevo]
* [http://www.bhdani.com/arhiva/251/spiskovi.shtml An incomplete list of persons killed during the siege.]
* [http://www.famainternational.com/survival/survival-ff.htm Survival Map of Sarajevo]
* [http://www.sarajevo-x.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=22009&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0&sid=b95778266a37a647c93bd2c04354068d Photos of Siege of Sarajevo]
* [http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/warcrimes/index.cfm?page=Karadzic Radovan Karadzicc $5 million Reward] - The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Radovan Karadzic
* [http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/warcrimes/index.cfm?page=Mladic Ratko Mladic $5 million Reward] - The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Ratko Mladic
* [http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article332794.ece Bosnia's rape babies: abandoned by their families, forgotten by the state]
* [http://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/rape2.html Systematic Rape in Bosnia: a Tool of Genocide- Evidence Serb leaders in Bosnia OKd attacks]
* [http://www.peacewomen.org/news/BosniaHerzegovina/newsarchive/massrape.html Mass Rape in Bosnia: 20,000 Women, Mostly Muslims, Have Been Abused By Serb Soldiers]
* [http://www.newint.org/issue244/rape.htm Rape: weapon of war]
* [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/02/22/bosher256.htm Bosnia: Landmark Verdicts for Rape, Torture, and Sexual Enslavement]
* [http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/bosnia.htm Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation Bosnia and Herzegovina]

{{Yugoslav wars}}
{{coord|43.8476|N|18.3564|E|type:city|display=title|name=Sarajevo}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Olsen, Ashley}}
[[Category:Siege of Sarajevo| ]]
[[Category:Battles involving Serbia]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Serbia]]
[[Category:American child actors]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:Danish Americans]]
[[Category:Businesspeople]]
[[Category:California actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:People from the San Fernando Valley]]
[[Category:Twin people]]
[[Category:Norwegian-Americans]]


[[bs:Opsada Sarajeva]]
[[cy:Ashley Olsen]]
[[cs:Obléhání Sarajeva]]
[[pl:Ashley Olsen]]
[[de:Belagerung von Sarajevo]]
[[es:Sitio de Sarajevo]]
[[fr:Siège de Sarajevo]]
[[hr:Opsada Sarajeva]]
[[it:Assedio di Sarajevo]]
[[no:Beleiringen av Sarajevo]]
[[sl:Obleganje Sarajeva]]
[[sr:Опсада Сарајева]]
[[sh:Opsada Sarajeva]]
[[fi:Sarajevon piiritys]]
[[sv:Belägringen av Sarajevo]]

Revision as of 01:21, 13 October 2008

Ashley Olsen
Ashley Olsen at Luna Park, Sydney.
Born
Ashley Fuller Olsen
Other namesAsh
Occupation(s)Actress, producer, fashion model, fashion designer
Years active1987 – 2004
AwardsYoung Artist Award
Best Young Actor/Actress - Under Five Years of Age
Full House (1989)
Outstanding Performance by an Actress Under Nine Years of Age
Full House (1990)
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten
Full House (1992)
Best Youth Actress in a TV Mini-Series, M.O.W. or Special
Double, Double, Toil and Trouble (1994)
Kid's Choice Award
Favourite Movie Actress
It Takes Two (1995)
Favorite TV Actress
Two of a Kind (1998)
DVD Exclusive Awards
Franchise Performers Award (2003)
Websitehttp://www.mary-kateandashley.com

Ashley Fuller Olsen (born June 13, 1986) is an American actress, producer, executive producer, fashion designer and fashion model. She has had a successful acting career beginning at a very young age, in roles with her twin sister Mary-Kate Olsen.[1]

From 2006 onwards, she has appeared in television and movie roles independently of her sister.[citation needed]

Career

Working as a twin Ashley Olsen began her career at the age of nine months, when she and her sister Mary-Kate were hired for the role of Michelle Tanner on the popular television series Full House in 1987. To comply with strict child labor laws regarding child actors, Ashley and Mary-Kate took turns during taping of the show. Both girls were credited as "Mary Kate Ashley Olsen" in an attempt to deter audiences from coming to the realization that the girls were in fact twins playing the role of Michelle Tanner.

Following Full House, Ashley released a string of successful straight-to-video movies and became a popular figure in the preteen market during the late '90s and early 2000s. Her name became a cottage industry, with her likeness seen in clothes, books, fragrances, magazines, movies and posters. There were even fashion dolls of her made by Mattel from 2000-2005.

She starred in the video series The Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley, the ABC show Two of a Kind, and ABC Family's So Little Time. She was ranked number three on the VH1 program 100 Greatest Child Stars.

Her most recent theatrical venture was in the light-hearted romantic comedy, New York Minute, also starring Eugene Levy. The film was expected to launch her into more serious adult roles, but was a box office flop.

Fashion designer

Ashley Olsen

Following a high volume of public interest in their fashion choices, both work in collaboration on a string of fashion lines available to the public.

Starting as young girls, they have a clothing line in Wal-Mart stores across America for girls ages 4-14 as well as a beauty line called "Mary-Kate and Ashley: Real fashion for real girls". In 2004 they made news by signing a pledge to allow all the workers that sew their line of clothing in Bangladesh full maternity leave. The National Labor Committee, which organized the pledge, later praised the twins for their commitment to worker rights. The director of the organization, Charles Kernaghan, is quoted as saying, "The Olsen twins have done the right thing. Now it is up to Wal-Mart to either support Mary-Kate and Ashley’s commitment to women’s rights, or tragically to shut them down."[2] However their collaboration with Wal-Mart tarnished their fashionable reputations amongst the fashion industry until they were tapped as the faces of upscale fashion line Badgley Mischka in 2006, in an attempt to gain credibility in the fashion industry after their association with Wal-Mart.[3]

In a more matured fashion project, Ashley and her sister have released The Row, a high-end fashion line inspired by London's Savile Row, the line a direct reflection of their own popular personal style. The line features shirts and tank tops selling for hundreds of dollars each. The clothing is sold at high-end retailers such as Barneys, Maxfield, Harvey Nichols, Brown's, and others around the world.

Ashley and Mary-Kate continued their expansion in the fashion industry with the Fall '07 launch of Elizabeth & James, their contemporary collection inspired by many of their unique vintage finds and pieces in their personal wardrobes.

Public image

Controversy

Though her fashion choices have become somewhat popular, Olsen has not been without criticism for her wearing and promotion of fur.[4] In 2006, she was included on PETA's 2006 Worst Dressed list for wearing fur and is often a target of their anti-fur campaigning.

Personal life

Ashley dated a Columbia University quarterback, Matt Kaplan, from February 2001 - May 2004. Since then, she has been linked to restaurateur Scott Sartiano (September 2004 - June 2005), actor/singer Jared Leto (July 2005), businessman Greg Chait (July 2005 - January 2007) and cyclist Lance Armstrong (October 2007). Currently, Ashley is dating actor Justin Bartha. The two have been spotted out and about together since May 2008.

Legal suits

In 2005, Ashley filed a $40 million lawsuit against tabloid magazine National Enquirer for printing a headline reading "Ashley Olsen Caught In Drug Scandal," with a story accompanied by a photo of Ashley with her eyes half-closed. The lawsuit stated that the photo was clearly used to create a misrepresentation of Olsen under the influence of drugs. Olsen completely denied the accusations and said that she has not and does not use or sell illegal drugs. The suit consisted of $20 million in libel damages and $20 million in false light invasion of privacy damages. Per her suit, Ashley Olsen and her lawyers believe that "freedom of the press is a valuable right, but it is not a license for gossipy tabloids to tar and feather innocent celebrities and destroy their reputations and businesses for the rag's profits."[5]

Filmography

Further information: Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen § Selected filmography

Awards and nominations

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ "Rich Girls: The Olsen Twins". Retrieved 2008-04-06. Fraternal twins Mary-Kate and Ashley had been splitting a role on the television network sitcom "Full House" since they were 9 months old and in diapers
  2. ^ Grossberg, Josh. Mary-Kate, Ashley: No Sweat. E! Online. 9 December 2004.
  3. ^ Hall, Sarah. Olsen Twins Strike a Pose. E! ONline. February 15, 2006.
  4. ^ "PETA Sends Olsens a Birthday Gift". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help) The New York Observer
  5. ^ Amter, Charlie and Sarah Hall. Ashley Olsen's Tab Turn. February 16, 2005.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashley Olsen.
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