Margaret Sanger

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Margaret Sanger (1922)
Forced Motherhood (1929)

Margaret Higgins Sanger (born September 14, 1879 in Corning , New York ; died September 6, 1966 in Tucson , Arizona ) was an American nurse and suffragette . She was an activist in the movement for birth control and forced sterilization and founded in 1921 the American Birth Control League , from 1942, the organization Planned Parenthood (dt. Planned Parenthood ) and later the German Pro Familia emerged, in which she was a founding member.

In the USA she was and is a controversial personality who is celebrated on the one hand as a pioneer for the right of women to contraception , but on the other hand is seen as problematic not least because of her commitment to forced sterilization and eugenics.

biography

Margaret Louise Higgins was born in Corning, New York, in 1879, the sixth child of the strictly Catholic Anne Purcell Higgins and the atheist Irish stonemason Michael Hennessey Higgins. Her father was politically active and campaigned for labor reform and social justice. Her mother survived eighteen pregnancies (including eleven live births) before dying of tuberculosis and uterine cancer in 1899 . Funded by her two older sisters, Margaret attended Claverack College. In 1900 Margaret began training as a nurse at a White Plains hospital. On August 18, 1902, she married the young architect William Sanger (* 1873 in Berlin ; † 1961). Suffering from tuberculosis, she gave birth to her son Stuart - the first of three children (Grant * 1908; Margaret Louisa * 1910) - in November 1903. Due to her illness and the planned family, she dropped out of her third year education only a few months before graduation under pressure from her husband.

The first charges

In 1912 she moved with her family to New York City to where they in the slums of Manhattan worked as a nurse by made at the residence of pregnancy and childbirth. Through her work she saw a lot of the misery of the poor population, especially that of women. Because of these experiences and shaped by the memories of her mother, she wrote a column for the New York Call newspaper , in which she provided information on preventing unwanted pregnancies. By distributing a pamphlet (Family Limitation) to poor women on the same subject , she and William risked prison sentences for opposing the Comstock Law of 1873, which prohibited the distribution of contraceptive information and drugs on the grounds of indecency. In the first few months, however , their circulars were only censored by the Ministry of Post .

Margaret separated from her husband in 1913 in order to live out her idea of ​​sexual freedom. In 1914 she founded The Woman Rebel , a monthly newsletter advocating contraception and women's rights to their bodies. In these newsletters they coined the word " birth control " ( Engl. For birth control ). In August 1914, an arrest warrant was issued against her for the publication of “indecent content”, whereupon she fled to Europe via Canada under the pseudonym “Bertha Watson” before execution on board the RMS Virginian .

While she continued her education in London and discussed with well-known sexologists , she also had a few affairs. She also spent some time in the Netherlands , which at the time had the lowest child mortality rate in the world. In September 1915, William Sanger spent 30 days in prison for distributing copies of Family Limitation . Shortly thereafter - in October 1915 - Margaret returned to the United States prepared to face the indictment. The trial was scheduled for the following January when her daughter Peggy died of pneumonia on November 6, 1915, at the age of five . The public expressions of sympathy from across the country and the pressure of prominent supporters on the authorities had an effect. The charges were denied. The official reason was that the prosecution was two years old and Margaret Sanger had not made a habit of distributing illegal material.

Now a celebrity in the United States too, Margaret Sanger went on her first tour of the country in 1916, giving lectures on birth control in many places and to a wide variety of audiences. She made such trips again and again in the following years. By 1926 alone, she had received over a million letters from women asking for information about birth control.

The Brownsville Clinic

On October 16, 1916, Margaret Sanger opened the first US family planning and birth control clinic in Brownsville , Brooklyn, along with her younger sister Ethel Byrne and like-minded Fania Mindell . Nine days later the police raided and arrested the three women. Mindell was fined $ 50 for distributing What Every Woman Should Know . Margaret and her sister were sentenced to 30 days in prison for disseminating birth control information. While Ethel Byrne went on hunger strike , became the first woman in the United States to be force-fed and was pardoned by the governor after ten of the 30 days in prison , Margaret spent her sentence in a workhouse teaching the other inmates about birth control and teaching them the basics of reading and writing Taught to write. She appealed the verdict, but was not found to be right. However, in 1918 an appeals court allowed doctors to prescribe contraceptives.

The Town Hall incident

On November 10, 1921, she founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL) together with Lothrop Stoddard and CC Little , of which she became president. Birth control advocates were scheduled to meet at Manhattan Town Hall on November 13, 1921 . Margaret and her colleagues planned it as the culmination of the formation of the American Birth Control League . Prominent scientists, physicists, demographers and eugenicists , but also social workers and socialists, should discuss the global consequences of birth control. A friend of Margaret, Harold Cox , the English parliamentarian and newspaper editor ( Edinburgh Review ), was to present the keynote .

Shortly before the beginning of the meeting, police chief Thomas Donahue had the doors of the theater locked. Since there were still people in the building, the doors had to be opened again. The crowd waiting in front of the building took advantage of this moment and rushed inside. Margaret stood on the podium and spoke. The police chief then ordered her arrest. She and another activist, Mary Winsor, were arrested and carried away. They were taken to the police station where they were charged with disturbing the peace. Due to lack of evidence, they were released shortly afterwards.

The next day it was revealed that it was Patrick Joseph Hayes , the Archbishop of New York, who had initiated the raid. He had called the police chief and sent his secretary, Monsignor Joseph P. Dineen, to meet him face to face. There was great excitement about the incident in the New York press. The bishop received a lot of criticism. Prominent citizens of the city were upset by the violation of the right to free speech and signed a petition protesting the arrest. Margaret later wrote in her autobiography that this incident had been of great benefit to her movement in bringing her attention to the celebrities and wealthy.

From 1922

Margaret Sanger (center) with her son (right) and Katō Shizue (left) in Japan in 1922

In 1922 Margaret Sanger traveled to Japan for the first time to apply for birth control together with the Japanese suffragette Shizue Katō . On September 18, 1922, she married the widowed oil magnate James Noah Henry Slee (born September 12, 1861, † June 21, 1943 at the age of 81), who had immigrated from South Africa , which they initially kept from friends. It was not until February 1924 that newspapers released the secret and the public found out about the wedding.

In 1923, under the auspices of ABCL, she established the Clinical Research Bureau , the first legal birth control clinic in the United States. That same year she created the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control , which campaigned for the legalization of birth control at the federal level. She presided over him as president until his dissolution in 1937 because of the fulfillment of purpose.

In 1927, Sanger helped organize the first World Population Conference in Geneva . She resigned as President of ABCL in 1928 and became President of the Birth Control International Information Center two years later. In 1937, Sanger became chair of the Birth Control Council of America and began publishing The Birth Control Review and The Birth Control News .

The last few years

In October 1934 Sanger visited Arizona for the first time because her son Stuart preferred the dry desert climate because of a respiratory illness. Despite expressing distaste for the heat to friends, she moved to Tucson with her ailing husband in the fall of 1937 and also resigned from some of her duties and offices. From 1939 to 1942 she was therefore an honorary member of the Birth Control Federation of America .

In the years that followed, war and illness caused many of her friends to die, and her own health to deteriorate. After the death of her husband in 1943, she had a house built in Catalina Foothills . So she lived in the immediate vicinity of Stuart, his wife and his two daughters. She sold the 45 hectare Willowlake country estate in the New York community of Fishkill ( Dutchess County ), which she had received as a wedding present from Noah in 1923, and sold it in 1949. Although she appeared in public again at the end of the 1940s and therefore only little time on the Catalina - While she was there, her granddaughter Nancy Sanger Irvins remembers celebrations where she met many celebrities including Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit , John D. Rockefeller II , Frank Lloyd Wright and Eleanor Roosevelt .

From 1952 to 1959 Margaret was President of the International Planned Parenthood Federation , then the largest private family planning organization. In the early 1960s she promoted a new method of contraception, the birth control pill . She also toured Europe, Africa, and Asia, giving lectures and helping set up new maternity clinics.

1965 declared Supreme Court in the case of Griswold v. Connecticut 's ban on contraception is considered unconstitutional. This legalized birth control for married couples in the United States.

A few months later, on September 6, 1966, Margaret Sanger died at the age of 86 in a nursing home in Tucson, Arizona. She was buried at Fishkill Rural Cemetery in Fishkill between her second husband and sister Anna Higgins. On the tombstone is the wrong year of birth (1883) because she had made herself four years younger during her life.

Marriages

William Sanger

William Sanger was born in Berlin in 1873 as the son of a German mayor's daughter and a wealthy Australian sheep farmer. He chose the profession of architect and met Margaret through a doctor teaching her know, whose house he designed. The next morning he was waiting at her doorstep and wooed her for the next few months. The two married in August 1902 and had three children. The couple grew apart over the years. On October 16, 1913, the family traveled to Paris via Glasgow , where they stayed for a few weeks. On December 24, 1913, Margaret took her children and left William in Paris. This was followed by numerous letters from William in which he reproached her - jealous of their affairs. In December 1914 she asked him for the first time about the divorce, which only became final on October 14, 1921.

James Noah H. Slee

Her second husband, oil tycoon James Noah Henry Slee, was born in South Africa in 1861 . He had gotten rich as the founder and president of the three-in-one oil company. After meeting Margaret at a dinner party in the spring of 1921, he accompanied her on her travels. In August 1922 he divorced his first wife. Margaret married him on September 18, 1922 in front of a registrar in London. The marriage was initially kept secret. Even close friends sometimes only found out about it months later. Hugh de Selincourt , with whom she is believed to have had an affair, only congratulated her two months after the wedding. In February 1924, almost 18 months after the marriage, the public finally found out: Millionaire married Mrs. Sanger after world-wide chase and Birth control advocate was secret bride (Eng. "Birth control advocate was secret bride") were just two of the numerous headlines in the gossip press. Despite Margaret's many long absences due to her travels, the marriage lasted for 21 years until her husband's death in 1943.

Shortly after Slee's death, Margaret once again considered marrying the 20 years younger painter Hobson Pittmann (1899–1972).

Encounters

  • John Rompapas : In the summer of 1913 Margaret had an affair with the Greek anarchist John Rompapas who was the owner of Rabelais Press . Margaret's books What Every Mother Should Know and What Every Girl Should Know were published through this radical publishing house . Letters between the two indicate that Rompapas was considering a wedding with Margaret. Ultimately, however, this marriage did not materialize, and he wrote her love letters until 1915. William Sanger also knew about the affair and often reproached her for it in letters.
  • Havelock Ellis : Margaret first met Ellis around Christmas 1914, while she was living in exile. They quickly became close friends and, according to rumors, lovers too. For the next 25 years, the two maintained lively correspondence. She admired him very much ("Olympian", "King") and supported him financially after their second marriage. Just a few days after his death, on July 17, 1939, she and her friend, the presenter Dorothy Gordon, held a commemorative program for him on the radio on the program Let's Talk It Over , in which she very openly expressed her admiration for him. A few weeks later, she suffered a bitter disappointment when Ellis' autobiography My Life appeared, in which he treated his friendship with her only marginally. From then on she stopped worshiping heroes and never again defended him in public.
  • HG Wells had signed a petition to Woodrow Wilson as early as 1916 , in which he protested against Sanger's treatment. The first meeting did not take place until 1920 when Margaret and friends visited Wells' Essex manor. In her autobiography, Margaret was extremely impressed by this first encounter. An affair, regular visits and frequent correspondence until his death in 1946 were the result. In 1922 Wells published the novel The Secret Places of the Heart (Eng .: "Secret chambers of the heart"), the autobiographical character of which was only slightly veiled. He also wrote the foreword for Margaret's book The Pivot of Civilization . In the 1930s their relationship shifted away from the physical, correspondence became rarer and mostly concerned with professional issues. After a meeting in 1937, the letters became more frequent again. The main themes were the war and the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Eleanor Roosevelt : During the 1920s, Eleanor Roosevelt was an advocate for birth control. She had u. a. a seat on the committee of the influential Women's City Club , which supported Margaret in her work. In 1928 Roosevelt joined the board of directors of the American Birth Control League, which Margaret co-founded . Although she rarely actively participated, her name made the organization more respectable. However, when her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt , became president in 1934 and his administration refused to support birth control under the New Deal , Eleanor Roosevelt began to keep a low profile on that matter. Nevertheless, she had to take a lot of criticism from the Catholic side (e.g. Cardinal Spellman ) for her earlier open support. Starting in 1940, private meetings between the First Lady and Margaret took place several times , both at the White House and at Roosevelt's house in Hyde Park. In 1946 Margaret held a reception at her home on the occasion of Roosevelt's visit to Tucson.
  • Mahatma Gandhi : Margaret toured India for nine weeks in 1935/36 . She had already written to Gandhi in advance, who then invited her to his home, where she spent two days. During a discussion on December 3, 1935, she tried to convince him of her cause. Although he agreed to consider support for the rhythm method , he rejected the idea of ​​birth control through contraception because he viewed non-conceptional intercourse as an immoral pleasure. Instead, he advocated abstinence .

Act

prevention

Much of Sanger's advice and views were based on the state of the art at the time. In Family Limitations of 1917, for example, she recommended keeping a menstrual calendar , however, not to determine fertile or sterile days, but purely as a preparation for menstruation.

“There is currently an opinion among people that conception can only occur at certain times of the month. For example: ten days after your menstruation and four or five days before your next period. This is not to be relied on at all, as it has been proven time and time again that a woman can conceive at any time of the month. Don't let it depend on it, as there is no reliable basis for it. "

- Margaret Sanger in Family Limitations , p. 5.

While in the same chapter she cleared up some prejudices (women lying on the left cannot conceive) , she also recommended coitus interruptus as an absolutely safe method of contraception that should not be as dangerous for men as assumed.

“It is desirable to dispose of the condom after a single use. But since this is not always done, care must be taken to ensure that the condom is washed in an antiseptic solution before it is dried and stored for reuse. "

- Margaret Sanger in Family Limitations , p. 10.

In 1951 she met the biologist Gregory Pincus and supported his efforts to develop the birth control pill with large sums of money from the American Birth Control League.

abortion

While working as a nurse, Margaret Sanger was often confronted with the consequences of self-performed abortions. Their aversion to this stemmed mainly from their concern for the lives of mothers and less for that of unborn children. For her it was a burden and a responsibility of the woman.

“We explained to each group what contraception is; that abortion is the wrong way - no matter how early it is done, it takes life; that contraception is the better way, the safer way - it takes little time, a few inconveniences, but is worth the effort because life has not started yet. "

- Margaret Sanger in An Autobiography , p. 217.

For her, proper contraception was the only way to get rid of abortions. Therefore, in Family Limitations , she describes numerous methods of contraception, during and after intercourse.

“Nobody can doubt that there are times when abortion is acceptable, but it will be superfluous if you take care to prevent conception. That's the only cure for abortion. "

- Margaret Sanger in Family Limitations , p. 5, 1916.

Abortion was not legal in her lifetime.

Eugenics

In her struggle over birth control, Margaret Sanger considered many possible solutions. These included eugenics , which was on the advance at the time , an ideology whose aim was to improve human genetic makeup by preventing the reproduction of genetically “degenerate” people.

“We also know that from this terrible scourge of illness, 90% of the madness in this country is due to syphilis. Anyone who studies the basics will know that these people should use resources to keep them from having children. They really should not, with regard to themselves, their children, and their race, allow a child to be born while this disease is running amok in their system. The terrible consequence is madness. "

- Margaret Sanger in Debate on Birth Control , p. 17.

In A Plan For Peace she planned that "problem cases" such as beggars, criminals, prostitutes and drug addicts to strengthen and develop their way of life on farms and the like. Ä. and women with diseases that are problematic for pregnancy receive special advice on contraception.

"D. to apply a strict and inflexible policy of sterilization and segregation of those parts of the population whose descendants have been corrupted or whose genetic makeup is of such a nature that reprehensible traits may be passed on to the offspring. "

- Margaret Sanger in A Plan For Peace in The Birth Control Review , p. 106, 1932.

Margaret Sanger advocated the idea of ​​a "racial hygiene", whereby she meant the human race as a whole and not restricted to a certain ethnic group . In some of her letters it becomes clear that she did not support all the plans of the eugenicists and that she was appalled early on by the plans of the Nazis in Germany.

“All this news from Germany is sad and terrible, and for me much more dangerous than any other war that is taking place anywhere, because there are so many good people there who applaud the atrocities and see them as right. The sudden antagonism against the Jews in Germany and the biting hatred towards them that is spreading underground here is much more dangerous than the aggressive policy of the Japanese in Manchuria. "

- Margaret Sanger in a letter to the British suffragette Edith How-Martyn , 21 May 1933

For them, their birth control campaign didn't have the same values ​​as eugenics, just identical goals. She wanted to prevent children from families with “unfavorable” genes from being born into a disadvantaged life. She found “positive eugenics” in the sense of favoring the reproduction of healthy people through early marriage and supporting high numbers of children as impractical. For them, euthanasia was not a way of achieving their goals.

"We also do not believe that society should still send faulty offspring, which arose from irresponsible and unwise breeding, to death chambers."

- Margaret Sanger in Pivot of Civilization , Chapter 4.

She knew that it is very difficult to distinguish people who are suitable for reproduction from those who are unsuitable. Nevertheless, she was in favor of compulsory sterilization in obvious cases.

“In passing we should recognize the difficulties that the idea of ​​'fit' and 'unfit' represents. Who should decide this question? The blatant, the obvious, the indisputably moronic should in fact not only be discouraged but prevented from spreading their kind. "

- Margaret Sanger in Pivot of Civilization , Chapter 4.

In a television interview in 1957, when asked if you believe in something like sin, she answered:

“I believe the greatest sin in the world is giving birth to children with inherited diseases that have no chance of being practically human. Being a criminal and a prisoner are traits you are born with. That is the greatest sin that humans can commit. "

- Margaret Sanger in interview with Mike Wallace in 1957.

politics

Margaret Sanger's struggle to legalize birth control took place not only at an educational level, but also at a political level. She was in conflict with the law, and she and her first husband were repeatedly arrested and imprisoned as a result. She soon knew that it wasn't just general opinion that needed to be changed.

“For years I had believed that the solution to all of our problems could be found in clearly defined programs of political and legislative processes. At first I concentrated all my attention on this ... "

- Margaret Sanger in Pivot of Civilization. Chapter 1.

In the course of time she got to know the downside of politics. Her opinion of politicians in general was therefore disillusionment.

“You want to do great things; but a short time in office is enough to show the political idealist that he cannot achieve anything, that his reforms must be reduced in value and thrown in the dust so that, even if they do become law, they may not just no longer be are useful, but an inevitable evil. "

- Margaret Sanger in Pivot of Civilization. Chapter 1.

Critical consideration

Margaret Sanger was and is a controversial figure, mainly in the US. On the one hand, she was hailed as a leader of the movement for birth control and stylized as an icon. The Time magazine declared her one of the hundred most important people of the 20th century, Martin Luther King compared in a speech her work with his own fight.

It found its way into the visual arts of the 20th century. The feminist artist Judy Chicago dedicated one of the 39 place settings at the table to her in her work The Dinner Party .

On the other hand, American civil rights activists such as Angela Davis Sanger's statements lead to a reduction in the black population in order to show their shady ideas about population control and eugenics.

Margaret Sanger is still harshly criticized by anti-abortionists despite her aversion to abortion. Proponents of abortion, however, accuse opponents of attacking Sanger with quotes taken out of context.

Photo montages, which they show in the middle of Ku Klux Klan meetings, for example , are distributed on the Internet.

literature

By Margaret Sanger

Autobiographies

About birth control

The New Motherhood (1927)

Newsletters and brochures

  • Family Limitation (1914-1931)
  • Dutch Methods of Birth Control (1915)
  • English Methods of Birth Control (1915)
  • Magnetation Methods of Birth Control (1915)
  • The Woman Rebel (1914, 7 editions; 1976, Archives of Social History)
  • The Birth Control Review (1937; 1970, DeCapo Press)

About Margaret Sanger and her cause

  • Margaret Sanger, Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman: The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger (2002, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-02737-X )
  • Linda Gordon: The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America (2002, University of Illinois Press, 432 pages, ISBN 0-252-02764-7 )
  • Lois W. Banner : Women in modern America: A Brief History (1974, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 276 pages, ISBN 0-15-596193-4 )
  • Ronald and Gloria Moore: Margaret Sanger: A Bibliography, 1911–1984 (1986, Scarecrow Press)
  • Ellen Chesler: Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America. Simon & Schuster, 1992, ISBN 0-671-60088-5 .
  • Lawrence Lader: The Margaret Sanger Story and the Fight for Birth Control (1955, Garden City, 352 pages, ISBN 0-8371-7076-1 ; 1975, Greenwood Press, 348 pages, ISBN 0-8371-7076-1 )
  • Gloria Steinem : Time's 100 Most Important People of the Century: Margaret Sanger (1998, Time Magazine)
  • Emily Taft Douglas : Margaret Sanger: A Biography of the Champion of Birth Control (1979, Richard Marek Publishers)
  • Madeline Gray: Margaret Sanger: A Biography of the Champion of Birth Control (1979, Putnam Pub Group, 280 pages, ISBN 0-399-90019-5 )
  • David M. Kennedy: Birth Control in America: Career of Margaret Sanger (1970, Yale University Press, 340 pages, ISBN 0-300-01495-3 )
  • Robert G. Marshall, Charles A. Donovan: Blessed Are the Barren: The Social Policy of Planned Parenthood (1991, Ignatius Press, 375 pages, ISBN 0-89870-353-0 )
  • Angela Franks: Margaret Sanger's Eugenic Legacy: The Control Of Female Fertility (2005, McFarland & Company, 359 pages, ISBN 0-7864-2011-1 )
  • Peter Bagge : Woman Rebel. The Margaret Sanger Story (2013, Drawn & Quarterly, 104 pages, ISBN 1770461264 )
  • Jonathan Eig: The Birth of the Pill: How Four Pioneers Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution . New York: Norton, 2014

Web links

Commons : Margaret Sanger  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ “'Imbeciles' and 'Illiberal Reformers'”, in: New York Times, March 14, 2016.
  2. ↑ Amy M. Hay, Julia Woesthoff: Margaret Sanger , in: Volkmar Sigusch , Günter Grau (Hrsg.): Personenlexikon der Sexualforschung . Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2009 ISBN 978-3-593-39049-9 , pp. 609-612
  3. ↑ Margaret Sanger, Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman: The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger (2002, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-02737-X )
  4. ^ West's Encyclopedia of American Law. The Gale Group, Inc.
  5. ^ First woman in US given English dose . In: The Seattle Star , Jan. 27, 1917, p. 1. Retrieved November 16, 2014. 
  6. ↑ Mrs. Byrne pardoned; pledged to obey law; . In: New York Times , February 2, 1917. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014 Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved November 16, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / query.nytimes.com 
  7. ↑ Time Magazine - Birth Control's 21st
  8. ^ The Town Hall Raid
  9. ↑ The Arizona Years  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nyu.edu  
  10. ↑ Find A Grave
  11. ↑ a b Anniversary of a Second Marriage  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nyu.edu  
  12. ↑ Yeânnis Revisited  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nyu.edu  
  13. ↑ The King and I: Sanger Remembers Havelock Ellis  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (including the transcript of the tribute radio broadcast)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nyu.edu  
  14. ^ The Secret Places of the Heart at Project Gutenberg
  15. ^ The Passionate Friends: HG Wells and Margaret Sanger.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nyu.edu  
  16. ^ Henry R. Beasley, Maurine Hoffman Beasley, Holly Cowan Shulman: Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia. Pp. 61-62, 2000, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-30181-6 .
  17. ↑ Gandhi and Sanger Debate Love, Lust and Birth Control  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (including transcript of the discussion)@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nyu.edu  
  18. ↑ a b c d e Family Limitation
  19. ↑ einestages.spiegel.de
  20. ↑ To Autobiography , 1938
  21. ^ Debate on Birth Control
  22. ↑ A Plan For Peace ( Memento of the original from August 9, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in The Birth Control Review , 1932. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lrainc.com
  23. ↑ Margaret Sanger. The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda. In: The Birth Control Review , 1921, p. 5.
  24. ↑ a b c d The Pivot of Civilization in the Gutenberg project
  25. ↑ https://hrc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15878coll90/id/27/
  26. ↑ Time Magazine
  27. ↑ Martin Luther King's acceptance speech at the presentation of the Margaret Sanger Awards by the Planned Parenthood Federation
  28. ↑ Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party. Place Setting: Margaret Sanger. Brooklyn Museum, April 13, 2007, accessed April 23, 2014 .
  29. ↑ Birth Control or Race Control? Sanger and the Negro Project at www.nyu.edu
  30. ↑ The Demonization of Margaret Sanger  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nyu.edu  
  31. ↑ Shredded quotes from Diane S. Dew
  32. ↑ Example of a widespread forgery and the original image  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.realclearreligion.com
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on April 10, 2007 .
personal data
SURNAME Sanger, Margaret
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Higgins Sanger, Margaret; Slee, Margaret
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American nurse, feminist, and birth control activist
DATE OF BIRTH September 14, 1879
PLACE OF BIRTH Corning , New York , United States
DATE OF DEATH September 6, 1966
Place of death Tucson , Arizona , United States