Talk:Franklin II Confederate order of battle and Mary Mallon: Difference between pages
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{{Infobox Person |
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|name = Mary Mallon |
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|image =Mallon-Mary 01.jpg |
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|image_size = 150px |
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|caption = Typhoid Mary in a 1909 newspaper illustration |
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|birth_name = |
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|birth_date = [[September 23]], [[1869]] |
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|birth_place = [[County Tyrone]], [[Ireland]] |
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|death_date = [[November 11]], [[1938]] |
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|death_place = |
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|death_cause = |
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|resting_place = |
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|resting_place_coordinates = |
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|residence = |
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|nationality = [[United States]] |
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|other_names = |
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|known_for = [[Asymptomatic carrier|healthy carrier]] of [[typhoid fever]] |
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|education = |
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}}'''Mary Mallon''' ([[September 23]], [[1869]] – [[November 11]], [[1938]]), also known as '''Typhoid Mary''', was the first person in the United States to be identified as a [[Asymptomatic carrier|healthy carrier]] of [[typhoid fever]]. Over the course of her career as a cook, she infected 47 people, three of whom died from the disease. Her notoriety is in part due to her vehement denial of her own role in spreading the disease, together with her refusal to cease working as a cook. She was forcibly quarantined twice by public health authorities and died in quarantine. It was also possible that she was born with the disease, as her mother had typhoid fever during her pregnancy. |
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== Cook == |
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Mallon was born in 1869 in [[County Tyrone]], [[Ireland]], and emigrated to the [[United States]] in 1884. She worked as a cook in the [[New York City]] area between 1900 and 1907. She had been working in a house in [[Mamaroneck, New York]] for less than two weeks when the residents came down with typhoid. She moved to [[Manhattan]] in 1901 and members of the family for whom she worked developed fevers and [[diarrhea]] and the laundress died. She then went to work for a lawyer until seven of the eight household members developed typhoid. Mary spent months helping to care for the people she made sick, but her care further spread the disease through the household. In 1906, she took a position in [[Long Island]]. Within two weeks, six out of eleven family members were hospitalized with typhoid. She changed employment again and three more households were infected. |
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People catch typhoid fever after ingesting water or food which has been contaminated during handling by a human carrier. The human carrier is usually a healthy person who has survived a previous episode of typhoid fever but in whom the typhoid bacteria have been able to survive without causing further symptoms. Carriers continue to excrete the bacteria in their [[feces]] and [[urine]]. It takes vigorous scrubbing and thorough disinfection to remove the bacteria from the hands. Though Mary washed her hands every time she used the bathroom{{Fact|date=June 2008}}, she still infected people. |
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When typhoid researcher [[George Soper]] approached Mallon with the news she was possibly spreading typhoid, she adamantly rejected his request for urine and stool samples to ascertain whether she was a typhoid carrier. Soper left and later published his findings in the [[June 15]], [[1906]] issue of the ''[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Soper|first = George A.|title = The work of a chronic typhoid germ distributor|journal = [[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|volume = 48|pages = 2019–2022|date = [[1907-06-15]]}}</ref> On his next contact with her, he brought a doctor with him, but was again turned away. Mallon's denials that she was a carrier were based in part on the diagnosis of a reputable chemist who had found she was not harboring the bacteria. It is possible she was in temporary remission when tested. Moreover, when Soper first told her she was a carrier, the concept that a person could spread disease and remain healthy was not well known. Finally, George Soper may have been somewhat tactless in his dealings with her. During a later encounter in the hospital, he told Mary he would write a book about her and give her all the royalties. She got up and locked herself in the bathroom until he left.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} |
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== Quarantine == |
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[[Image:Mary Mallon in hospital.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mary Mallon (left bed) in a hospital bed during her first quarantine]] |
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The [[New York City]] Health Department sent [[Dr. Sara Josephine Baker]] to talk to Mary, but "by that time she was convinced that the law was wrongly persecuting her when she had done nothing wrong."<ref name = About.com>{{cite web | url = http://history1900s.about.com/library/weekly/aa062900b.htm | title = Typhoid Mary | author = Rosenberg, Jennifer | work = About.com | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref> |
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A few days later, Baker arrived at Mary's place of work with several police officers and took her into custody. The [[New York City]] health inspector investigated and found her to be a carrier. She was isolated for three years at a hospital located on [[North Brother Island]], and then released on the condition she would never again work with food. This condition of release was clearly explained to her. However, she assumed the [[pseudonym]] "Mary Brown", returned to her previous occupation as a cook, and in 1915 infected 25 people while working as a cook at New York's [[Sloane Hospital for Women]]; one of those infected died. [[Public health]] authorities again arrested Mary Mallon and returned her to [[quarantine]] on the island. This time there would be no second chances, and Mary was confined on the island for the rest of her life. She became something of a minor celebrity, and was interviewed by journalists who were forbidden to accept as much as a glass of water from her. Later in life, she was allowed to work in the island's laboratory as a technician. |
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== Death == |
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After spending the rest of her life exiled in quarantine, Mallon died on [[November 11]], [[1938]] at the age of 69. The cause of death was [[pneumonia]], coming six years after a stroke had left her paralyzed.<ref name = About.com/> She was still infective on the day she died: an [[autopsy]] found evidence of live typhoid [[bacteria]] in her [[gallbladder]]. Her body was subsequently [[cremated]] and the ashes buried at [[Saint Raymond's Cemetery]] in [[the Bronx]]. |
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== Legacy == |
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Part of the problems Mary created stemmed from her own vehement denial of the situation. She refused to see any connection between her working as a cook and people falling seriously ill, even though the scenario had happened repeatedly and doctors had pointed this out to her. Mallon maintained that she was healthy and had never had typhoid fever, and therefore could not be the culprit. Given Mallon's refusal to accept doctors' advice that she was a typhoid carrier, her refusal to do any work other than in a kitchen, the misery inflicted on her many victims, and the fact she got a job as hospital cook and infected 25 people after being given a second chance, it is not hard to see why she was viewed as a menace to society. It was clear to the public health authorities that if Mallon was not permanently quarantined, she would simply continue to do what she had done before i.e. move from one cooking job to another, causing typhoid outbreaks wherever she worked. |
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Today, ''Typhoid Mary'' is a generic term for a carrier of a dangerous disease who is a danger to the public because they refuse to take appropriate precautions. |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* ''Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical'', [[Anthony Bourdain]], Bloomsbury, New York, 2001, hardcover, 148 pages, ISBN 1-58234-133-8 |
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* ''Typhoid Mary, Captive to the Public's Health'', [[Judith Walzer Leavitt]], Beacon Press, Boston, 1996, hardcover, 331 pages, ISBN 0-8070-2102-4 |
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* ''Fighting for Life'', [[Sara Josephine Baker]], Macmillan Press, New York 1939, ISBN 0-405-05945-0 (1974 ed), ISBN 0-88275-611-7 (1980 ed) |
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* '' The Ballad of Typhoid Mary'', [[Jürg Federspiel]] [translated by Joel Agee], Ballantine Press, New York, 1985 |
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* {{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/disease/typhoid.asp | title=Typhoid Mary | work=snopes.com | date=[[2006-07-23]]}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| quotes = yes |
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|year=1939 |
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|month=Jan |
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|title=Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary) |
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|journal=American journal of public health and the nation's health |
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|volume=29 |
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|issue=1 |
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|pages=66–8 |
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| publisher = | location = | issn = |
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| pmid = 18014976 |
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |
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}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| quotes = yes |
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|last=Aronson |
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|first=S M |
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|authorlink= |
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|year=1995 |
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|month=Nov |
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|title=The civil rights of Mary Mallon |
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|journal=Rhode Island medicine |
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|volume=78 |
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|issue=11 |
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|pages=311–2 |
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| publisher = | location = | issn = |
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| pmid = 8547719 |
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |
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}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| quotes = yes |
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|last=Brooks |
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|first=J |
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|authorlink= |
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|year=1996 |
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|month=Mar |
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|title=The sad and tragic life of Typhoid Mary |
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|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne |
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|volume=154 |
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|issue=6 |
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|pages=915–6 |
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| publisher = | location = | issn = |
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| pmid = 8634973 |
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |
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}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| quotes = yes |
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|last=Finkbeiner |
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|first=Ann K |
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|authorlink= |
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|year= |
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|month= |
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|title=Quite contrary: was "Typhoid Mary" Mallon a symbol of the threats to individual liberty or a necessary sacrifice to public health? |
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|journal=The Sciences |
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|volume=36 |
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|issue=5 |
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|pages=38–43 |
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| publisher = | location = | issn = |
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| pmid = 11657398 |
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| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = |
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}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons|Mary Mallon}} |
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{{wiktionary|Typhoid Mary}} |
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*[http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs702a,0,6698943.story "Dinner with Typhoid Mary," Long Island History] |
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*[http://history1900s.about.com/library/weekly/aa062900a.htm A more detailed profile of Typhoid Mary] |
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*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/ PBS NOVA site: "The Most Dangerous Woman in America"] |
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*[http://www.snopes.com/medical/disease/typhoid.asp www.snopes.com about Typhoid Mary] |
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<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> |
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{{Public health}} |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME = Mallon, Mary |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Typhoid Mary |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION = The first person in the [[United States]] to be identified as a [[Asymptomatic carrier|healthy carrier]] of [[typhoid fever]]. She worked as a [[chef|cook]] and infected 47 people over the course of her career, and had to be forcibly [[quarantine]]d several times. |
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|DATE OF BIRTH = [[September 23]], [[1869]] |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[New York]], [[United States]] |
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|DATE OF DEATH = [[November 11]], [[1938]] |
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|PLACE OF DEATH = [[New York]], [[United States]] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallon, Mary}} |
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[[Category:1869 births]] |
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[[Category:1938 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]] |
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[[Category:American Roman Catholics]] |
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[[Category:Irish-Americans]] |
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[[Category:Irish immigrants to the United States (before 1923)]] |
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[[Category:People from Cookstown]] |
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[[Category:People from New York City]] |
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[[Category:People from Ridgefield, Connecticut]] |
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[[Category:Public health]] |
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[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in New York]] |
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[[cs:Tyfová Mary]] |
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[[de:Mary Mallon]] |
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[[fr:Mary Mallon]] |
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[[nl:Mary Mallon]] |
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[[ja:メアリー・マローン]] |
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[[pt:Mary Mallon]] |
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[[sv:Mary Mallon]] |
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[[tr:Mary Mallon]] |
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[[zh:傷寒瑪莉]] |
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Revision as of 19:42, 13 October 2008
Mary Mallon | |
|---|---|
 Typhoid Mary in a 1909 newspaper illustration | |
| Born | September 23, 1869 |
| Died | November 11, 1938 |
| Nationality | United States |
| Known for | healthy carrier of typhoid fever |
Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), also known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in the United States to be identified as a healthy carrier of typhoid fever. Over the course of her career as a cook, she infected 47 people, three of whom died from the disease. Her notoriety is in part due to her vehement denial of her own role in spreading the disease, together with her refusal to cease working as a cook. She was forcibly quarantined twice by public health authorities and died in quarantine. It was also possible that she was born with the disease, as her mother had typhoid fever during her pregnancy.
Cook
Mallon was born in 1869 in County Tyrone, Ireland, and emigrated to the United States in 1884. She worked as a cook in the New York City area between 1900 and 1907. She had been working in a house in Mamaroneck, New York for less than two weeks when the residents came down with typhoid. She moved to Manhattan in 1901 and members of the family for whom she worked developed fevers and diarrhea and the laundress died. She then went to work for a lawyer until seven of the eight household members developed typhoid. Mary spent months helping to care for the people she made sick, but her care further spread the disease through the household. In 1906, she took a position in Long Island. Within two weeks, six out of eleven family members were hospitalized with typhoid. She changed employment again and three more households were infected.
People catch typhoid fever after ingesting water or food which has been contaminated during handling by a human carrier. The human carrier is usually a healthy person who has survived a previous episode of typhoid fever but in whom the typhoid bacteria have been able to survive without causing further symptoms. Carriers continue to excrete the bacteria in their feces and urine. It takes vigorous scrubbing and thorough disinfection to remove the bacteria from the hands. Though Mary washed her hands every time she used the bathroom[citation needed], she still infected people.
When typhoid researcher George Soper approached Mallon with the news she was possibly spreading typhoid, she adamantly rejected his request for urine and stool samples to ascertain whether she was a typhoid carrier. Soper left and later published his findings in the June 15, 1906 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.[1] On his next contact with her, he brought a doctor with him, but was again turned away. Mallon's denials that she was a carrier were based in part on the diagnosis of a reputable chemist who had found she was not harboring the bacteria. It is possible she was in temporary remission when tested. Moreover, when Soper first told her she was a carrier, the concept that a person could spread disease and remain healthy was not well known. Finally, George Soper may have been somewhat tactless in his dealings with her. During a later encounter in the hospital, he told Mary he would write a book about her and give her all the royalties. She got up and locked herself in the bathroom until he left.[citation needed]
Quarantine
The New York City Health Department sent Dr. Sara Josephine Baker to talk to Mary, but "by that time she was convinced that the law was wrongly persecuting her when she had done nothing wrong."[2]
A few days later, Baker arrived at Mary's place of work with several police officers and took her into custody. The New York City health inspector investigated and found her to be a carrier. She was isolated for three years at a hospital located on North Brother Island, and then released on the condition she would never again work with food. This condition of release was clearly explained to her. However, she assumed the pseudonym "Mary Brown", returned to her previous occupation as a cook, and in 1915 infected 25 people while working as a cook at New York's Sloane Hospital for Women; one of those infected died. Public health authorities again arrested Mary Mallon and returned her to quarantine on the island. This time there would be no second chances, and Mary was confined on the island for the rest of her life. She became something of a minor celebrity, and was interviewed by journalists who were forbidden to accept as much as a glass of water from her. Later in life, she was allowed to work in the island's laboratory as a technician.
Death
After spending the rest of her life exiled in quarantine, Mallon died on November 11, 1938 at the age of 69. The cause of death was pneumonia, coming six years after a stroke had left her paralyzed.[2] She was still infective on the day she died: an autopsy found evidence of live typhoid bacteria in her gallbladder. Her body was subsequently cremated and the ashes buried at Saint Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx.
Legacy
Part of the problems Mary created stemmed from her own vehement denial of the situation. She refused to see any connection between her working as a cook and people falling seriously ill, even though the scenario had happened repeatedly and doctors had pointed this out to her. Mallon maintained that she was healthy and had never had typhoid fever, and therefore could not be the culprit. Given Mallon's refusal to accept doctors' advice that she was a typhoid carrier, her refusal to do any work other than in a kitchen, the misery inflicted on her many victims, and the fact she got a job as hospital cook and infected 25 people after being given a second chance, it is not hard to see why she was viewed as a menace to society. It was clear to the public health authorities that if Mallon was not permanently quarantined, she would simply continue to do what she had done before i.e. move from one cooking job to another, causing typhoid outbreaks wherever she worked.
Today, Typhoid Mary is a generic term for a carrier of a dangerous disease who is a danger to the public because they refuse to take appropriate precautions.
Notes
- ^ Soper, George A. (1907-06-15). "The work of a chronic typhoid germ distributor". Journal of the American Medical Association. 48: 2019–2022.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Typhoid Mary". About.com. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
Further reading
- Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical, Anthony Bourdain, Bloomsbury, New York, 2001, hardcover, 148 pages, ISBN 1-58234-133-8
- Typhoid Mary, Captive to the Public's Health, Judith Walzer Leavitt, Beacon Press, Boston, 1996, hardcover, 331 pages, ISBN 0-8070-2102-4
- Fighting for Life, Sara Josephine Baker, Macmillan Press, New York 1939, ISBN 0-405-05945-0 (1974 ed), ISBN 0-88275-611-7 (1980 ed)
- The Ballad of Typhoid Mary, Jürg Federspiel [translated by Joel Agee], Ballantine Press, New York, 1985
- "Typhoid Mary". snopes.com. 2006-07-23.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - "Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary)". American journal of public health and the nation's health. 29 (1): 66–8. 1939. PMID 18014976.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - Aronson, S M (1995). "The civil rights of Mary Mallon". Rhode Island medicine. 78 (11): 311–2. PMID 8547719.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - Brooks, J (1996). "The sad and tragic life of Typhoid Mary". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne. 154 (6): 915–6. PMID 8634973.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=, and|laysummary=(help); Missing pipe in:|journal=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help) - Finkbeiner, Ann K. "Quite contrary: was "Typhoid Mary" Mallon a symbol of the threats to individual liberty or a necessary sacrifice to public health?". The Sciences. 36 (5): 38–43. PMID 11657398.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|laysource=,|laysummary=, and|month=(help); Unknown parameter|quotes=ignored (help)
External links
- "Dinner with Typhoid Mary," Long Island History
- A more detailed profile of Typhoid Mary
- PBS NOVA site: "The Most Dangerous Woman in America"
- www.snopes.com about Typhoid Mary
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