Clavulina cristata and Electronic component: Difference between pages

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{{Unreferenced|date=March 2008}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Clauvlina cristata
| image =
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Cyttaria espinosae''
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| subclassis =
| ordo = [[Gomphales]]
| familia = [[Ramariaceae]]
| genus = Clauvilina
| species = C.cristata
| binomial = ''Clavulina cristata''
| binomial_authority =
}}
'''Clauvlina cristata''' also known as '''Kamm-Koralle''', '''White Coral''' and '''Changle''' ([[Chile]]) is a white coloured [[Edible mushroom|edible]] [[coral mushroom]] present in the [[temperate climate|temperate]] areas of [[the Americas]] and [[Europe]].


[[Image:Componentes.JPG|thumb|Various components]]
{{Basidiomycetes-stub}}
{{TOCright}}
An '''electronic component''' is a basic [[Electronics|electronic]] element usually packaged in a discrete form with two or more connecting leads or metallic pads.
Components are intended to be connected together, usually by [[soldering]] to a [[printed circuit board]], to create an [[electrical network|electronic circuit]] with a particular function (for example an [[amplifier]], [[receiver (radio)|radio receiver]], or [[Electronic oscillator|oscillator]]). Components may be packaged singly ([[resistor]], [[capacitor]], [[transistor]], [[diode]] etc.) or in more or less complex groups as [[integrated circuit]]s ([[operational amplifier]], [[resistor|resistor array]], [[logic gate]] etc.)
==Components==
Very often electronic components are mechanically stabilized, improved in insulation properties and protected from environmental influence by being enclosed in [[resin casting|synthetic resin]]


Components may be [[Passivity (engineering)| Passive or components, which have neither. They include Semiconductors (Solid State Devices) and [[Thermionic valve|Thermionic Valves]] (Vacuum Tubes)
[[Category:fungi of Chile]]
[[Category:Edible mushrooms]]
[[Category:Agaricomycetes]]


=== Terminals and connectors ===
[[it:Clavulina cristata]]
Devices to make electrical connection
[[lt:Skiauterėtasis žagaris]]
* [[Terminal_(electronics)|Terminal]]
[[pms:Clavulina cristata]]
* [[electrical connector|Connector]]
** [[Jack (connector)|Socket]]
** [[Screw terminal|Screw terminal, Terminal Blocks]]
** [[Header]]
*** [[Closed]]

=== Cords ===
[[Cable]]s with connectors or terminals at their ends
* [[Power cord]]
* [[Patch cord]]
* [[Test lead]]

=== Switches ===
Components that may be made to either conduct (closed) or not (open)
* [[Switch]] - manually operated switch
* [[Keypad]] - small array of pushbutton switches
* [[Relay]] - Electrically operated switch. This is a mechanical component, unlike the [[Solid state relay|Solid State Relay]]
* [[Reed switch]] - Magnetically activated switch
* [[Thermostat]] - Thermally activated switch
* [[Circuit Breaker]] - Over-current activated switch
* [[Limit Switch]] - Mechanically activated switch
* [[Mercury switch]]
* [[Centrifugal switch]]

=== Resistors ===
Components used to resist current.
# See the Transducer section below for resistors used to sense environmental conditions (Thermistor, Photoresistor, RTD...)
# See the Protection section below for resistors used for current or voltage limiting (MOV, Inrush Limiters...)
* [[Resistor]] - fixed value
* Resistor network - array of resistors in one package
* [[Trimmer (electronics)|Trimmer]] - Small variable resistor
* [[Potentiometer|Potentiometer, Rheostat]] - variable resistor
* [[Heater]] - [[heating element]]
* [[Resistance wire]] - wire of high-resistance material, similar to heating element
* [[Thermistor]] - temperature-varied resistor

=== Protection devices ===
[[Passivity (engineering)| Passive components]] that protect circuits from excessive currents of voltages
# While these components technically belong to the Wire, Resistor and Vacuum classes, they are grouped here based on their use.
# Active components that perform a protection function are in the Semiconductor class, below.
* [[Fuse (electrical)|Fuse]] - Over-current protection, one time use
* [[Resettable fuse]] (PolySwitch, self-resetting fuse)- Over-current protection, resettable
* [[varistor|Metal Oxide Varistor, Surge Absorber]] (MOV) - Over-voltage protection. These are passive components, unlike the [[transient voltage suppression diode|TVS]]
* [[Inrush current limiter]] - protection against initial [[Inrush current]]
* Gas Discharge Tube - protection against high voltage surges
* [[Circuit Breaker]] - Over-current activated switch
* [[Spark gap]] - two electrodes with a gap in between to create arcing
* Filament lamp
* [[GFCI]] or [[RCD]]

=== Capacitors ===
Components that store electrical charge in an electrical field.
Capacitors are used for filtration in the electronic circuits.
Capacitors in general pass changing (e.g. AC) and block unchanging (e.g. DC) voltage levels.

* [[Capacitor]] - fixed capacitance
* Capacitor network (array)
* [[Variable capacitor]] - change the capacitance
* [[Varicap]] diode - variable capacitor come diode'''

=== Magnetic (inductive) devices ===
Electrical components that use magnetism
* [[Inductor]], coil, choke
* Variable inductor
* [[Saturable reactor|Saturable Inductor]]
* [[Transformer]]
* [[Magnetic amplifier]] ([[toroid]])
* [[Ferrite bead|Ferrite impedances, beads]]
* [[Electric motor|Motor]]
* [[Solenoid]]
* [[Loudspeaker|Speaker]]

=== Networks ===
Components that use more than one type of passive component
* RC network - forms an [[RC circuit]], used in [[Snubber]]s
* LC Network - forms an [[LC circuit]], used in tuneable transformers and RFI filters

=== Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators ===
[[Passivity (engineering)|Passive components]] that use [[piezoelectric]] effect
* Components that use the effect to generate or filter high frequencies
** [[crystal oscillator|Crystal]] - Is a fudge crystal used to generate precise frequencies (See the Modules class below for complete oscillators)
** [[Ceramic resonator]] - Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi-precise frequencies
** Ceramic filter - Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in [[radio receiver]]s
** [[Electronic filter#SAW filters|Surface Acoustic Wave]] (SAW) filters
* Components that use the effect as mechanical [[Transducer]]s.
** [[Ultrasonic motor]] - Electric motor that uses the [[piezoelectric]] effect
** For piezo buzzers and microphones, see the Transducer class below

=== Power sources ===
Sources of electrical power
* [[battery (electricity)|Battery]] - acid- or alkali-based power supply
* [[Fuel cell]] - an electrochemical generator
* [[Power supply]] - usually a mains hook-up
* [[Photovoltaic]] device - generates electricity from light
* [[Generator]] - an electromechanical power source

=== Transducers, sensors, detectors ===
# [[Transducer]]s generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice-versa.
# [[Sensor]]s (detectors) are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal.
# The Transducers listed here are single electronic components (as opposed to complete assemblies), and are [[Passivity (engineering)|passive]] (see Semiconductors and Tubes for [[Passivity (engineering)| active]] ones). Only the most common ones are listed here.
* Audio (see also Piezoelectric devices)
** [[Microphone]] - Magnetic, electrostatic (capacitive), piezoelectric and others. Convert audio to electrical signal
** [[Loudspeaker]] - Magnetic or piezoelectric device to generate full audio
** [[Buzzer]] - Magnetic or piezoelectric sounder to generate tones
* Position, motion
** [[Linear variable differential transformer]] (LVDT) - Magnetic - detects linear position
** [[Rotary encoder]], Shaft Encoder - Optical, magnetic, resistive or switches - detects absolute or relative angle or rotational speed
** [[Inclinometer]] - Capacitive - detects angle with respect to gravity
** [[Motion sensor]], Vibration sensor
** [[Flowmeter]] - detects flow in liquid or gas
* Force, torque
** [[Strain gauge]] - Piezoelectric or resistive - detects squeezing, stretching, twisting
** [[Accelerometer]] - Piezoelectric - detects acceleration, gravity
* Thermal
** [[Thermocouple]], [[thermopile]] - Wires that generate a voltage proportional to delta temperature
** [[Thermistor]] - Resistor whose resistance changes with temperature, up [[Positive temperature coefficient|PTC]] or down [[Negative temperature coefficient|NTC]]
** [[Resistance thermometer|Resistance Temperature Detector]] (RTD) - Wire whose resistance changes with temperature
** [[Bolometer]]
** [[Thermal cutoff]] - Switch that is opened or closed when a set temperature is exceeded
* Magnetic field (see also Hall Effect in semiconductors)
** [[Magnetometer]], Gaussmeter
* Humidity
** [[Hygrometer]]
* Electromagnetic, light
** [[Photoresistor]] - Light dependent resistor (LDR)

=== [[Solid state (electronics)|Solid State components]], [[Semiconductor]]s ===
Electronic control components with no moving parts.
[[Passivity (engineering)|Active components]]

==== [[Diode]]s ====
A device which conducts electricity in only one direction.

* [[diode|Standard Diode]], [[Rectifier]], [[Bridge rectifier|Bridge Rectifier]]
* [[Schottky diode|Schottky Diode, Hot Carrier Diode]] - superfast diode with low forward voltage drop
* [[Zener diode|Zener Diode]] - lets electricity flow "backwards" if it is suitably high in voltage
* [[transient voltage suppression diode|Transient Voltage Suppression Diode]] (TVS), Unipolar or Bipolar - used to block high-voltage spikes
* [[Varicap|Varactor, Tuning diode, Varicap, Variable Capacitance Diode]] - A diode come capacitor
* [[light-emitting diode|Light Emitting Diode]] (LED) - A diode which gives out light
** [[laser diode|LASER Diode]] - A laser LED
* [[photodiode| Photodiode]] - Only passes power when in light
** [[solar cell|Solar Cell, photovoltaic cell, PV array]] or panel
** [[Avalanche photodiode|Avalanche Photodiode]]
* [[DIAC|Diode for Alternating Current]] (DIAC, Trigger Diode, SIDAC)
* [[Current source]] Diode
* [[Peltier cooler]]

==== [[Transistor]]s ====
* Bipolar transistors
** [[Bipolar junction transistor|Bipolar Junction Transistor]] (BJT, "transistor") - NPN or PNP
*** [[Photo transistor]]
** [[Darlington transistor]] - NPN or PNP
*** Photo Darlington
** [[Sziklai pair]] (Compound transistor, complementary Darlington)
* [[Field effect transistor]] (FET)
** [[JFET|Junction Field Effect Transistor]] (JFET) - N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
** [[MOSFET|Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET]] (MOSFET) - N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
** [[MESFET|MEtal Semiconductor FET]] (MESFET)
** [[HEMT|High Electron Mobility Transistor]] (HEMT)
* [[Thyristor]]s
** [[Unijunction transistor|UniJunction Transistor]] (UJT)
** [[Unijunction transistor|Programmable UniJunction Transistor]] (PUT)
** [[Silicon controlled rectifier|Silicon Controlled Rectifier]] (SCR)
** [[SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor)|Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor]] (SIT, SITh)
** [[Triac|TRIode for Alternating Current]] (TRIAC)
* Composite transistors
** [[IGBT transistor|Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor]] (IGBT)--

==== [[Integrated circuit]]s ====
* [[Digital]]
* [[Analog circuit|Analog]]
** [[Hall effect sensor]] - Senses a magnetic field
** [[Current sensor]] - Senses a current through it

==== [[Hybrid circuit|Hybrid Circuits]] ====
* [[Optoelectronics]]
** [[Opto-isolator| Opto-Isolator, Opto-Coupler, Photo-Coupler]] - Photodiode, BJT, JFET, SCR, TRIAC, Zero-crossing TRIAC, Open collector IC, CMOS IC, [[Solid state relay|Solid State Relay (SSR)]]
** [[Opto-interrupter|Opto Switch, Opto Interrupter, Optical Switch, Optical Interrupter, Photo switch, Photo Interrupter]]
** [[LED Display]] - [[Seven-segment display]], [[Sixteen-segment display]], [[Dot matrix display]]

=== Display technologies ===
Current:
* [[Filament lamp]] (indicator lamp)
* [[Vacuum fluorescent display]] (VFD) (preformed characters, 7 segment, starburst)
* [[Cathode ray tube]] (CRT) ([[dot matrix]] scan (eg [[computer monitor]]), radial scan (eg [[radar]]), arbitrary scan (eg [[oscilloscope]])) ([[monochrome]] & [[colour]])
* [[LCD]] (preformed characters, dot matrix) (passive, [[TFT]]) (monochrome, colour)
* [[Neon]] (individual, 7 segment display)
* [[LED]] (individual, 7 segment display, starburst display, dot matrix)
* Flap indicator ([[numeric]], preprinted messages)
* [[Plasma display]] (dot matrix)

Obsolete:
* Filament lamp 7 segment display (aka 'minitron')
* [[Nixie Tube]]
* [[Dekatron]] (aka glow transfer tube)
* Magic eye indicator
* [[Penetron]] (a 2 colour see-through CRT)

=== [[thermionic valve|Thermionic Valve, Vacuum Tube]] ===
Active devices that operate in vacuum

* Diode
* [[Triode]]
* [[Tetrode]]
* [[Pentode]]
* [[Hexode]]
* [[Pentagrid Converter|Pentagrid]]
* [[Octode]]
* [[Barretter]]
* [[Nuvistor]]
* [[Compactron]]

[[Microwave]]
* [[Klystron]]
* [[Magnetron]]

[[Optical]]
* [[Photodiode]]
* [[Cathode ray tube]] (CRT)
* [[Vacuum fluorescent display]] (VFD)
* [[Photomultiplier]] tube

===Discharge devices===
* [[Gas discharge tube]]

Obsolete:
* [[Mercury arc rectifier]]
* Voltage regulator tube
* [[Nixie tube]]
* [[Thyratron]]
* [[Ignitron]]

=== Assemblies, modules ===
Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component
* [[Oscillator]]
* Display devices
** [[Liquid crystal display]] (LCD)
* [[Electronic filter|Filter]]
* [[Radio antenna|Antennas]]
** [[Dipole antenna|Elemental dipole]]
** [[Biconical antenna|Biconical]]
** [[Yagi antenna|Yagi]]
** [[Phased array]]
** [[Magnetic loop|Magnetic dipole]] (loop)
** [[Parabolic dish]]
** [[Feedhorn]], [[Waveguide]]

=== Prototyping aids ===
*[[Wire-wrap]]
*[[Breadboard]]

=== Mechanical accessories ===
* [[Enclosure]]
* [[Heat sink]]
* [[Heatsink paste & pads]]
* [[Fan (mechanical)|Fan]]

=== Other ===
* [[Printed circuit board]]s
* [[Lamp (electrical component)|Lamp]]
* [[Memristor]]

Obsolete:
* Carbon amplifier (see [[Carbon_microphone#Carbon_microphones_used_as_amplifiers|Carbon microphones used as amplifiers]])
* Carbon arc (negative resistance device)
* Dynamo (historic rf generator)

== Standard abbreviations ==
Component name abbreviations widely used in industry:
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* AE: aerial, antenna
* B: battery
* BR: bridge rectifier
* C: capacitor
* CRT:cathode ray tube
* D or CR: diode
* F: fuse
* GDT: gas discharge tube
* IC: integrated circuit
* J: wire link
* JFET: junction gate field-effect transistor
* L: inductor
* LCD:Liquid crystal display
* LDR: light dependent resistor
* LED: light emitting diode
* LS: speaker
* M: motor
* MCB: circuit breaker
* Mic: microphone
* Ne: neon lamp
* OP: Operational Amplifier
* PCB: printed circuit board
* PU: pickup
* Q: transistor
* R: resistor
* RLA: RY: relay
* SCR: silicon controlled rectifier
* FET:field effect transistor
* MOSFET:Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
* TFT:thin film transistor(display)
* VLSI:very large scale integration
* DSP:digital signal processor
* SW: switch
* T: transformer
* TH: thermistor
* TP: test point
* Tr: transistor
* U: integrated circuit
* V: valve (tube)
* VC: variable capacitor
* VFD: vacuum fluorescent display
* VR: variable resistor
* X: crystal, ceramic resonator
* XMER: transformer
* XTAL: crystal
* Z: zener diode
</div>

== See also ==
{{portalpar|Electronics|Nuvola_apps_ksim.png}}
* [[Circuit Design]]
* [[Circuit diagram]]
* [[Electrical element]]
* Electronic components' [[Datasheet]]s
* [[Memristor]]

== References ==
* [http://www.alliedelec.com/Catalog/Indices/Products.asp?N=4294966088&sid=46CF71007526617F Allied]'s list of classes of components
* [http://www.newark.com Newark]'s list of classes of components
* [http://www.farnell.com Farnell]'s list of classes of components
* [http://www.newark.com/jsp/bespoke/base.jsp?bespokepage=newark/en_US/edworld/technology-first/energy-conservation/index.jsp Electronics Design World]
* [http://www.partnumber.com PartNumber.com], a utility to assign part numbers to electronic components.
* [http://www.digikey.com/scripts/DkSearch/dksus.dll?KeywordSearch Digikey]'s list of all classes of components
* [http://www.otxi.com/components/components.htm Otxi]'s extensive list of various electronic components
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Electronic engineering|Components]]
[[Category:Electrical components| ]]
[[Category:Components]]

[[af:Elektroniese komponent]]
[[ar:مكون إلكتروني]]
[[bn:ইলেকট্রনিক উপাদান]]
[[bar:Listn elektrischa Bauelemente]]
[[ca:Component electrònic]]
[[da:Elektronisk komponent]]
[[de:Liste elektrischer Bauelemente]]
[[et:Elektroonikakomponentide loend]]
[[es:Componente electrónico]]
[[fr:Composant électronique]]
[[ko:전자 부품]]
[[hr:Elektronička komponenta]]
[[id:Komponen elektronik]]
[[it:Componente elettronico]]
[[he:רכיב אלקטרוני]]
[[lo:ສ່ວນປະກອບເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ]]
[[nl:Elektronische component]]
[[ja:電子部品]]
[[no:Elektronisk komponent]]
[[nn:Elektronisk komponent]]
[[pt:Componente eletrônico]]
[[simple:Electronic component]]
[[sl:Elektronski element]]
[[sr:Електронске компоненте]]
[[sv:Elektronisk komponent]]
[[vi:Linh kiện điện tử]]

Revision as of 16:22, 12 October 2008

Various components

An electronic component is a basic electronic element usually packaged in a discrete form with two or more connecting leads or metallic pads. Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly (resistor, capacitor, transistor, diode etc.) or in more or less complex groups as integrated circuits (operational amplifier, resistor array, logic gate etc.)

Components

Very often electronic components are mechanically stabilized, improved in insulation properties and protected from environmental influence by being enclosed in synthetic resin

Components may be [[Passivity (engineering)| Passive or components, which have neither. They include Semiconductors (Solid State Devices) and Thermionic Valves (Vacuum Tubes)

Terminals and connectors

Devices to make electrical connection

Cords

Cables with connectors or terminals at their ends

Switches

Components that may be made to either conduct (closed) or not (open)

Resistors

Components used to resist current.

  1. See the Transducer section below for resistors used to sense environmental conditions (Thermistor, Photoresistor, RTD...)
  2. See the Protection section below for resistors used for current or voltage limiting (MOV, Inrush Limiters...)

Protection devices

Passive components that protect circuits from excessive currents of voltages

  1. While these components technically belong to the Wire, Resistor and Vacuum classes, they are grouped here based on their use.
  2. Active components that perform a protection function are in the Semiconductor class, below.

Capacitors

Components that store electrical charge in an electrical field. Capacitors are used for filtration in the electronic circuits. Capacitors in general pass changing (e.g. AC) and block unchanging (e.g. DC) voltage levels.

Magnetic (inductive) devices

Electrical components that use magnetism

Networks

Components that use more than one type of passive component

Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators

Passive components that use piezoelectric effect

  • Components that use the effect to generate or filter high frequencies
    • Crystal - Is a fudge crystal used to generate precise frequencies (See the Modules class below for complete oscillators)
    • Ceramic resonator - Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi-precise frequencies
    • Ceramic filter - Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in radio receivers
    • Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters
  • Components that use the effect as mechanical Transducers.

Power sources

Sources of electrical power

Transducers, sensors, detectors

  1. Transducers generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice-versa.
  2. Sensors (detectors) are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal.
  3. The Transducers listed here are single electronic components (as opposed to complete assemblies), and are passive (see Semiconductors and Tubes for active ones). Only the most common ones are listed here.
  • Audio (see also Piezoelectric devices)
    • Microphone - Magnetic, electrostatic (capacitive), piezoelectric and others. Convert audio to electrical signal
    • Loudspeaker - Magnetic or piezoelectric device to generate full audio
    • Buzzer - Magnetic or piezoelectric sounder to generate tones
  • Position, motion
  • Force, torque
    • Strain gauge - Piezoelectric or resistive - detects squeezing, stretching, twisting
    • Accelerometer - Piezoelectric - detects acceleration, gravity
  • Thermal
  • Magnetic field (see also Hall Effect in semiconductors)
  • Humidity
  • Electromagnetic, light

Solid State components, Semiconductors

Electronic control components with no moving parts. Active components

Diodes

A device which conducts electricity in only one direction.

Transistors

Integrated circuits

Hybrid Circuits

Display technologies

Current:

Obsolete:

  • Filament lamp 7 segment display (aka 'minitron')
  • Nixie Tube
  • Dekatron (aka glow transfer tube)
  • Magic eye indicator
  • Penetron (a 2 colour see-through CRT)

Thermionic Valve, Vacuum Tube

Active devices that operate in vacuum

Microwave

Optical

Discharge devices

Obsolete:

Assemblies, modules

Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component

Prototyping aids

Mechanical accessories

Other

Obsolete:

Standard abbreviations

Component name abbreviations widely used in industry:

  • AE: aerial, antenna
  • B: battery
  • BR: bridge rectifier
  • C: capacitor
  • CRT:cathode ray tube
  • D or CR: diode
  • F: fuse
  • GDT: gas discharge tube
  • IC: integrated circuit
  • J: wire link
  • JFET: junction gate field-effect transistor
  • L: inductor
  • LCD:Liquid crystal display
  • LDR: light dependent resistor
  • LED: light emitting diode
  • LS: speaker
  • M: motor
  • MCB: circuit breaker
  • Mic: microphone
  • Ne: neon lamp
  • OP: Operational Amplifier
  • PCB: printed circuit board
  • PU: pickup
  • Q: transistor
  • R: resistor
  • RLA: RY: relay
  • SCR: silicon controlled rectifier
  • FET:field effect transistor
  • MOSFET:Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
  • TFT:thin film transistor(display)
  • VLSI:very large scale integration
  • DSP:digital signal processor
  • SW: switch
  • T: transformer
  • TH: thermistor
  • TP: test point
  • Tr: transistor
  • U: integrated circuit
  • V: valve (tube)
  • VC: variable capacitor
  • VFD: vacuum fluorescent display
  • VR: variable resistor
  • X: crystal, ceramic resonator
  • XMER: transformer
  • XTAL: crystal
  • Z: zener diode

See also

References

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