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{{Short description|3rd century Chinese Buddhist translator}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2008}}
{{Buddhism}}
{{Buddhism}}
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|romaji=Jiku Hougo
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}}
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'''{{IAST|Dharmarakṣa}}''' ({{zh|t=竺法護|p=Zhú Fǎhù}}) was an early translator of [[Mahayana sutras]] into [[Chinese language|Chinese]], several of which had profound effects on [[East Asian Buddhism]]. He is described in scriptural catalogues as [[Yuezhi]] in origin.
'''{{IAST|Dharmarakṣa}}''' ({{zh|t=竺法護|p=Zhú Fǎhù}}, J. Jiku Hōgo; K. Ch’uk Pǒphom c. 233-310) was one of the most important early translators of [[Mahayana sutras]] into [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. Several of his translations had profound effects on [[East Asian Buddhism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dharmarakṣa - Buddha-Nature |url=https://buddhanature.tsadra.org/index.php/People/Dharmarak%E1%B9%A3a |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=buddhanature.tsadra.org}}</ref> He is described in scriptural catalogues as [[Yuezhi]] in origin.


==Life==
==Life==
His family lived at [[Dunhuang]], where he was born around 233 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=4}}</ref> At the age of eight, he became a novice and took the Indian monk named [[Zhu Gaozuo]] ({{zh|c=竺高座}}) as his teacher.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=24}}</ref>
His family lived at [[Dunhuang]], where he was born around 233 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=4}}</ref> At the age of eight, he became a novice and took the Indian monk named [[Zhu Gaozuo]] ({{zh|c=竺高座}}) as his teacher.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=24}}</ref>


As a young boy, Dhamaraksa was said to be extremely intelligent, and journeyed with his teacher to many countries in the Western Regions, where he learned [[Central Asia]]n languages and scripts. He then traveled back to China with a quantity of Buddhist texts and translated them with the aid of numerous assistants and associates, both Chinese and foreign, from Parthians to Khotanese.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|pages=39–40}}</ref> One of his more prominent assistants was a Chinese upāsaka, Nie Chengyuan ({{zh|c=聶承遠}}), who served as a scribe and editor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Francis|title=The Silk Road: Two THousand Years in the Heart of Asia|date=2002|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|page=96}}</ref>
As a young boy, Dhamaraksa was said to be extremely intelligent, and journeyed with his teacher to many countries in the Western Regions, where he learned [[Central Asia]]n languages and scripts. He then traveled back to China with a quantity of Buddhist texts and translated them with the aid of numerous assistants and associates, both Chinese and foreign, from Parthians to Khotanese.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|pages=39–40}}</ref> One of his more prominent assistants was a Chinese upāsaka, Nie Chengyuan ({{zh|c=聶承遠}}), who served as a scribe and editor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Francis|title=The Silk Road: Two THousand Years in the Heart of Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood|url-access=registration|date=2002|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|page=[https://archive.org/details/silkroadtwothous0000wood/page/96 96]}}</ref>


Dharmaraksa first began his translation career in [[Chang'an]] (present day [[Xi'an]]) in 266 CE, and later moved to [[Luoyang]], the capital of the newly formed [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=34}}</ref> He was active in Dunhuang for some time as well, and alternated between the three locations. It was in Chang'an that he made the first known translation of the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'' and the ''[[Ten Stages Sutra]]'', two texts that later became definitive for [[Chinese Buddhism]], in 286 and 302, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|pages=32–33}}</ref> He died at the age of seventy-eight after a period of illness; the exact location of his death is still disputed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=28}}</ref>
Dharmaraksa first began his translation career in [[Chang'an]] (present day [[Xi'an]]) in 266 CE, and later moved to [[Luoyang]], the capital of the newly formed [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=34}}</ref> He was active in Dunhuang for some time as well, and alternated between the three locations. It was in Chang'an that he made the first known translation of the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'' and the ''[[Ten Stages Sutra]]'', two texts that later became definitive for [[Chinese Buddhism]], in 286 and 302, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|pages=32–33}}</ref> He died at the age of seventy-eight after a period of illness; the exact location of his death is still disputed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=28}}</ref>


==Works==
==Works==
Altogether, Dharmaraksa translated around 154 sūtras. Many of his works were greatly successful, widely circulating around northern China in the third century and becoming the subject of exegetical studies and scrutiny by Chinese monastics in the fourth century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=5}}</ref> His efforts in both translation and lecturing on sūtras are said to have converted many in China to Buddhism, and contributed to the development of Chang'an into a major center of Buddhism at the time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Tranlsation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=27}}</ref>
Altogether, Dharmaraksa translated around 154 sūtras. Many of his works were greatly successful, widely circulating around northern China in the third century and becoming the subject of exegetical studies and scrutiny by Chinese monastics in the fourth century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=5}}</ref> His efforts in both translation and lecturing on sūtras are said to have converted many in China to Buddhism, and contributed to the development of Chang'an into a major center of Buddhism at the time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boucher|first=Daniel|title=Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom|date=1996|publisher=UMI Microform|location=Ann Arbor|page=27}}</ref>


Some of his main translations are:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Boucher, Daniel. Asia Major THIRD SERIES, Vol. 19, No. 1/2, CHINA AT THE CROSSROADS: A FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOR OF VICTOR H. MAIR (2006), pp. 13-37 (25 pages). Published By: Academia Sinica</ref>
Some of his main works are:
*''The Saddharmapundarika Sūtra'' ({{zh|t=正法華經|p=Zhèng Fǎhuá Jīng}})
*''[[Lotus Sutra|Saddharmapundarika Sūtra]]'' ({{zh|t=正法華經|p=Zhèng Fǎhuá Jīng}}), the "Lotus Sutra"
*''The Panca Vimsati Sāhasrikā [[Prajnaparamita|prajnā pāramita]] Sūtra'' ({{zh|t=光贊般若波羅密經|p=Guāngzàn Bōrě Bōluómì jīng}})
*''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra]]'' (''The Perfection of Wisdom Sutra in 25,000 Lines'', {{zh|t=光贊般若波羅密經|p=Guāngzàn Bōrě Bōluómì jīng}})
*''The Dasabhūmika-sūtra'' ({{zh|t=漸備一切智德經|p=Jiànbèi Yīqiè Zhìdé Jīng}})
*The ''[[Ten Stages Sutra|Dasabhūmika-sūtra]]'' (''Ten Stages Sutra,'' {{zh|t=漸備一切智德經|p=Jiànbèi Yīqiè Zhìdé Jīng}})
*''The Lalitavistara'' ({{zh|t=普曜經|p=Pǔyào Jīng}})
*The ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]'' ({{zh|t=普曜經|p=Pǔyào Jīng}})
*The ''[[Vimalakirti Sutra|Vimalakīrtinirdeśa]]''
*The ''[[Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra]]'' (''Secrets of the [[Tathāgata]]'')
*The ''[[Bhadrakalpika Sūtra|Bhadrakalpikasūtra]]''
*The ''[[Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra]]''
*''[[Akṣayamatinirdeśa Sūtra|Akṣayamatinirdeśa]]''


==See also==
==See also==
Line 38: Line 44:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Boucher, Daniel (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921144713/http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/2006ab/04%20AM%20vol19%20Boucher.pdf Dharmaraksa and the Transmission of Buddhism to China], Asia Major Vol. 19, 13-37
* Boucher, Daniel (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921144713/http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/2006ab/04%20AM%20vol19%20Boucher.pdf Dharmaraksa and the Transmission of Buddhism to China], Asia Major 19, 13-37
* Boucher, Daniel. Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Microform. 1996. Print.
* Boucher, Daniel. Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Microform. 1996. Print.
* Wood, Francis. The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. Print.
* Wood, Francis. The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.acmuller.net/cgi-bin/search-ddb4.pl?Terms=竺法護 Digital Dictionary of Buddhism] (log in with userID "guest")
*[http://www.acmuller.net/cgi-bin/search-ddb4.pl?Terms=竺法護 Digital Dictionary of Buddhism]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (log in with userID "guest")
*[http://www.kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~wittern/can/can4/aut/aut00022.htm Texts associated with Dharmaraksa]
*[http://www.kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~wittern/can/can4/aut/aut00022.htm Texts associated with Dharmaraksa]


{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Dharmaraksa
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Chinese missionary
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmaraksa}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmaraksa}}
[[Category:230s births]]
[[Category:230s births]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Jin dynasty (265–420) Buddhists]]
[[Category:Jin dynasty (266–420) Buddhists]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophers]]
[[Category:Chinese scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Chinese Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Chinese Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Buddhist monks from the Western Regions]]
[[Category:Buddhist translators]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:3rd-century Chinese writers]]
[[Category:3rd-century translators]]
[[Category:4th-century Chinese writers]]
[[Category:4th-century translators]]
[[Category:Chinese translators]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–Chinese translators]]
[[Category:Yuezhi people]]

Latest revision as of 16:54, 5 February 2024

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Dharmarakṣa
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese竺法護
Simplified Chinese竺法护
Korean name
Hangul축법호
Hanja竺法護
Japanese name
Kanji竺法護
Kanaじく ほうご

Dharmarakṣa (Chinese: 竺法護; pinyin: Zhú Fǎhù, J. Jiku Hōgo; K. Ch’uk Pǒphom c. 233-310) was one of the most important early translators of Mahayana sutras into Chinese. Several of his translations had profound effects on East Asian Buddhism.[1] He is described in scriptural catalogues as Yuezhi in origin.

Life[edit]

His family lived at Dunhuang, where he was born around 233 CE.[2] At the age of eight, he became a novice and took the Indian monk named Zhu Gaozuo (Chinese: 竺高座) as his teacher.[3]

As a young boy, Dhamaraksa was said to be extremely intelligent, and journeyed with his teacher to many countries in the Western Regions, where he learned Central Asian languages and scripts. He then traveled back to China with a quantity of Buddhist texts and translated them with the aid of numerous assistants and associates, both Chinese and foreign, from Parthians to Khotanese.[4] One of his more prominent assistants was a Chinese upāsaka, Nie Chengyuan (Chinese: 聶承遠), who served as a scribe and editor.[5]

Dharmaraksa first began his translation career in Chang'an (present day Xi'an) in 266 CE, and later moved to Luoyang, the capital of the newly formed Jin Dynasty.[6] He was active in Dunhuang for some time as well, and alternated between the three locations. It was in Chang'an that he made the first known translation of the Lotus Sutra and the Ten Stages Sutra, two texts that later became definitive for Chinese Buddhism, in 286 and 302, respectively.[7] He died at the age of seventy-eight after a period of illness; the exact location of his death is still disputed.[8]

Works[edit]

Altogether, Dharmaraksa translated around 154 sūtras. Many of his works were greatly successful, widely circulating around northern China in the third century and becoming the subject of exegetical studies and scrutiny by Chinese monastics in the fourth century.[9] His efforts in both translation and lecturing on sūtras are said to have converted many in China to Buddhism, and contributed to the development of Chang'an into a major center of Buddhism at the time.[10]

Some of his main translations are:[1][11]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Dharmarakṣa - Buddha-Nature". buddhanature.tsadra.org. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  2. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 4.
  3. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 24.
  4. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. pp. 39–40.
  5. ^ Wood, Francis (2002). The Silk Road: Two THousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 96.
  6. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 34.
  7. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. pp. 32–33.
  8. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 28.
  9. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 5.
  10. ^ Boucher, Daniel (1996). Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor: UMI Microform. p. 27.
  11. ^ Boucher, Daniel. Asia Major THIRD SERIES, Vol. 19, No. 1/2, CHINA AT THE CROSSROADS: A FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOR OF VICTOR H. MAIR (2006), pp. 13-37 (25 pages). Published By: Academia Sinica

Bibliography[edit]

  • Boucher, Daniel (2006). Dharmaraksa and the Transmission of Buddhism to China, Asia Major 19, 13-37
  • Boucher, Daniel. Buddhist Translation Procedures in Third-Century China: A Study of Dharmaraksa and His Translation Idiom. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Microform. 1996. Print.
  • Wood, Francis. The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharmarakṣa&oldid=1203808021"