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Placenames in the 17th century province of [[Bergen, New Netherland]] (in what is now northeastern [[New Jersey]]), in most cases had their roots in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Algonquian language]] [[Delaware languages|Lenape]]. At the time of European settlement it was the territory of the [[Raritan (Native Americans)|Raritan]], [[Tappan Zee|Tappan]], and [[Hackensack Indians]], who spoke the [[Unami]] dialect. The [[Munsee]] lived in its western and northern reaches; the [[Mahican]] to the northeast; the [[Metoac]] lived to the east. Both the Lenape and Dutch often gave names that were based in nature that was a description of geograpical/geological location, feature, quality, or phenonmena.
{{redirect|Cyrus}}
{{Infobox Monarch
| name =Cyrus II the Great
| title =King of [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]], King of [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]], King of [[Median Empire|Media]], King of [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Babylon]]
| image =[[Image:Olympic Park Cyrus.jpg|center|thumb|250px]]
| caption =
| religion =[[Zoroastrianism]]?
| reign =559 BC-529 BC
| coronation =[[Anshan]], [[Persis]]
| othertitles =
| full name =
| predecessor =[[Cambyses I of Anshan|Cambyses I]]
| successor =[[Cambyses II of Persia|Cambyses II]]
| consort =[[Cassadane]] of [[Persian Empire|Persia]]
| issue =[[Cambyses II of Persia|Cambyses II]] <br>[[Smerdis of Persia|Smerdis]] <br>[[Artystone]] <br>[[Atossa]] <br>Unamed unknown
| royal house =[[Achaemenid]]
| father =[[Cambyses I|Cambyses I of Persia]]
| mother =[[Mandane|Mandane of Media]]?
| date of birth =600 BC or 576 BC
| place of birth =[[Anshan]], [[Persis]]
| date of death =August?, 530 BC or 529 BC
| place of death =Along the [[Syr Darya]]
| place of burial =[[Pasargadae]]
}}
{{Campaignbox Wars of Cyrus the Great}}
'''Cyrus the Great''' ([[Old Persian language|Old Persian]]: 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghias Abadi|first=R. M.|title=Achaemenid Inscriptions lrm;|edition=2nd edition|publisher=Shiraz Navid Publications|year=2004|location=Tehran|isbn=964-358-015-6|pages=page 19|language=Persian}}</ref> ''Kūruš'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Ronald Grubb|others=translated into Persian by S. Oryan|title=Old Persian: Grammar, Text, Glossary|isbn=964-421-045-X|year=1384 [[Iranian calendar|AP]]|language=Persian|pages=page 393}}</ref> [[Persian language|modern Persian]]: کوروش بزرگ, ''Kurosh-e Buzurg'' or کوروش کبیر ''Kurosh-e Kabeer'' (c. 600 BC or 576 &mdash; August 530 BC or 529 BC), also known as '''Cyrus II of Persia''' and '''Cyrus the Elder''',<ref>Xenophon, ''Anabasis'' I. IX; see also M.A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II", in ''Encyclopaedia Iranica''.</ref> was a [[Persian people|Persian]] ''[[Shah|Shāhanshāh]]'' ([[Emperor]]). He was the founder of the [[Persian Empire]] under the [[Achaemenid dynasty]]. The empire expanded under his rule, eventually conquering most of [[Southwest Asia]] and much of [[Central Asia]], from [[Egypt]] and the [[Hellespont]] in the west to the [[Indus River]] in the east, to create the largest state the world had yet seen.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuhrt |first=Amélie |title=The Ancient Near East: C. 3000-330 BC |origyear=1995 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-4151-6762-0 |pages=pp. 647 |chapter=13 |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref>


Without a written language, the [[Lenape]] used oral communication sometimes augmented with configurations of sticks. It was the [[New Netherland]]ers who first used the [[Latin alphabet]] to write down the words they heard from them. These phonetic approxiamations were no doubt greatly influenced by Dutch, which was the [[lingua franca]] of the multilingual province. Some names still exist in their original or altered form. The current spelling (and presumably pronouciation) of each evolved during the last four centuries in American [[English language|English]]. In some cases it cannot be confirmed whether the name has its roots in the Lenape, the Dutch, or elsewhere as sources do not concur.
During his twenty nine to thirty year reign, Cyrus fought and conquered some of the greatest states of his time, including the [[Medes|Median Empire]], the [[Lydia|Lydian Empire]], and the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]]. Cyrus did not venture into [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], as he himself died in battle, fighting the [[Scythians]] along the [[Syr Darya]] in August 530 BC or 529BC.<ref name="date">Cyrus' date of death can be deduced from the last reference to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to [[12 August]] 530 BC) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August); see R.A. Parker and W.H. Dubberstein, ''Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. - A.D. 75'', 1971.)</ref> He was succeeded by his son, [[Cambyses II of Persia|Cambyses II]], who managed to conquer Egypt during his short rule.
[[Image:Peacock front02 - melbourne zoo.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Pavonia is the [[Latin]]ized form of Pauw, which means "peacock".]]


====''[[Bergen]]''====
Beyond his nation, Cyrus left a lasting legacy on Jewish [[religion]] (through his Edict of Restoration), [[human rights]], [[politics]], and [[military strategy]], as well as on both [[Eastern world|Eastern]] and [[Western culture|Western civilizations]].
==Background==
===Etymology===
The ancient [[historian]]s [[Ctesias]] and [[Plutarch]] noted that Cyrus was named from ''Kuros'', the [[sun]], a concept which has been interpreted as meaning "''like the sun''," by noting its relation to the Persian noun for sun, ''khor'', while using ''-vash'' as a suffix of likeness.<ref name="caiscyrus">; [[Plutarch]], ''Artaxerxes'' 1. 3 [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/artaxerx.html]; [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]], ''Epitome of [[Ctesias]]' Persica'' 52 [http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica3.html]</ref> However, some modern historians, such as [[Karl Hoffmann (German historian)|Karl Hoffmann]] and Rüdiger Schmitt of the [[Encyclopædia Iranica]], have suggested the translation "''humiliator of the enemy in verbal contest''."<ref>Schmitt, Rüdiger, ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. Cyrus; The Name, p. [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?Action=Serve&ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v6_articles/cyrus&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html&ReqStrPDFFile=3_v6_515.pdf.gz 515]&ndash;[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?Action=Serve&ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v6_articles/cyrus&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html&ReqStrPDFFile=3_v6_516.pdf.gz 516] (PDF).</ref>


There are various opinions as to the naming of ''Bergen''. Some say that it so called for [[Bergen op Zoom]] in the [[Netherlands]] or the city in [[Bergen|Norway]]<ref>http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~njhudson/genhistory_hudson_bergen_2.html.</ref> Others believe it comes from the word ''bergen'', which in the [[Germanic languages]] of northern Europe means hills,<ref>[http://www.jclandmarks.org/tour-bergensq.shtml Walking Tour of the Bergen Square<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and could describe a most distinct geological feature of the region, [[New Jersey Palisades|The Palisades]].<ref name=autogenerated5>[http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/indians.html Indigenous Population<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>Yet another interpretation is that it comes from the Dutch word ''bergen'', meaning ''to save'' or ''to recover'', inspired by the settlers return after they had fled attacks by the native population.
In [[Iran|modern Persia]], Cyrus is referred to as Kourosh-e Kabir, and, more recently, as '''Kourosh-e Bozorg''' &mdash; the Persian-derived name for Cyrus the Great. In the [[Bible]], he is known as simply ''Koresh'' ({{lang-he|כורש}}). He is also possibly mentioned in the Qur'an under the title "[[Dhul-Qarnayn]]" ذو القرنين, who conquered lands east and west.


====''[[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]]''====
===Dynastic history===
The first settlement by the Europeans took its name from a [[burgomeister|burgermeester]] of Amsterdam. Also an investor in [[Dutch West India Company]] (WIC), Micheal Pauw purchased land along the banks of the Hudson in 1630 in order to establish a [[patroonship]]. Pavonia is a [[Latinized]] version of his surname, based on the word for ''peacock'' During the [[Dutch Golden Age]], a period of economic, scientific and artistic growth, [[Latin]] was used in academia and among those fortunate enough to have learned it.
Similar to other culture-heroes and founders of great empires, [[folk]] traditions abound regarding his family background. According to [[Herodotus]], he was the grandson of the Median king [[Astyages]] and was brought up by humble herding folk. In another version, he was presented as the son of poor parents who worked in the Median court. These folk stories are however contradicted by his own testimony according to which he was preceded as king of Persia by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather.<ref>Amélie Kuhrt, ''The Ancient Near East: C.3000 - 330 BC'', Routledge Publishers, 1995, p.661, ISBN 0415167620</ref>


=[[Lenape language|Lenape]]=
[[Image:Relief cyrus-cropped level.jpg|thumb|A [[bas-relief]] found at Pasargadae shows a winged-figure thought to be Cyrus, depicted with four Assyrian wings, and wearing an Egyptian ''hemhem'' crown, and a Persian dress.]]


====''[[Jersey City, New Jersey|Communipaw]]''====
Out of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes, he was from the [[Pasargadae]] and was descended from one of its clans, the [[Achaemenidae]]. Before he united the Persians and Medes under a single empire, he was the ruler of Anshān, then a vassal kingdom of the Median Empire, in what is now part of [[Fars Province]] in southern [[Iran]]. In this area Cyrus would build [[Pasargadae]], his future capital city.
Site of summer encampament and counsel fire of the Hackensack, its meaning has been lost.
Spellings include ''Gamoenapa,''<ref>Ruttenber,E.M.,Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, ISBN 0-910746-98-2 (Hope Farm Press, 3rd ed, 2001) </ref>,''Gemonepan,''<ref>Joan F. Doherty, Hudson County The Left Bank, ISBN 0-89781-172-0 (Windsor Publications, Inc., 1986)</ref> ''Gemoenepaen,''<ref>Joan F. Doherty, Hudson County The Left Bank, ISBN 0-89781-172-0 (Windsor Publications, Inc., 1986)</ref>


Could possibiy be related to contemporary word ''gamuck'' meaning ''other side of the water'' or''otherside of the river''<ref>
The dynasty was supposedly founded by [[Achaemenes]] (c. 700 BC?), who was succeeded by his son [[Teispes of Anshan]].<ref>This is the traditional view, based on the [[Behistun Inscription]] and Herodotus. However, some scholars consider that Cyrus was unrelated with Achaemenes or [[Darius the Great]], calling Cyrus' family Teispid instead of Achaemenid; see M. Waters, "Cyrus and the Achaemenids", ''Iran'' 42, 2004 ([http://www.achemenet.com/ Achemenet.com] > ressources > sous presse), with previous bibliography.</ref> Inscriptions indicate that when the latter died, two of his sons shared the throne as [[Cyrus I of Anshan]] and [[Ariaramnes of Persia]]. They were succeeded by their respective sons, Cambyses I of Anshan and [[Arsames of Persia]]. However, the authenticity of these inscriptions has been called into question, thus blurring the history of Cyrus' predecessors.<ref>Shahbazi, A. Sh., ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. Arsama, p. [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?Action=Serve&ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v2_articles/arsama&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html&ReqStrPDFFile=3_v2_546.pdf.gz 546] (PDF).</ref>
The Lenape/English Dictionary http://www.gilwell.com/lenape </ref>
Some have suggested that it comes from ''Community of Pauw'', which likely is more a coincidence that a fact.


====''[[New Jersey Meadowlands|Hackensack]]''====
Cambyses is considered by [[Herodotus]] to be of nobility but not a king,<ref>M. Dandamaev, "[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v4f7/v4f7a012.html Cambyses I]". In spite of Herodotus' statements, Cambyses reign is attested in some Cyrus Babylonian inscriptions.</ref> and further notes his marriage to Princess Māndānā, who was the daughter of Princess [[Aryenis|Aryenis of Lydia]] (or of another wife according to [[Christian Settipani]]) and [[Astyages]], king of the Medes. From their union, Māndānā bore only one son, Cyrus II, better known today as Cyrus the Great, whom Cambyses named after the child's grandfather.
The [[New Jersey Meadowlands|meadowlands]], [[Hackensack River|river]] and [[Hackensack, New Jersey|city]] take it's name for the territory of the Indians,
variously translated as ''"place of stony ground"''<ref>http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/indians.html</ref> or ''place of sharp ground''<ref>http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749</ref>


From ''ahkingeesahkuy'' spellings include ''Achsinnigeu-haki<ref>http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/indians.html</ref>, Achinigeu-hach, Ack-kinkas-hacky, Achkinhenhcky, Ackingsah-sack, Ackinckeshacky<ref>http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749</ref>,
According to Ctesias, Cyrus the Great married a daughter of Astyages named Amytis, which seems unlikely, as his wife would also be his aunt. A possible explanation is that Astyages married again, and his second wife bore him this daughter.<ref>"It seems inevitable to assume that Astyages had another wife. [...] According to Ctesias of Cnidus, their son Cyrus married a daughter of Astyages. That would be his aunt, which is most unusual." [http://www.livius.org/as-at/astyages/astyages.htm]</ref> Cyrus' first wife, [[Cassandane]], is equally obscure. According to Herodotus and the Behistun Inscription, she bore Cyrus at least two sons, [[Cambyses II of Persia|Cambyses II]] and [[Smerdis of Persia|Smerdis]].<ref name="cyrus1">Jona Lendering, ''[http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus.html Cyrus]'' (Old Persian Kuruš; Hebrew Kores): founder of the Achaemenid empire. // Herodotus ''Historias'' 3. 2, 30; Behistun 1. 29-30. The Behistun Inscription just states that Cambyses and Smerdis were full brothers, but doesn't mentions Cassandane.</ref> Both sons later separately ruled Persia for a short period of time. Cyrus also had several daughters, of which two, [[Artystone]]<ref name="artystone">''[http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/artystone/artystone.html Artystone]'': Queen of Persia, married to Darius I the Great.</ref> and [[Atossa]], would marry [[Darius I of Persia|Darius the Great]]. The latter is significant, as she gave birth to [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes I]], Darius' successor.<ref name="atossa">''[http://www.livius.org/as-at/atossa/atossa.html Atossa]'': Daughter of the Persian king Cyrus the Great.</ref>
''Hackinsack''<ref>Ruttenber,E.M.,Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, ISBN 0-910746-98-2 (Hope Farm Press, 3rd ed, 2001)</ref>''


====''[[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]''====
===Early life===
''“Land of the tobacco pipe”,'' most likely to refer to the [[soapstone]] collected there to carve [[Smoking pipe (tobacco)|tobacco pipe]]s, used a phrase that became ''“Hopoghan Hackingh”.'' <ref>[http://www.hobokenmuseum.org/abridged_history.htm HM-hist "The Abridged History of Hoboken", Hoboken Museum, Accessed 24-Nov-2006.]</ref> Varients include: ''hoopookum'' and ''hupoken''<ref>http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749</ref>
Cyrus was born anywhere between 600 BC to 576 BC.<ref name="birthyear">Most sources give either [http://books.google.com/books?q=cyrus+born+600+BC] or [http://books.google.com/books?q=cyrus+born+576+BC] as Cyrus' birth year; a conclusive answer is not fully clear.</ref> Little is known of his early years, as the sources detailing that part of his life are few, and have been damaged or lost.


There is a Flemish town [[Hoboken, Antwerp|Hoboken]], annexed in 1983 to [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]],<ref>[http://members.home.nl/pushkar/oranje11.html#1626 Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 1600 - 1700<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> whose name is derived from Middle Dutch ''Hooghe Buechen'' or ''Hoge Beuken'', meaning ''High [[Beech]]es'' or ''Tall Beeches''.<ref>[http://www.netherlands-embassy.org/article.asp?articleref=AR00000382EN U.S. Towns and Cities with Dutch Names], Embassy of the Netherlands. Accessed [[November 24]], [[2006]].</ref>
Herodotus's story of Cyrus' early life belongs to a genre of legends in which abandoned children of [[nobility|noble birth]], such as [[Oedipus]] and [[Romulus and Remus]], return to claim their royal positions. His overlord was his own grandfather, [[Astyages]], ruler of the powerful Median kingdom.


''Hoebuck'', old Dutch for high bluff and likely referring to [[Landmarks of Hoboken, New Jersey|Castle Point]], was used during the colonial era and was spelled in English as ''Hobuck'',<ref>''Hoboken Reporter'' Jan 16, 2005</ref> ''Hobock'',<ref>http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl</ref> and ''Hoboocken''.<ref>http://files.usgwarchives.org/nj/statewide/history/colrec/vol21/v21-01.txt</ref>
After the birth of Cyrus, Astyages had a dream that his [[Magi]] interpreted as a sign that his grandson would eventually overthrow him. He then ordered his steward [[Harpagus]] to kill the infant. Harpagus, morally unable to kill a newborn, summoned a herdsman of the king named [[Mitradates]] and ordered him to dispose of the child. Luckily for the young boy, the herdsman took him in (when his own child was born dead) and raised him as his own.<ref name="harpagus">''[http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/harpagus/harpagus.html Harpagus]'': Median general, 'kingmaker' of the Persian king Cyrus the Great.</ref><ref>''Stories of the East From Herodotus'', [http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=church&book=storieseast&story=birth Chapter V: ''The Birth and Bringing Up of Cyrus''], p. 66&ndash;72. </ref>


''Hoboken'' was chosen by [[John Stevens (inventor)|Colonel John Stevens]] when he purchased land, on a part of which the city is located.
When Cyrus was ten years old, Herodotus claims that it was obvious that Cyrus was not a herdsman's son, stating that his behavior was too noble. Astyages interviewed the boy and noticed that they resembled each other. Astyages ordered Harpagus to explain what he had done with the baby, and after confessing that he had not killed the boy, the king tricked him into eating his own broiled and chopped son.<ref>''Stories of the East From Herodotus'', p. 79&ndash;80</ref> Astyages was more lenient with Cyrus, and allowed him to return to his biological parents, Cambyses and Mandane.<ref>''Stories of the East From Herodotus'', [http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=church&book=storieseast&story=overthroweth Chapter VI: ''Cyrus Overthroweth Astyages and Taketh the Kingdom to Himself''], p. 84. </ref> While Herodotus' description may be a legend, it does give insight into the figures surrounding Cyrus the Great's early life.
[[Image:Passaicwatershedmap.png|thumb|left|410 px|Many rivers in Northeastern NJ bear names with their roots in [[Lenape]]]]
====''[[Mahwah]]''====
''Mawewi'' meaning ''meeting place'' or ''place where paths meet''[7][8] or ''assembly''<ref>http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749</ref>


====''Pamrapo''====
==Rise and military campaigns==
Between [[Constable Hook]] and [[Communipaw]], alternatively ''Pembrepock''
===Median Empire===
[[Image:Median Empire.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The [[Medes|Median Empire]], [[Lydia|Lydian Empire]], and [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], prior to Cyrus the Great's conquests.]]


====''[[Paramus]]''====
{{See|Persian Revolt|Battle of Hyrba|Battle of the Median Border|Siege of Pasargadae Hill|Battle of Pasargadae}}
''land of the wild turkey'' or ''place of fertile soil''.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE1DC1E3EF936A25757C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=print If You're Thinking of Living In/Paramus; In Shopping Mecca, Houses Sell Well Too], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[April 15]], [[2001]].</ref>


====''[[Passaic, New Jersey|Passaic]]''====
After his father's death in 552 BC, and absence of the throne in 559 BC, Cyrus became king of Anshan. However, Cyrus was not yet an independent ruler. Like his predecessors, Cyrus had to recognize Mede overlordship. During Astyages' reign, the Median Empire may have ruled over the majority of the [[Ancient Near East]], from the [[Lydia]]n frontier in the west to the [[Parthia]]ns and Persians in the east.
''valley'' from ''pahsayèk'',<ref>[http://www.web-savvy.com/river/schuylkill/new_lenape.html Lenape Language / Pronunciation], accessed [[September 20]], [[2006]].</ref>
''pahsaayeek''<ref>http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749</ref> and ''pasayak''
Contemporary: ''Pachsa'jeek''<ref>http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749</ref>


====''[[Ramapo]]''====
In Herodotus' version, Harpagus, seeking vengeance, convinced Cyrus to rally the Persian people to revolt against their feudal lords, the Medes. However, it is likely that both Harpagus and Cyrus rebelled due to their dissatisfaction with Astyages' policies.<ref name="harpagus">''[http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/harpagus/harpagus.html Harpagus]'': Mede general, 'kingmaker' of the Persian king Cyrus the Great.</ref> From the start of the revolt in summer 553 BC or early 552 BC, then his first battles taking place in 552 BC, and with the help of Harpagus, Cyrus led his armies against the Medes until the capture of [[Ecbatana]] in 549 BC, effectively conquering the Median Empire.
''underneath the rock'', spellings: ''Ramapough'', ''Ramopock''


====''[[Secaucus, New Jersey|Secaucus]]''====
While Cyrus seems to have accepted the crown of Media, by 546 BC, he officially assumed the title ''King of Persia'' instead. Arsames, who had been the ruler of Persia under the Medes, therefore had to give up his throne. His son, [[Hystaspes]], who was also Cyrus' second cousin, was then made [[satrap]] of Parthia and [[Phrygia]]. Arsames would live to see his grandson become Darius the Great, [[Shahanshah]] of Persia, after the deaths of both of Cyrus' sons.
''Sukit'' meaning ''black'' and ''achgook'' meaning ''snake''<ref>Anthony, Rev A.S and Binton D.G. (editors) ''Lenape-English Dictionary'', 1988, (Historical Society of Penn)</ref>
Corresponds to [[Snake Hill]]. Spellings include ''Sikakes, Sickakus''.
Locally, pronouced "SEE-kaw-cus", with the accent on the first syllable, not the second as often used by non-natives.<ref>Page, Jeffrey. [http://www.northjersey.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk2MzYmZmdiZWw3Zjd2cWVlRUV5eTY3MDkxMjkmeXJpcnk3ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk5 "Our towns challenge our tongues"], ''[[The Record (Bergen County)]]'', [[June 17]], [[2005]]. Accessed [[June 19]], [[2007]]. "You can always tell newcomers to Secaucus. Because most words are pronounced with emphasis on the next-to-last syllable, they say they live in see-KAW-cus - although the ones who fear their friends might recall that Secaucus used to be pig-farming country might say they live in South Carlstadt, which doesn't exist. ''If I said 'see-KAW-cus' to someone local, they'd think I didn't know what I was talking about,'' said Dan McDonough, the municipal historian. ''Of course it's SEE-kaw-cus. Everybody knows that.''" </ref>


====''[[Sicomac]]''====
Cyrus' conquest of Media was merely the start of his wars. Astyages had been [[military alliance|allied]] with his brother-in-law [[Croesus]] of Lydia, (son of [[Alyattes II]]), [[Nabonidus]] of Babylon, and [[Amasis II]] of Egypt, who reportedly intended to join forces against Cyrus.


Contemorary meaning: ''black fish''<ref> The Lenape / English Dictionary http://www.gilwell.com/lenape </ref>Also, according to tradition, said to mean ''resting place for the departed'' or ''happy hunting ground'' because ''Sicomac'' (an area of [[Wyckoff]]), was the burial place of many Native Americans, including [[Oratam]], [[sakima]] of the [[Hackensack Indians]]<ref name=Thinking>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE0D91431F93AA25750C0A963958260 If You're Thinking of Living In/Wyckoff; Country Ambiance in Ramapo Foothills]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[March 19]], [[1995]].</ref>
===Lydian Empire and Asia Minor===
{{see|Battle of Pteria|Battle of Thymbra|Siege of Sardis}}
[[Image:Croesus.jpg|thumb|right|Croesus in ''Tribute of Croesus'' by [[Claude Vignon]], 1629.]]


====''[[Weehawken, New Jersey|Weehawken]]''====
The exact dates of the Lydian conquest are unknown, but it must have taken place between Cyrus' overthrow of the Mede kingdom (550 BC) and his conquest of Babylon (539 BC). It was common in the past to give 547 BC as the year of the conquest due to some interpretations of the [[Nabonidus Chronicle]], but this position is currently not much held.<ref>Rollinger, Robert, "[http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/souspresse/annonces/Rollinger-Iran.pdf The Median "Empire", the End of Urartu and Cyrus' the Great Campaign in 547 B.C.]"; Lendering, Jona, "[http://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/547.html The End of Lydia: 547?]".</ref> The Lydians first attacked the Achaemenid Empire's city of [[Pteria (Turkey)|Pteria]] in [[Cappadocia]]. Croesus laid siege to the city, and captured its inhabitants as slaves. Meanwhile, The Persians invited the citizens of [[Ionia]] who were part of the Lydian kingdom, to revolt against their ruler. The offer was rebuffed, and thus Cyrus levied an army and marched against the Lydians, increasing his numbers while passing through nations in his way. The [[Battle of Pteria]] was effectively a stalemate, with both sides suffering heavy casualties by nightfall. Croesus retreated to Sardis the following morning.<ref name="histories1">Herodotus, ''The Histories, [http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt Book I]'', 440 BC. Translated by George Rawlinson.</ref>
Variously been interpreted as or ''rocks that look like rows of trees'' (as in the Palisades, atop of which most of the town sits) or ''place of gulls''.<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w4/weehawken-i.htm ''Weehawken''], [[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]], accessed June 13, 2007. "A township in Hudson County, N.J., seven miles northeast of Jersy{{sic}} City. The name was originally an Algonquin Indian term and later changed by folk-usage to a pseudo-Dutch form. Its exact meaning is unclear, but variously translated as ''place of gulls,'' ''rocks that look like trees,'' ''maize land,'' ''at the end'' (of the Palisades) and ''field lying along the Hudson.''"</ref> In contemporary language the word "wikweko" means "at the end of", may have used that meaning to describe the end of the cliffs closest to the river or to the mouth of the stream that flowed from them. Spellings (in Dutch and English) have included: ''Awiehawken, Wiehacken, Weehauk, Weehawk, Weehock, Wiceaken'' and ''Wiehachan''.


=[[Dutch language|Dutch]]=
While in Sardis, Croesus sent out requests for his allies to send aid to Lydia. However, near the end of winter, before the allies could unite, Cyrus pushed the war into Lydian territory and besieged Croesus in his capital, [[Sardis]]. Shortly before the final [[Battle of Thymbra]] between the two rulers, Harpagus advised Cyrus to place his [[dromedary|dromedaries]] in front of his warriors; the Lydian horses, not used to the dromedaries' smell, would be very afraid. The strategy worked; the Lydian cavalry was routed. Cyrus defeated and captured Croesus. Cyrus occupied the capital at Sardis, conquering the Lydian kingdom in 546 BC.<ref name="histories1">Herodotus, ''The Histories, [http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt Book I]'', 440 BC. Translated by George Rawlinson.</ref> According to Herodotus, Cyrus spared Croesus' life and kept him as an advisor, but this account conflicts with some translations of the contemporary Nabonidus Chronicle, which interpret that the king of Lydia was slain.<ref name="croesus">''[http://www.livius.org/men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm Croesus]'': Fifth and last king of the Mermnad dynasty.</ref>
====''[[Achter Col]]''====
No longer in use, this described the area around [[Newark Bay]] and the rivers that flowed into it. ''Achter'', meaning behind, and ''kol'', meaning neck, can be translated as the ''back (of the) peninsula'',<ref>Online Nederlands Woordenboek (Online Dutch Dictionary)</ref> in this case [[Bergen Neck]].<ref name=autogenerated5 />
Variously spellings include ''Achter Kol'', ''Achter Kull'', ''Archer Col''


====''[[Arthur Kill]]''====
Before returning to the capital, a Lydian named Pactyes was entrusted by Cyrus to send Croesus' treasury to Persia. However, soon after Cyrus' departure, Pactyes hired mercenaries and caused an uprising in Sardis, revolting against the Persian [[satrap]] of Lydia, Tabalus. With recommendations from Croesus that he should turn the minds of the Lydian people to luxury, Cyrus sent [[Mazares]], one of his commanders, to subdue the insurrection, but demanded that Pactyas be returned alive. Upon Mazares' arrival, Pactyas fled to [[Ionia]], where he had hired mercenaries. Mazares marched his troops into the [[Greece|Greek]] country and captured the cities of [[Magnesia on the Maeander|Magnesia]] and [[Priene]], where Pactyas was captured and sent back to Persia for punishment.
[[Tide|Tidal]] [[strait]] separating [[Staten Island, New York|Staten Island]] from the mainland takes it name from the Middle [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''[[Kill (body of water)|kille]]'', meaning "riverbed" or "water channel". The name Arthur may have evolved from ''[[Achter Col]]'', the name given by [[New Netherland]]ers for area surrounding [[Newark Bay]] and rivers that flowed into it.


====''[[Constable Hook]]''====
Mazares continued the conquest of Asia Minor, but died of unknown causes during his campaign in Ionia. Cyrus sent Harpagus to complete Mazares' conquest of Asia Minor. Harpagus captured [[Lycia]], [[Cilicia]] and [[Phoenicia]], using the technique of building [[earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]] to breach the walls of besieged cities, a method unknown to the Greeks. He ended his conquest of the area in 542 BC, and returned to Persia.<ref name="harpagus">''[http://www.livius.org/ha-hd/harpagus/harpagus.html Harpagus]'': Median general, 'kingmaker' of the Persian king Cyrus the Great.</ref>
A land grant to Jacob Jacobsen Roy who was a chief gunner or constable in Fort Amsterdam in [[New Amsterdam]]in 1646, by the [[Dutch West India Company]], under the leadership of Director-General [[William Kieft]]. ''Konstapel's Hoeck'' in Dutch, takes its name from Roy's title.<ref>Joan F. Doherty, ''Hudson County The Left Bank'', ISBN 0-89781-172-0 (Windsor Publications, Inc., 1986)</ref>.
A ''hoek'' or ''hoeck'' in Dutch meaning a spit of land or small peninsula. [[Sandy Hook]] is similarly named.


====''[[New Jersey Meadowlands|Cromakill Creek]]''====
===Neo-Babylonian Empire===
A border between [[Secaucus]] and [[North Bergen]],likely from ''kromme kille'' meaning ''crooked creek''. Similar to evolution of
{{see|Battle of Opis}}
''[[Gramercy Park|Gramercy]]'', which is almost certainly a corruption of the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''krom mesje'', or ''little crooked knife,'' the name of a small brook that flowed along what is now 21st Street in [[Manhattan]].<ref name=NYMag>[http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/gramercy_park/ Gramercy Park profile], ''[[New York (magazine)]]''. Accessed [[September 30]], [[2007]]. "Originally called Crommessie (from Krom Mesje, Dutch for "crooked little knife"), Gramercy Park has been known as both a fashionable enclave and a haven for artists... The statue in the middle of the park depicts Edwin Booth (brother of Lincoln assassin John Wilkes), who was one of the foremost Shakespearean actors of his day. Booth's home at 16 Gramercy Park South—which boasted additions by another area resident, Stanford White—was eventually turned into The Players private theater club..."</ref>
{{see also|Siege of Kapisa}}
[[Image:Wpdms_terra_killvankull.jpg|frame|right|Kill Van Kull connects Newark Bay with Upper New York Bay]]
====''[[Dwars Kill]]''====
Alternatively ''Dwarskill'' or ''Dwarskill Creek'', a [[tributary]] of the [[Oradell Reservoir]] meaning ''cross creek''


====''[[Kill van Kull]]''====
[[Image:Persia-Cyrus2-World3.png|thumb|400px|right|Superimposed on modern borders, the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus' rule extended approximately from [[Turkey]], [[Israel]], and [[Armenia]] in the west to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and to the [[Indus River]] in the east. Persia became the largest empire the world had ever seen.]]
Separating [[Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne]] and [[Staten Island]]. A ''[[Kill (body of water)|kill]]'' comes from from the Middle [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''[[Kill (body of water)|kille]]'', meaning "riverbed" or "water channel." Likely evolved from ''[[Achter Col]]'', as in ''kille van the kol'', or ''channel of the neck''


====''[[Paulus Hook]]''====
In 539 BC, Cyrus captured [[Elam]] ([[Susiana]]) and its capital, [[Susa]]{{Fact|date=August 2008}}. Towards the end of September, Cyrus' armies, under the command of [[Gubaru]], the governor of [[Guti]]um, attacked [[Opis]] on the river [[Tigris]] and defeated the Babylonian army.
Originally mound of land surrounding by tidals flats, and called ''Arresick'' or ''Arresink'' by the Lenape, site of first Dutch settlement on west bank of [[Hudson River]] in 1630. It was part of [[Michael Reyniersz Pauw|Michael Pauw's]] attempted patroonship, named after his agent, who had built a hut/ferry landing there. A ''hoek'' or ''hoeck'' in Dutch meaning a spit of land or small peninsula. [[Sandy Hook]] is similarly named.
Spellings include ''Paul Hoeck, Powles Hoek, Powles Hook''


====''[[Lake Tappan|Tappan]]''====
On [[October 10]], the city of [[Sippar]] was seized without a battle, with little to no resistance from the populace. It is probable that Cyrus engaged in negotiations with the Babylonian generals to obtain a compromise on their part and therefore avoid an armed confrontation.<ref>Tolini, Gauthier, ''Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus'', Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s’engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l’armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l’affrontement armé." [http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2005.003-Tolini.pdf p. 10] (PDF)</ref> Nabonidus was staying in the city at the time, and soon fled to the capital, Babylon, which he had not visited in years.<ref>The Harran Stelae H2 - A, and the [[Nabonidus Chronicle]] (Seventeenth year) show that Nabonidus had been in Babylon before October 10, 539, because he had already returned from Harran and had participated in the Akitu of Nissanu 1 [April 4], 539 BCE).</ref>
The region radiating from [[Palisades Interstate Park]] and its inhabitants as named by New Netherlanders, who first spelled it as Tappaent and sometimes referred to [[Vriessendael, New Netherland|Vriessendael]] as ''Tappan''. Similar to [[Wappani]], derived from the Algonquian ''people of the east'' or ''easterners''. Contemporary: ''Wapaneu, easterly'' and ''Wapanke, to-morrow.''


== References ==
Two days later, on [[October 12]] (Julian calendar; [[October 7]] by the Gregorian calendar), Gubaru's troops entered Babylon, again without any resistance from the Babylonian armies. [[Herodotus]] explains that to accomplish this feat, the Persians diverted the [[Euphrates]] river into a canal so that the water level dropped "to the height of the middle of a man's thigh," which allowed the invading forces to march directly through the river bed to enter at night.<ref>Missler, Chuck, ''The Fall of Babylon Versus The Destruction of Babylon'', [http://www.pre-trib.org/pdf/Missler-TheFallofBabylonVers.pdf p. 2] (PDF)</ref> On [[October 29]], Cyrus himself entered the city of Babylon and detained Nabonidus.
{{Reflist|1}}


[[Category:Algonquian toponyms]]
Prior to Cyrus' invasion of Babylon, the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] had conquered many kingdoms. In addition to Babylonia itself, Cyrus incorporated its subnational entities into his Empire, including [[Syria]] and [[Judea]].

After taking Babylon, Cyrus proclaimed himself "king of Babylon, king of [[Sumer]] and [[Akkad]], king of the four quarters of the world" in the famous [[Cyrus cylinder]], an inscription deposited in the foundations of the [[Esagila]] temple dedicated to the chief Babylonian god Marduk. The text of the cylinder denounces Nabonidus as impious and portrays the victorious Cyrus as pleasing to Marduk. It goes on to describe how Cyrus had improved the lives of the citizens of Babylonia, repatriated displaced peoples and restored temples and cult sanctuaries. Although some have asserted that the cylinder represents a form of "human rights charter", historians generally portray it in the context of a long-standing Mesopotamian tradition of new rulers beginning their reigns with declarations of reforms.<ref name=BM-CC>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cyrus_cylinder.aspx British Museum Website,The Cyrus Cylinder]</ref>

According to the [[Behistun Inscription]] of Darius the Great, Cyrus' dominions must have comprised the largest empire the world had ever seen. At the end of Cyrus' rule, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] in the west to the [[Indus River]] in the east.

==Death==
The details of Cyrus' death can vary by account. The account of [[Herodotus]] from his ''Histories'' provides the second longest detail, in which Cyrus met his fate in a fierce battle with the [[Massagetae]], a tribe from the southern deserts of [[Khwarezm|Kharesm]] and [[Kyzyl Kum|Kizilhoum]] in the southernmost portion of the [[steppe]] regions of modern-day [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Uzbekistan]], following the advice of [[Croesus]] to attack them in their own territory.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/tomyris.html] "Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus: Queen Tomyris of the Massagetai and the Defeat of the Persians under Cyrus"</ref>The Massagetae were related to the [[Scythian]]s in their dress and mode of living; they fought on horseback and on foot. In order to acquire her realm, Cyrus first sent an offer of marriage to their ruler [[Tomyris]], a proposal she rejected. He then commenced his attempt to take Massagetae territory by force, beginning by building bridges and towered war boats along his side of the river [[Jaxartes]], or [[Syr Darya]], which separated them. Sending him a warning to cease his encroachment in which she stated she expected he would disregard anyway, Tomyris challenged him to meet her forces in honorable warfare, inviting him to a location in her country a day's march from the river, where their two armies would formally engage each other. He accepted her offer, but, learning that the Massagetae were unfamiliar with wine and its intoxicating effects, he set up and then left camp with plenty of it behind, taking his best soldiers with him and leaving the least capable ones. The general of Tomyris's army, which was also her son [[Spargapises]], and 1/3 of the Massagetian troops killed the group Cyrus had left there, and, finding the camp well-stocked with food and the wine, unwittingly drank themselves into inebriation, diminishing their capability to defend themselves when they were then overtaken by a surprise attack. They were successfully defeated, and although he was taken prisoner, Spargapises committed [[suicide]] once he regained sobriety. Upon learning of what had transpired, Tomyris denounced Cyrus' tactics as underhanded and swore vengeance, leading a second wave of troops into battle herself. Cyrus was ultimately killed and his forces suffered massive casualties in what Herodotus referred to as the fiercest battle of his career, and the ancient world. When it was over, Tomyris ordered the body of Cyrus brought to her, then decapitated him and dipped his head in a vessel of blood, in a symbolic gesture of revenge for his bloodlust and the death of her son.<ref>[http://www.physics.uc.edu/~sitko/women.html#Tomyris Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae, Defeats Cyrus the Great in Battle] Herodotus, ''The Histories''</ref><ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/tomyris.html Ancient History Sourcebook:
Herodotus:
Queen Tomyris of the Massagetae and the Defeat of the Persians under Cyrus]</ref> However, some scholars question this version, mostly when Herodotus admits this event was one of many versions of Cyrus' death that he heard from a supposedly reliable source which told no was there to see the aftermath. Nevertheless, others suggest the Persian troops may have later recovered the body after it was crucified which was after his beheading, or that Tomyris beheaded a man other than Cyrus, or Cyrus's double.

[[Ctesias]], in his ''Persica'', has the longest account which says Cyrus met his death while putting down resistance from the [[Derbices]] infantry, aided by other [[Scythian]] archers and cavalry, plus [[Indian]]s and their elephants. According to him, this event took place north-east of the headwaters of the Syr Darya.

An alternative account from [[Xenophon]]'s ''Cyropaedia'' contradicts the others, claiming that Cyrus died peaceably at his capital..<ref>Xenophon, ''Cyropaedia'' VII. 7; M.A. Dandamaev, "Cyrus II", in ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', p. 250. See also H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg "[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v6f5/v6f5a023.html Cyropaedia]", in ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', on the reliability of Xenophon's account.</ref>

The final version of Cyrus's death comes from [[Berossus]], who only reports Cyrus met his death while warring against the [[Dahae]] archers north-west of the headwaters of the Syr Darya.

===Tomb===
[[Image:Pasargades cyrus cropped.jpg|thumb|196px|Cyrus' [[tomb]] lies in the [[Pasargadae]] of [[Iran]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] (2006).]]
Cyrus' remains were supposedly interred in the city of [[Pasargadae]], where today a tomb still exists which many believe to be his. Both [[Strabo]] and [[Arrian]] give nearly equal descriptions of the tomb, based on the eyewitness report of [[Aristobulus of Cassandreia]], who at the instigation of Alexander the Great visited the tomb two times.<ref>Strabo, ''[[Geographica]]'' 15.3.7; Arrian, ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]'' 6.29</ref> Though the city itself is now in ruins, the burial place of Cyrus the Great has remained largely intact; and the tomb has been partially restored to counter its natural deterioration over the years. According to [[Plutarch]], his epitaph said,

{{cquote|O man, whoever you are and wherever you come from, for I know you will come, I am Cyrus who won the Persians their empire. Do not therefore grudge me this little earth that covers my body.<ref>''Life of Alexander'', 69, in ''Plutarch: The Age of Alexander'', translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (Penguin Classics, 1973), p.326.; similar inscriptions give Arrian and Strabo.</ref>}}

Cuneiform evidence from Babylon proves that Cyrus died in August 530 BC,<ref name="date">Cyrus' date of death can be deduced from the last reference to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to 12 Augustus 530) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August); see R.A. Parker and W.H. Dubberstein, ''Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. - A.D. 75'', 1971.</ref> and that his son [[Cambyses II of Persia|Cambyses II]] had become king. His younger son, Smerdis, died before Cambyses left to invade the eastern front. From Herodotus' account, Cambyses killed his brother to avoid a rebellion in his absence. Cambyses continued his father's policy of expansion, and managed to capture [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] for the Empire, but soon died after only seven years of rule. An imposter named [[Gaumata]], claiming to be Smerdis, became the sole ruler of Persia for seven months, until he was killed by [[Darius I of Persia|Darius the Great]].

Cyrus was praised in the Tanach ({{Bibleverse||Isaiah|45:1-6|31}}), though he was also criticized for believing the false report of the Cuthites, who wanted to halt the building of the Second Temple. They accused the Jews of conspiring to rebel, so Cyrus in turn stopped the construction of the temple, which would not be completed until 516 BCE, during the reign of Darius the Great, the grandson of Queen Esther.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Cyrus II le Grand et les Hébreux.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cyrus the Great allowed the [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] [[Babylonian captivity|exiles]] to resettle and rebuild [[Jerusalem]], earning him an honored place in Judaism.]]

Cyrus was distinguished equally as a [[statesman]] and as a soldier. By pursuing a policy of generosity instead of repression, and by favoring local religions, he was able to make his newly conquered subjects into enthusiastic supporters.<ref>[[Philip Schaff|Schaff, Philip]], The New [[Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge]], Vol. III, [http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc03/htm/ii.11.xix.htm Cyrus the Great]</ref> Due in part to the political infrastructure he created, the Achaemenid empire endured long after his demise.

The rise of Persia under Cyrus's rule had a profound impact on the course of world history. [[Iranian philosophy|Persian philosophy]], [[Persian literature|literature]] and [[Iranic religions|religion]] all played dominant roles in world events for the next millennia. Despite the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]] in the 7th century CE by the [[Caliphate|Islamic Caliphate]] ([[Arab Empire]]), Persia continued to exercise enormous influence in the Middle East during the [[Islamic Golden Age]], and was particularly instrumental in the growth and expansion of [[Islam]].

Many of the dynasties that followed the Achaemenids ([[Seleucid]], [[Sassanid]], [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi]]) have claimed to continue the line begun by Cyrus. [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]] celebrated the [[2,500 year celebration of Iran's monarchy|2500<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the Iranian monarchy]] in 1971, though it would be [[Iranian Revolution|toppled]] a mere eight years later. Even today many consider him the equal if not the greater than [[Alexander the Great]] in his accomplishment.

According to Professor Richard Frye<ref> "Cyrus II." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 28 July 2008 <http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-1685>.</ref>:

{{cquote|
It is a testimony to the capability of the founder of the Achaemenian empire that it continued to expand after his death and lasted for more than two centuries. But Cyrus was not only a great conqueror and administrator; he held a place in the minds of the Persian people similar to that of Romulus and Remus in Rome or Moses for the Israelites. His saga follows in many details the stories of hero and conquerors from elsewhere in the ancient world. The manner in which the baby Cyrus was given to a shepherd to raise is reminiscent of Moses in the bulrushes in Egypt, and the overthrow of his tyrannical grandfather has echoes in other myths and legends. There is no doubt that the Cyrus saga arose early among the Persians and was known to the Greeks. The sentiments of esteem or even awe in which Persians held him were transmitted to the Greeks, and it was no accident that Xenophon chose Cyrus to be the model of a ruler for the lessons he wished to impart to his fellow Greeks.

In short, the figure of Cyrus has survived throughout history as more than a great man who founded an empire. He became the epitome of the great qualities expected of a ruler in antiquity, and he assumed heroic features as a conqueror who was tolerant and magnanimous as well as brave and daring. His personality as seen by the Greeks influenced them and Alexander the Great, and, as the tradition was transmitted by the Romans, may be considered to influence our thinking even now. In the year 1971, Iran celebrated the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the monarchy by Cyrus.}}

===Religion===
{{main|Cyrus in the Judeo-Christian tradition|Cyrus the Great in the Qur'an}}
The only known example of his religious policy is his treatment of the [[Jew]]s in Babylon. The Bible records that a remnant of the Jewish population returned to the [[Land of Israel|Promised Land]] from Babylon, following an edict from Cyrus to rebuild the temple. This edict is fully reproduced in the [[Book of Ezra]]. As a result of Cyrus' policies, the Jews honored him as a dignified and righteous king. He is the only [[Gentile]] to be designated as a [[messiah]], a divinely-appointed king, in the [[Tanakh]] ([[Isaiah]] 45:1-6). However, at the time, there was also Jewish criticism of him after he was lied to by the [[Cuthites]], who wanted to halt the building of the [[Second Temple]]. They accused the Jews of conspiring to rebel, so Cyrus in turn stopped the construction of the temple, which would not be completed until 516 BC, during the reign of Darius the Great.<ref>{{cite book | last=Goldwurm | first=Hersh | year=1982 | title=History of the Jewish People: The Second Temple Era | publisher=[[ArtScroll]] | isbn=0-8990-6454-X | pages=pp. 26 }}</ref>

Some contemporary Muslim scholars have suggested that the [[Qur'an]]ic figure of [[Dhul-Qarnayn]] is Cyrus the Great. This theory was proposed by [[Sunni]] scholar [[Abul Kalam Azad]] and endorsed by [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'a]] scholars [[Allameh Tabatabaei]], in his ''[[Tafsir al-Mizan]]'' and [[Makarem Shirazi]] and [[Sunni]] scholar [[Abul Ala Maududi]].<ref>[http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Dhul-Qarnayn/id/1951115 Dhul-Qarnayn: Encyclopedia - Dhul-Qarnayn]</ref>

===Politics and philosophy===
During his reign, Cyrus maintained control over a vast region of conquered kingdoms, achieved partly through retaining and expanding Median [[satrap]]ies. Further organization of newly conquered territories into provinces ruled by [[vassal]] kings called ''satraps'', was continued by Cyrus' successor [[Darius I of Persia|Darius the Great]]. Cyrus' empire demanded only [[tribute]] and [[conscription|conscripts]] from many parts of the realm.

Cyrus' conquests began a new era in the age of empire building, where a vast [[superstate]], comprising many dozens of countries, races, religions, and languages, were ruled under a single administration headed by a central government. This system lasted for centuries, and was retained both by the invading [[Seleucid dynasty]] during their control of Persia, and later Iranian dynasties including the Persian [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] and [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanids]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Wilcox| first = Peter| coauthors = MacBride, Angus| title = Rome's Enemies: Parthians And Sassanid Persians| publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]]| year = 1986| id = ISBN 0850456886| pages = pp. 14 }}</ref>

In 1992, he was ranked #87 on [[Michael H. Hart]]'s [[The 100|list of the most influential figures in history]]. On [[December 10]], [[2003]], in her acceptance of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], [[Shirin Ebadi]] evoked Cyrus, saying:

{{cquote|I am an Iranian, a descendant of Cyrus the Great. This emperor proclaimed at the pinnacle of power 2,500 years ago that he 'would not reign over the people if they did not wish it.' He promised not to force any person to change his religion and faith and guaranteed freedom for all. The Charter of Cyrus the Great should be studied in the history of human rights.<ref> Nobel acceptance speech by Shirin Ebadi, "[http://www.nobel.no/eng_lect_2003b.html All Human Beings Are To Uphold Justice]" (translated); accessed 24 August 2006. (The quote is not authentic.)</ref>}}

Cyrus' legacy has been felt even as far away as [[Iceland]]<ref>''Jakob Jonson'': "Cyrus the Great in Icelandic epic: A literary study". [[Acta Iranica]]. 1974: 49-50</ref> and colonial [[United States|America]]. Many of the forefathers of the United States of America sought inspiration from Cyrus the Great through works such as [[Cyropaedia]]. [[Thomas Jefferson]], for example, had two personal copies of the book, "which was a mandatory read for statesmen alongside [[Machiavelli]]'s ''The Prince''."<ref>Interview with [[Cliff Rogers]], [[United States Military Academy]] Link: [http://www.spentaproductions.com/Cyrus-the-Great-English/cyruspreview_english.htm]</ref>

====Cyrus cylinder====
{{main|Cyrus cylinder}}
{{Unbalanced-section}}
[[Image:Cyrus cilinder.jpg|right|thumb|240px|The Cyrus cylinder, a contemporary [[cuneiform script|cuneiform]] document proclaiming Cyrus as legitimate king of Babylon.]]
[[Image:Tharoor and Cyrus Cylinder.jpg|thumb|250px|right|United Nations Under-Secretary General [[Shashi Tharoor]] with replica of the ''Cyrus Cylinder'' at UN headquarters, [[New York]]]]
One of the few surviving sources of information that can be dated directly to Cyrus's time is the [[Cyrus cylinder]], a document issued by Cyrus the Great in the form of a clay cylinder inscribed in [[Babylonian language|Babylonian]] [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]]. The cylinder was created following the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BC. The text of the cylinder denounces Nabonidus as impious and portrays the victorious Cyrus as pleasing to the chief god [[Marduk]]. It goes on to describe how Cyrus had improved the lives of the citizens of Babylonia, repatriated displaced peoples and restored temples and cult sanctuaries.

The cylinder had been placed under the walls of Babylon as a [[foundation deposit]]. It was discovered in 1879 by the [[Assyrians|Assyro]]-[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] archaeologist [[Hormuzd Rassam]] in the foundations of the [[Esagila]] (i.e., the Marduk temple of Babylon) and is kept today in the [[British Museum]] in [[London]]. There have been reports of attempts by the directors of the British Museum and the [[National Museum of Iran]] in [[Tehran]] to arrange a loan of the Cyrus Cylinder to be temporarily displayed in the National Museum of Iran for a special exhibition.<ref>Cultural Heritage News Agency, ''Cyrus Cylinder to be returned to Iran'', Tehran, June 25, 2008, [http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=7423].</ref>

According to the British Museum, the cylinder "reflects a long tradition in Mesopotamia where, from as early as the third millennium BC, kings began their reigns with declarations of reforms." <ref name=BM-CC>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cyrus_cylinder.aspx British Museum Website,The Cyrus Cylinder]</ref> It is composed in a form that matched long-standing Babylonian styles and themes. The cylinder is seen as an example of Cyrus seeking the loyalty of his new Babylonian subjects by stressing his legitimacy as king, and showing his respect for the religious and political traditions of Babylonia. It has been regarded for over a century as an instrument of ancient Mesopotamian propaganda.<ref name="BM-Cyrus">British Museum explanatory notes, "Cyrus Cylinder": "For almost 100 years the cylinder was regarded as ancient Mesopotamian propaganda. This changed in 1971 when the Shah of Iran used it as a central image in his own propaganda celebrating 2500 years of Iranian monarchy. In Iran, the cylinder has appeared on coins, banknotes and stamps. Despite being a Babylonian document it has become part of Iran's cultural identity."</ref><ref>See also Amélie Kuhrt, "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in ''The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV - Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean'', p. 124. Ed. John Boardman. Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN 0521228042</ref> In the early 1970s, the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]] adopted it as a symbol of his reign and celebrating 2,500 years of Iranian monarchy, asserting that it was "the first human rights charter in history",<ref name="BM-Cyrus" /><ref name="MacGregor">Neil MacGregor, "The whole world in our hands", in ''Art and Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy, and Practice'', p. 383-4, ed. Barbara T. Hoffman. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0521857643</ref><ref name="Farrokh">Kaveh Farrokh, ''Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War'', p. 44. Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1846031087</ref> an interpretation which is also advocated by some, <ref>Arthur Henry Robertson, J. G. Merrills, ''Human Rights in the World: An Introduction to the Study of the International Protection of Human Rights'', p.7. Manchester
University Press, 1996. ISBN 0719049237</ref> although criticized by others as "anachronistic and erroneous". <ref name="Mitchell">See e.g. T.C. Mitchell, ''Biblical Archaeology: Documents from the British Museum'', p. 82. Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0521368677</ref> The cylinder has also attracted attention in the context of the repatriation of the [[Jews]] to [[Jerusalem]] following their [[Babylonian captivity]]<ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cyrus_cylinder.aspx British Museum Website,The Cyrus Cylinder: "Although the Jews are not mentioned in this document, their return to Palestine following their deportation by Nebuchadnezzar II, was part of this policy."</ref>; it has generally been viewed as corroboration of the [[Biblical]] account in the [[Book of Ezra]] (see: ''Ezra'' 1.1-6, 6.1-5; ''Isaiah'' 44.23-45.8; ''2 Chronicles'' 36.22-23), though the extent to which this is the case remains unclear.

=== Family tree ===
{{Cyrus-tree}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Achaemenid dynasty]]||c. 590 BC or 576 BC||529 BC}}
{{s-bef|rows=`|before=[[Cambyses I of Anshan|Cambyses I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]]|years=559 BC&ndash;529 BC}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Cambyses II of Persia|Cambyses II]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Astyages]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of kings of Persia|King of Media]]|years=550 BC&ndash;529 BC}}
{{end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
<div class="references-small">
'''Ancient sources'''
<!--'''Babylonian Sources'''-->
*The [[Nabonidus Chronicle]] of the [[Babylonian Chronicles]]
*The [[Cyrus Cylinder]]
<!--'''Greek Sources'''-->
*[[Herodotus]] (''[[Histories (Herodotus)|The Histories]]'')
*[[Ctesias]] (''Persica'')
<!--'''Hebrew Sources'''-->
*The biblical books of ''[[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]]'', ''[[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]'', ''[[Book of Ezra|Ezra]]'' and ''[[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]]''
*[[Flavius Josephus]] (''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'')
*''The Prayer of Nabonidus'' (one of the [[Dead Sea scrolls]])
*Herodotus; Church, Alfred J., ''Stories of the East From Herodotus'' (1891). ISBN 0-7661-8928-7
*[[Xenophon]] (''[[Cyropaedia]]'')
*[http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/index.html Justin, ''Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus''] {{en icon}}
*[[Diodorus Siculus]] (''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'')
*Fragments of [[Nicolaus of Damascus]]
*[[Athenaeus]] (''[[Deipnosophistae]]'')
*[[Strabo]] (''[[History]]'')

'''Modern sources'''
*Moorey, P.R.S., ''The Biblical Lands'', VI. Peter Bedrick Books, New York (1991). ISBN 0-87226-247-2
*Frye, Richard N., ''The Heritage of Persia''. Weidenfeld and Nicolson (1962), 40, 43-4, 46-7, 70, 75, 78-90, 93, 104, 108, 122, 127, 206-7. ISBN 1-56859-008-3
*Olmstead, A. T., ''History of the Persian Empire [Achaemenid Period]''. University of Chicago Press (1948). ISBN 0-226-62777-2
*Palou, Christine; Palou, Jean, ''La Perse Antique''. Presses Universitaires de France (1962).
* ''[[:fr:Référence:Nos ancêtres de l'Antiquité (Christian Settipani)|Nos ancêtres de l'Antiquité]]'', 1991, [[Christian Settipani]], p. 146, 152 and 157

</div>

==External links==
{{commonscat|Cyrus the Great}}
* [http://www.farsmovie.com/eng/index.htm Iran, The Forgotten Glory - Documentary Film About Ancient Persia (Achaemenids & Sassanids)]
* A short sample of the documentary film ''In Search of Cyrus the Great'', directed by Cyrus Kar, in production, hosted by [http://www.savepasargad.com/audio-visual2/Kurosh-Englisg.htm International Committee to Save the Archaeological Sites of Pasargadae] (9 min 58 sec).
* Xenophon, ''Cyropaedia: the education of Cyrus'', translated by Henry Graham Dakyns and revised by F.M. Stawell, [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2085 Project Gutenberg].
'''Iran Chamber Society'''
*[http://www.iranchamber.com/history/cyrus/cyrus.php Historic Personalities - Cyrus the Great]
*[http://www.iranchamber.com/history/xenophon/cyropaedia_xenophon_book1.php Cyropaedia of Xenophon]
'''Other'''
*[http://www.persiandna.com/his_cyrus.htm PersianDNA] Cyrus The Great - Persian Empire & The Greatest King of the History
*[http://www.irantooth.com/iranpics/cyrus_the_great.htm Pictures of Tomb of Cyrus the Great]
*[http://www.kingscalendar.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=viewnews&id=141 Seder Olam Rabbah, Part 2 &ndash; Solomon's Temple, and Zerrubabel]
*[http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus_cylinder.html Cyrus Cylinder] Full Babylonian text of the Cyrus Cylinder as it was known in 2001; translation; brief introduction
*[http://www.ghiasabadi.com/manshur.html Cylinder of Cyrus, Persian text منشور کوروش هخامنشی]
*[http://www.understanding-islam.com/rq/q-028.htm Who Was Zulqarnain?]
*[http://www.cyrusgreat.com Cyrus The Great]
<!-- Metadata (see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]) -->
* [http://www.savepasargad.com/european_languages.htm International Committee to Save the Archaeological Sites of Pasargadae].
* [http://www.persiandna.com/images/tomb.jpg Images of Cyrus the Great's tomb]
* ''Cyrus Cylinder to be returned to Iran'', Cultural Heritage News Agency, [[Tehran]], June 25, 2008, [http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=2&id=7423].

<br />
{{List of Kings were named the Great of the World}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Cyrus the Great
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Cyrus II of Persia; Cyrus the Elder; Kourosh
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Achaemenid Shah of Persia
|DATE OF BIRTH=576 or 590 BC
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]], [[Persian Empire]]
|DATE OF DEATH=July 529 BC
|PLACE OF DEATH=Along the [[Syr Darya]]
}}
[[Category:6th century BC births]]
[[Category:529 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Achaemenid kings]]
[[Category:Zoroastrian Dynasties & Rulers]]

{{Link FA|de}}
[[ar:كورش الكبير]]
[[az:II Kir]]
[[br:Kirus II]]
[[bg:Кир II (Персия)]]
[[ca:Cir II el Gran]]
[[cv:II-мĕш Кир]]
[[ceb:Ciro ang Bantogan]]
[[cs:Kýros II.]]
[[cy:Cyrus Fawr]]
[[da:Kyros 2.]]
[[de:Kyros II.]]
[[el:Κύρος]]
[[es:Ciro II el Grande]]
[[eo:Kiro la 2-a (Persio)]]
[[fa:کوروش بزرگ]]
[[fr:Cyrus II]]
[[gl:Ciro II]]
[[ko:키루스 2세]]
[[hr:Kir Veliki]]
[[id:Kores Agung]]
[[it:Ciro II di Persia]]
[[he:כורש]]
[[ka:კირუშ დიდი]]
[[ku:Kûruşê Mezin]]
[[la:Cyrus II (rex Persarum)]]
[[lt:Kyras Didysis]]
[[hu:Nagy Kürosz]]
[[mr:सायरस द ग्रेट]]
[[ms:Kurusy Agung]]
[[nl:Cyrus II]]
[[ja:大キュロス]]
[[no:Kyros den store]]
[[pl:Cyrus II Wielki]]
[[pt:Ciro II da Pérsia]]
[[ro:Cyrus al II-lea cel Mare]]
[[ru:Кир II Великий]]
[[simple:Cyrus the Great]]
[[sk:Kýros II.]]
[[sl:Kir II.]]
[[sr:Кир Велики]]
[[sh:Kir Veliki]]
[[fi:Kyyros II Suuri]]
[[sv:Kyros II]]
[[tl:Cyrus ang Dakila]]
[[th:พระเจ้าไซรัสมหาราช]]
[[vi:Cyrus Đại đế]]
[[tg:Куруши кабир]]
[[tr:Büyük Kiros]]
[[uk:Кир Великий]]
[[yi:כורש]]
[[zh:居鲁士二世]]

Revision as of 10:39, 13 October 2008

Placenames in the 17th century province of Bergen, New Netherland (in what is now northeastern New Jersey), in most cases had their roots in Dutch and Algonquian language Lenape. At the time of European settlement it was the territory of the Raritan, Tappan, and Hackensack Indians, who spoke the Unami dialect. The Munsee lived in its western and northern reaches; the Mahican to the northeast; the Metoac lived to the east. Both the Lenape and Dutch often gave names that were based in nature that was a description of geograpical/geological location, feature, quality, or phenonmena.

Without a written language, the Lenape used oral communication sometimes augmented with configurations of sticks. It was the New Netherlanders who first used the Latin alphabet to write down the words they heard from them. These phonetic approxiamations were no doubt greatly influenced by Dutch, which was the lingua franca of the multilingual province. Some names still exist in their original or altered form. The current spelling (and presumably pronouciation) of each evolved during the last four centuries in American English. In some cases it cannot be confirmed whether the name has its roots in the Lenape, the Dutch, or elsewhere as sources do not concur.

Pavonia is the Latinized form of Pauw, which means "peacock".

Bergen

There are various opinions as to the naming of Bergen. Some say that it so called for Bergen op Zoom in the Netherlands or the city in Norway[1] Others believe it comes from the word bergen, which in the Germanic languages of northern Europe means hills,[2] and could describe a most distinct geological feature of the region, The Palisades.[3]Yet another interpretation is that it comes from the Dutch word bergen, meaning to save or to recover, inspired by the settlers return after they had fled attacks by the native population.

Pavonia

The first settlement by the Europeans took its name from a burgermeester of Amsterdam. Also an investor in Dutch West India Company (WIC), Micheal Pauw purchased land along the banks of the Hudson in 1630 in order to establish a patroonship. Pavonia is a Latinized version of his surname, based on the word for peacock During the Dutch Golden Age, a period of economic, scientific and artistic growth, Latin was used in academia and among those fortunate enough to have learned it.

Lenape

Communipaw

Site of summer encampament and counsel fire of the Hackensack, its meaning has been lost. Spellings include Gamoenapa,[4],Gemonepan,[5] Gemoenepaen,[6]

Could possibiy be related to contemporary word gamuck meaning other side of the water orotherside of the river[7] Some have suggested that it comes from Community of Pauw, which likely is more a coincidence that a fact.

Hackensack

The meadowlands, river and city take it's name for the territory of the Indians, variously translated as "place of stony ground"[8] or place of sharp ground[9]

From ahkingeesahkuy spellings include Achsinnigeu-haki[10], Achinigeu-hach, Ack-kinkas-hacky, Achkinhenhcky, Ackingsah-sack, Ackinckeshacky[11], Hackinsack[12]

Hoboken

“Land of the tobacco pipe”, most likely to refer to the soapstone collected there to carve tobacco pipes, used a phrase that became “Hopoghan Hackingh”. [13] Varients include: hoopookum and hupoken[14]

There is a Flemish town Hoboken, annexed in 1983 to Antwerp, Belgium,[15] whose name is derived from Middle Dutch Hooghe Buechen or Hoge Beuken, meaning High Beeches or Tall Beeches.[16]

Hoebuck, old Dutch for high bluff and likely referring to Castle Point, was used during the colonial era and was spelled in English as Hobuck,[17] Hobock,[18] and Hoboocken.[19]

Hoboken was chosen by Colonel John Stevens when he purchased land, on a part of which the city is located.

Many rivers in Northeastern NJ bear names with their roots in Lenape

Mahwah

Mawewi meaning meeting place or place where paths meet[7][8] or assembly[20]

Pamrapo

Between Constable Hook and Communipaw, alternatively Pembrepock

Paramus

land of the wild turkey or place of fertile soil.[21]

Passaic

valley from pahsayèk,[22] pahsaayeek[23] and pasayak Contemporary: Pachsa'jeek[24]

Ramapo

underneath the rock, spellings: Ramapough, Ramopock

Secaucus

Sukit meaning black and achgook meaning snake[25] Corresponds to Snake Hill. Spellings include Sikakes, Sickakus. Locally, pronouced "SEE-kaw-cus", with the accent on the first syllable, not the second as often used by non-natives.[26]

Sicomac

Contemorary meaning: black fish[27]Also, according to tradition, said to mean resting place for the departed or happy hunting ground because Sicomac (an area of Wyckoff), was the burial place of many Native Americans, including Oratam, sakima of the Hackensack Indians[28]

Weehawken

Variously been interpreted as or rocks that look like rows of trees (as in the Palisades, atop of which most of the town sits) or place of gulls.[29] In contemporary language the word "wikweko" means "at the end of", may have used that meaning to describe the end of the cliffs closest to the river or to the mouth of the stream that flowed from them. Spellings (in Dutch and English) have included: Awiehawken, Wiehacken, Weehauk, Weehawk, Weehock, Wiceaken and Wiehachan.

Dutch

Achter Col

No longer in use, this described the area around Newark Bay and the rivers that flowed into it. Achter, meaning behind, and kol, meaning neck, can be translated as the back (of the) peninsula,[30] in this case Bergen Neck.[3] Variously spellings include Achter Kol, Achter Kull, Archer Col

Arthur Kill

Tidal strait separating Staten Island from the mainland takes it name from the Middle Dutch word kille, meaning "riverbed" or "water channel". The name Arthur may have evolved from Achter Col, the name given by New Netherlanders for area surrounding Newark Bay and rivers that flowed into it.

Constable Hook

A land grant to Jacob Jacobsen Roy who was a chief gunner or constable in Fort Amsterdam in New Amsterdamin 1646, by the Dutch West India Company, under the leadership of Director-General William Kieft. Konstapel's Hoeck in Dutch, takes its name from Roy's title.[31]. A hoek or hoeck in Dutch meaning a spit of land or small peninsula. Sandy Hook is similarly named.

Cromakill Creek

A border between Secaucus and North Bergen,likely from kromme kille meaning crooked creek. Similar to evolution of Gramercy, which is almost certainly a corruption of the Dutch krom mesje, or little crooked knife, the name of a small brook that flowed along what is now 21st Street in Manhattan.[32]

Kill Van Kull connects Newark Bay with Upper New York Bay

Dwars Kill

Alternatively Dwarskill or Dwarskill Creek, a tributary of the Oradell Reservoir meaning cross creek

Kill van Kull

Separating Bayonne and Staten Island. A kill comes from from the Middle Dutch word kille, meaning "riverbed" or "water channel." Likely evolved from Achter Col, as in kille van the kol, or channel of the neck

Paulus Hook

Originally mound of land surrounding by tidals flats, and called Arresick or Arresink by the Lenape, site of first Dutch settlement on west bank of Hudson River in 1630. It was part of Michael Pauw's attempted patroonship, named after his agent, who had built a hut/ferry landing there. A hoek or hoeck in Dutch meaning a spit of land or small peninsula. Sandy Hook is similarly named. Spellings include Paul Hoeck, Powles Hoek, Powles Hook

Tappan

The region radiating from Palisades Interstate Park and its inhabitants as named by New Netherlanders, who first spelled it as Tappaent and sometimes referred to Vriessendael as Tappan. Similar to Wappani, derived from the Algonquian people of the east or easterners. Contemporary: Wapaneu, easterly and Wapanke, to-morrow.

References

  1. ^ http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~njhudson/genhistory_hudson_bergen_2.html.
  2. ^ Walking Tour of the Bergen Square
  3. ^ a b Indigenous Population
  4. ^ Ruttenber,E.M.,Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, ISBN 0-910746-98-2 (Hope Farm Press, 3rd ed, 2001)
  5. ^ Joan F. Doherty, Hudson County The Left Bank, ISBN 0-89781-172-0 (Windsor Publications, Inc., 1986)
  6. ^ Joan F. Doherty, Hudson County The Left Bank, ISBN 0-89781-172-0 (Windsor Publications, Inc., 1986)
  7. ^ The Lenape/English Dictionary http://www.gilwell.com/lenape
  8. ^ http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/indians.html
  9. ^ http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749
  10. ^ http://www.bergencountyhistory.org/Pages/indians.html
  11. ^ http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749
  12. ^ Ruttenber,E.M.,Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, ISBN 0-910746-98-2 (Hope Farm Press, 3rd ed, 2001)
  13. ^ HM-hist "The Abridged History of Hoboken", Hoboken Museum, Accessed 24-Nov-2006.
  14. ^ http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749
  15. ^ Nederlandse Geschiedenis, 1600 - 1700
  16. ^ U.S. Towns and Cities with Dutch Names, Embassy of the Netherlands. Accessed November 24, 2006.
  17. ^ Hoboken Reporter Jan 16, 2005
  18. ^ http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl
  19. ^ http://files.usgwarchives.org/nj/statewide/history/colrec/vol21/v21-01.txt
  20. ^ http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749
  21. ^ If You're Thinking of Living In/Paramus; In Shopping Mecca, Houses Sell Well Too, The New York Times, April 15, 2001.
  22. ^ Lenape Language / Pronunciation, accessed September 20, 2006.
  23. ^ http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749
  24. ^ http://www.woodlandindians.org/forums/viewtopic.php?id=3749
  25. ^ Anthony, Rev A.S and Binton D.G. (editors) Lenape-English Dictionary, 1988, (Historical Society of Penn)
  26. ^ Page, Jeffrey. "Our towns challenge our tongues", The Record (Bergen County), June 17, 2005. Accessed June 19, 2007. "You can always tell newcomers to Secaucus. Because most words are pronounced with emphasis on the next-to-last syllable, they say they live in see-KAW-cus - although the ones who fear their friends might recall that Secaucus used to be pig-farming country might say they live in South Carlstadt, which doesn't exist. If I said 'see-KAW-cus' to someone local, they'd think I didn't know what I was talking about, said Dan McDonough, the municipal historian. Of course it's SEE-kaw-cus. Everybody knows that."
  27. ^ The Lenape / English Dictionary http://www.gilwell.com/lenape
  28. ^ If You're Thinking of Living In/Wyckoff; Country Ambiance in Ramapo Foothills. The New York Times, March 19, 1995.
  29. ^ Weehawken, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, accessed June 13, 2007. "A township in Hudson County, N.J., seven miles northeast of Jersy [sic] City. The name was originally an Algonquin Indian term and later changed by folk-usage to a pseudo-Dutch form. Its exact meaning is unclear, but variously translated as place of gulls, rocks that look like trees, maize land, at the end (of the Palisades) and field lying along the Hudson."
  30. ^ Online Nederlands Woordenboek (Online Dutch Dictionary)
  31. ^ Joan F. Doherty, Hudson County The Left Bank, ISBN 0-89781-172-0 (Windsor Publications, Inc., 1986)
  32. ^ Gramercy Park profile, New York (magazine). Accessed September 30, 2007. "Originally called Crommessie (from Krom Mesje, Dutch for "crooked little knife"), Gramercy Park has been known as both a fashionable enclave and a haven for artists... The statue in the middle of the park depicts Edwin Booth (brother of Lincoln assassin John Wilkes), who was one of the foremost Shakespearean actors of his day. Booth's home at 16 Gramercy Park South—which boasted additions by another area resident, Stanford White—was eventually turned into The Players private theater club..."
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