Munsee
The Munsee or Muncie (also Munsiiw, Minnesink, Minsi, Mansiwak ', Monsey ) together with the Unami Delaware or Unami, who once lived south of them, form one of the two main regional and dialect groups of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware from 1700 onwards . Both groups spoke closely related Algonquin languages known as the Delaware or Lenape languages . However, these are difficult to understand and differ so much from one another that Munsee and Unami are no longer viewed as dialects , but as independent, closely related languages.
In the 17th century, the Munsee-Lenape lived roughly in the area where the present-day states of New York , Pennsylvania and New Jersey meet, that is, in northern New Jersey, in southeastern New York and in eastern Pennsylvania. They included the Esopus , Minisink , Canarsee and Wappinger , for example .
The Stockbridge Munsee living in Wisconsin are still the only Munsee that have been federally recognized by the United States (see Mahican ). In Ontario , Canada, there are two other recognized groups, the Delaware Nation, Moravian of the Thames, and the Munsee-Delaware First Nation (also Muncie-Delaware First Nation ).
language
As a linguistic name, the term Munsee includes all groups that use dialects of the Munsee language . According to the classifications of Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999) Munsee belongs to the eastern Algonquin languages and is also referred to as the Delaware language together with the extinct Unami language. According to surveys by UNESCO, only 10 people in Canada spoke the language in 2001 . In the USA it is considered extinct.
The speakers of both Delawarian languages - the Unami Delaware and Munsee-Delaware - call themselves Lenni Lenape , "True People", or simply Lenape, "People". In English, both tribal groups are historically mostly known as Delaware . In Unami this is pronounced / lənáːpe / and Lënape is written, in Munsee / lənáːpeːw / is spoken and Lunaapeew is written. A self-designation of the language in Munsee is Huluníixsuwaakan / hə̀lə̆ni · xsəwá · kan / and in Unami Lënapei èlixsuwakàn / ləná · pe èli · xsuwá · kan / . Language in general is called Lixsëwakàn / ̀li · xsuwá · kan / .
The exonym "Delaware" comes from the English settlers who first named the Delaware River after the Baron De La Warr , the governor of the Jamestown colony (Virginia) and then the indigenous people living there. This name was retained even after the Lenni Lenape had not lived there for a long time, and it still refers to their languages to this day.
history
Ousted by the whites and oppressed by the Iroquois , they were pushed westward from 1650 and united. After 1690 the Munsee moved west in stages, staying for a time on the Susquehanna River and in the Allegheny Mountains in Pennsylvania, on the Muskingum River in Ohio and on the White River in Indiana . The groups from the land east of the Hudson River withdrew inland and began to gather at remote meeting points. The Minisink as the largest group moved northwest to the north arm of the Susquehanna River and united with the Munsee-speaking Lenape from the Hudson Valley. Over time, the name for this new group changed from Minisink to Munsee or Muncie , Munsee meaning person from the Minisink (river) . After 60 years of displacement, their descendants lived with immigrants from other tribes across the Ohio River and renewed their alliance, declared their independence from the Iroquois and opposed the advancing whites. In the French and Indian War (1754–1763) they fought against the British General Edward Braddock and initially supported the Americans in the American War of Independence (1775–1783). In the Treaty of Greenville (1795) they surrendered their land in Ohio. Many of the groups lived scattered, but some had rallied in Kansas by 1835 and were relocated to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in 1867 .
The most famous Munsee group are the Christian Munsee . The declared goal of the Moravian Brethren under David Zeisberger was the conversion of the Munsee, although they also had contact with other tribes. They followed this tribe from Pennsylvania via Ohio and Indiana to Kansas. In 1772 Zeisberger founded the place Gnadenhütten on the Tuscarawas River for converted Lenape, where the Gnadenhütten massacre occurred ten years later .
Todays situation
Canada
Southern First Nations Secretariat
- Munsee-Delaware First Nation , also Muncie-Delaware First Nation : In 1840 the Chippewa , today's Chippewas of the Thames First Nation , allowed the Christian Munsee , also called Moravian Indians , who had fled here , to use part of their reservation, from which they now have around 10 , Munsee-Delaware Nation # 1 reservation was created, covering 54 km². It is about 15 miles west of St. Thomas on the west bank of the Thames River . They were recognized as an independent First Nation in 1967; its headquarters are in Munceytown, Ontario. They have 591 tribal members.
- Delaware Nation, Moravian of the Thames Band , also Moravian of the Thames First Nation or Moravian of the Thames Band / Delaware Nation : Your reservation Moravian # 47 covers around 12.8 km² along the south bank of the Thames River and is about 56 km southwest of Sarnia , Ontario. The administrative headquarters are in Thamesville in Chatham-Kent , Ontario. They were also originally fleeing Christian Munsee, today call themselves in Munsee Lunaapeew , which is synonymous with the Unami-Delaware word Lenape . They identify themselves as Delaware , considering only the neighboring Munsee-Delaware of Munceytown as Munsee (or Munsiiw). Because of their traditional, conservative attitude, they often refer to them as troublemakers (Troublemakers). The tribe has 1,228 members.
United States of America
Wisconsin is home to the only Munsee community that is officially recognized as a federally recognized tribe by the United States . In addition to this, there are other Munsee communities that are not recognized.
- Stockbridge-Munsee Community Band of Mohican Indians , also Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohican Indians , consisting of Stockbridge (mostly Mahican), immigrant Christian Munsee and Unami-speaking Brotherton Delaware from New Jersey (formerly also called Cranbury-Crosswicks bands ), who after Relocated from New York State to Wisconsin in 1819. Today, however, the majority of them identify themselves as Mahican or Muh-he-con-neok (dt. People by the water that always flows), as they originally settled along the Hudson River ( Mahicannituck - 'water that always flows'). The Stockbridge-Munsee Indian Reservation in Shawano County covers approximately 90 km² as well as the cities of Bartelme and Red Springs, the administrative seat is Bowler in Wisconsin. You successfully run the North Star Mohican Casino Resort. The tribe has around 1,500 members.
See also
literature
- Ives Goddard (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Vol. 17. Languages. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 1996.
- Elma E. Gray: Wilderness Christians - the Moravian Mission to the Delaware Indians . Toronto: Macmillan, 1956.
- Marianne Mithun: The languages of Native North America . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Eart P. Olmstead: Blackcoats among the Delaware - David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier . Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991.
- Bruce G. Trigger (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 15. Northeast. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 1978.
- CA Weslager: Enrollment List of Chippewa and Delaware-Munsies Living in Franklin County, Kansas, May 31, 1900 in the Kansas Historical Quarterly , vol. 40 (2), 1974, pp. 234-240.
Web links
- A Fragment of Kansas Land History: The Disposal of the Christian Indian Tract, from the Kansas Historical Quarterly .
- Treaty with the Chippewa, etc., 1859
- Christian Munsee History
References and comments
- ↑ Munsee History ( Memento of the original dated February 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Bruce G. Trigger (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 15. Northeast. Chapter: Delaware, page 213f.
- ↑ Delaware Tribe of Indians, Lenape Talking Dictionary: Lënape ( Memento of the original from October 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Lunaapeew - Delaware Nation - Lunaapeew Language - Lenape - Moraviantown, Ontario ( Memento of the original from January 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Delaware Tribe of Indians, Lenape Talking Dictionary: Lënapei lixsëwakàn ( Memento of the original from October 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Homepage of the Tribal Council Southern First Nations Secretariat
- ↑ Homepage of the Munsee-Delaware First Nation ( memento of the original from June 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ the common name of Munsee and Unami-Delaware is Lenape , but this is more used by Unami-Delaware, while the Munsee word for person today is Lunii and they therefore call themselves Lunaapew . In addition, Canadian Delaware consider themselves a mixed group of Munsee and Unami-Delaware, but identify themselves as Delaware.
- ^ Homepage of the Delaware Nation, Moravian of the Thames Band ( Memento of the original from August 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The Stockbridge Indians got their name after a mission established for one of their tribes called Stockbridge in western Massachusetts, but had to move to New Stockbridge (now: Stockbridge) in New York to the Oneida in 1780 , along with the Munsee and Unami-speaking Brotherton In Delaware, they finally moved to Wisconsin between 1820 and 1829
- ↑ Unalachtigo Band of the Nanticoke-Lenni-Lenape Nation vs. State of New Jersey and Stockbridge-Munsee Community, Band of Mohican Indians & Powhatan Indians of Delaware Valley (Powhatan Renape Nation) ( Memento of the original from November 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 215 kB)
- ↑ Homepage of the North Star Mohican Casino Resort
- ^ Homepage of the Stockbridge-Munsee Community Band of Mohican Indians
