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{{Short description|Austrian physician and mountaineer (1861–1885)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name = Emil Zsigmondy
|name = Emil Zsigmondy
|image = Dr. Emil Zsigmondy.jpg
|image = Dr. Emil Zsigmondy.jpg
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|birth_date = {{Birth date|1861|08|11|df=yes}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1861|08|11|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
|birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austrian Empire]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1885|08|06|1861|08|11|df=yes}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1885|08|06|1861|08|11|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans]], [[Meije]] south face
|death_place = South face of [[Meije]], France
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'''Emil Zsigmondy''' (11 August 1861 – 6 August 1885) was an Austrian [[physician]] and [[mountaineer]].<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1NVRfl4gCw0C&pg=PA728|editor1-last=Killy|editor1-first=Walther|editor2-last=Vierhaus|editor2-first=Rudolf|title=Zsigmondy, Emil|encyclopedia=Dictionary of German Biography|volume=10: Thibaut - Zycha|location=[[München]]|publisher=[[K. G. Saur Verlag]]|year=2006|isbn=978-3-598-23300-5|page=728}}</ref><ref name="Gos">{{cite book|last=Gos|first=Charles|title=Alpine Tragedy|chapter=The Brightness That Will Never Fade|others=Trans. Malcolm Barnes|location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|year=1948|pages=152-164}}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite book|title=Mountaineers: Great Tales of Bravery and Conquest|last=Douglas|first=Ed|others=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|location=New York|publisher=[[DK Publishing]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7566-8682-6|pages=172-173}}</ref>
'''Emil Zsigmondy''' (11 August 1861 – 6 August 1885) was an Austrian [[physician]] and [[mountaineer]].<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NVRfl4gCw0C&pg=PA728|editor1-last=Killy|editor1-first=Walther|editor2-last=Vierhaus|editor2-first=Rudolf|title=Zsigmondy, Emil|encyclopedia=Dictionary of German Biography|volume=10: Thibaut - Zycha|location=[[München]]|publisher=[[K. G. Saur Verlag]]|year=2006|isbn=978-3-598-23300-5|page=728}}</ref><ref name="Gos">{{cite book|last=Gos|first=Charles|title=Alpine Tragedy|chapter=The Brightness That Will Never Fade|translator-first=Malcolm|translator-last=Barnes|location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|year=1948|pages=152–164}}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite book|title=Mountaineers: Great Tales of Bravery and Conquest|last=Douglas|first=Ed|others=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|location=New York|publisher=[[DK Publishing]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7566-8682-6|pages=172–173}}</ref>


== Life ==
== Life ==
Zsigmondy was an excellent [[alpinist]], known for the risky nature of many of his climbs.<ref name="Smithsonian"/><ref name="Braham">{{cite book|last=Braham|first=Trevor|title=When the Alps Cast Their Spell: Mountaineers of the Alpine Golden Age|year=2011|publisher=The In Pinn|isbn=978-1-906476-34-2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xcc8XBqOmywC&pg=PT254|pages=}}</ref> He began mountaineering as a teenager, climbing the [[Reisseck]] in [[Austria]] in a round trip of 26 hours with his brother, [[Otto Zsigmondy]]. By the late 1870s the two brothers were climbing [[Alpinism sans guide|without guides]] in the [[Zillertal Alps]]. In 1881, they climbed the [[Ortler]] from the [[Hochjoch]].<ref name="Smithsonian"/>
Zsigmondy's parents were Hungarians: Adolf Zsigmondy, born in Pozsony, and Irma von Szakmáry, born in [[Martonvásár]]. Zsigmondy was an excellent [[alpinist]], known for the risky nature of many of his climbs.<ref name="Smithsonian"/><ref name="Braham">{{cite book|last=Braham|first=Trevor|title=When the Alps Cast Their Spell: Mountaineers of the Alpine Golden Age|year=2011|publisher=The In Pinn|isbn=978-1-906476-34-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcc8XBqOmywC&pg=PT254}}</ref> He began mountaineering as a teenager, climbing the [[Reißeck (mountain)|Reisseck]] in Austria in a round trip of 26 hours with his brother, [[Otto Zsigmondy]]. By the late 1870s the two brothers were climbing [[Alpinism sans guide|without guides]] in the [[Zillertal Alps]]. In 1881, they climbed the [[Ortler]] from the [[Hochjoch]].<ref name="Smithsonian"/>


Emil Zsigmondy was the friend and companion of [[Ludwig Purtscheller]], the great pioneer of guideless Alpine climbing.<ref name="Braham"/> Emil and Otto climbed with Purtscheller in 1882 and 1884, including an ascent without guides of the Marinelli Couloir on [[Monte Rosa]]<ref name="Smithsonian"/> and the first guideless traverse of the [[Matterhorn]].<ref name="Smithsonian 2">''Mountaineers'' (Douglas/Smithsonian), p. 115.</ref> Zsigmondy's outstanding achievements include the [[first ascent]] by the east [[arête]] of the {{convert|3983|m}} high [[Meije]] in the [[Massif des Écrins]] range, made by Zsigmondy, his brother Otto, and Purtscheller on 26 July 1885. A few days later he died on the same mountain. He was killed in an attempt to climb the south face of the Meije on 6 August 1885, probably as a result of his rope slipping off a rock.<ref name="Gos"/><ref name="Frison-Roche">{{cite book|last1=Frison-Roche|first1=Roger|last2=Jouty|first2=Sylvain|others=Trans. Deke Dusinberre|title=A History of Mountain Climbing|year=1996|publisher=[[Groupe Flammarion|Flammarion]]|location=[[Paris]], New York|isbn=2-08013-622-4|lccn=96-85980|oclc=36019037|page=315}}</ref> The face was only conquered in 1912 by the South Tyrolese climbers [[Angelo Dibona]] and [[Luigi Rizzi (climber)|Luigi Rizzi]] with the brothers Guido and Max Mayer.<ref name="Gos"/><ref name="Braham"/> Emil Zsigmondy's grave is a few miles away from the accident site in the small cemetery of [[Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans]] in the [[Dauphiné Alps]]. He had graduated as a [[doctor of medicine]] in 1884, less than a year before his death.<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref name="Gos"/>
Emil Zsigmondy was the friend and companion of [[Ludwig Purtscheller]], the great pioneer of guideless Alpine climbing.<ref name="Braham"/> Emil and Otto climbed with Purtscheller in 1882 and 1884, including an ascent without guides of the Marinelli Couloir on [[Monte Rosa]]<ref name="Smithsonian"/> and the first guideless traverse of the [[Matterhorn]].<ref name="Smithsonian 2">''Mountaineers'' (Douglas/Smithsonian), p. 115.</ref> Zsigmondy's outstanding achievements include the [[first ascent]] by the east [[arête]] of the {{convert|3983|m}} high [[Meije]] in the [[Massif des Écrins]] range, made by Zsigmondy, his brother Otto, and Purtscheller on 26 July 1885. A few days later he died on the same mountain. He was killed in an attempt to climb the south face of the Meije on 6 August 1885, probably as a result of his rope slipping off a rock.<ref name="Gos"/><ref name="Frison-Roche">{{cite book|last1=Frison-Roche|first1=Roger|last2=Jouty|first2=Sylvain|translator-first=Deke|translator-last=Dusinberre|title=A History of Mountain Climbing|year=1996|publisher=[[Groupe Flammarion|Flammarion]]|location=[[Paris]], New York|isbn=2-08013-622-4|lccn=96-85980|oclc=36019037|page=315}}</ref> The face was only conquered in 1912 by the South Tyrolese climbers [[Angelo Dibona]] and [[Luigi Rizzi (climber)|Luigi Rizzi]] with the brothers Guido and Max Mayer.<ref name="Gos"/><ref name="Braham"/> Emil Zsigmondy's grave is a few miles away from the accident site in the small cemetery of [[Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans]] in the [[Dauphiné Alps]]. He had graduated as a [[doctor of medicine]] in 1884, less than a year before his death.<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref name="Gos"/>


American historian and mountaineer [[W. A. B. Coolidge]] would later write: {{quote|It is impossible, of course, to fix the precise date at which guideless climbing began to be ''abused''. But no one can doubt that one of the first signs of the change in men's views was the tragic death of Emil Zsigmondy on the Meije in 1885 . . . there are limits even to human skill and human daring, and, in the opinion of the present writer, these were overstepped on that occasion.<ref name="Coolidge">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=df4OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA249|first=W. A. B.|last=Coolidge|authorlink=W. A. B. Coolidge|title=The Alps in nature and history|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing|Methuen & Co]]|year=1908|page=249}}</ref>}}
American historian and mountaineer [[W. A. B. Coolidge]] would later write: {{blockquote|It is impossible, of course, to fix the precise date at which guideless climbing began to be ''abused''. But no one can doubt that one of the first signs of the change in men's views was the tragic death of Emil Zsigmondy on the Meije in 1885 . . . there are limits even to human skill and human daring, and, in the opinion of the present writer, these were overstepped on that occasion.<ref name="Coolidge">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/alpsinnatureand01coolgoog|first=W. A. B.|last=Coolidge|author-link=W. A. B. Coolidge|title=The Alps in nature and history|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing|Methuen & Co]]|year=1908|page=[https://archive.org/details/alpsinnatureand01coolgoog/page/n315 249]}}</ref>}}


Zsigmondy is commemorated by the [[Zsigmondyspitze]] in the [[Zillertal Alps]], the Brèche Zsigmondy on the Meije (part of the route followed on the successful July 1885 climb), and the [[Zsigmondyhütte]] (''Rifugio Zsigmondy [[Emilio Comici|Comici]]'') in the [[Sexten Dolomites]].
Zsigmondy is commemorated by the [[Zsigmondyspitze]] in the [[Zillertal Alps]], the Brèche Zsigmondy on the Meije (part of the route followed on the successful July 1885 climb), and the [[Zsigmondyhütte]] (''Rifugio Zsigmondy [[Emilio Comici|Comici]]'') in the [[Sexten Dolomites]].
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== Family ==
== Family ==
[[File:Zsigmondy Otto Emil.jpg|thumb|The brothers Otto (left) and Emil Zsigmondy in 1880]]
[[File:Zsigmondy Otto Emil.jpg|thumb|The brothers Otto (left) and Emil Zsigmondy in 1880]]
Emil Zsigmondy was the second of the four sons of Dr. [[Adolf Zsigmondy]] of [[Pressburg]] (Bratislava), a [[dentist]] of [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] origin, and [[Irma von Szakmáry]], a poet from [[Martonvásár]]. His older brother, Otto, a dentist by profession, was also known as a mountaineer. His younger brother, [[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]], was a chemist and in 1925 received the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. The youngest of the four brothers, [[Karl Zsigmondy]], was a mathematician; in number theory, [[Zsigmondy's theorem]] is named after him.<ref name="Smithsonian"/><ref name="Gos 3">Gos, p. 162.</ref> He was a cousin of the architect [[Frigyes Schulek]], whose mother was Auguszta Zsigmondy.
Emil Zsigmondy was the second of the four sons of Dr. [[Adolf Zsigmondy]] of [[Pressburg]], a [[dentist]] of [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] origin, and [[Irma von Szakmáry]], a poet from [[Martonvásár]]. His older brother, Otto, a dentist by profession, was also known as a mountaineer. His younger brother, [[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]], was a chemist and in 1925 received the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. The youngest of the four brothers, [[Karl Zsigmondy]], was a mathematician; in number theory, [[Zsigmondy's theorem]] is named after him.<ref name="Smithsonian"/><ref name="Gos 3">Gos, p. 162.</ref> He was a cousin of the architect [[Frigyes Schulek]], whose mother was Auguszta Zsigmondy.


== Ascents ==
== Ascents ==
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== Publications ==
== Publications ==
[[File:Graves of Dr. Emil Zsigmondy & Ernest Thorant.jpg|thumb|upright|Zsigmondy's grave (left) in the cemetery of [[Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans]].]]
[[File:Graves of Dr. Emil Zsigmondy & Ernest Thorant.jpg|thumb|upright|Zsigmondy's grave (left) in the cemetery of [[Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans]].]]
* {{cite book|title=Die Gefahren der Alpen, Praktishe Winke für Bergsteiger (The Dangers of the Alps, Practical Hints for Climbers)|location=[[Leipzig]]|year=1885}}<ref name="Gos 4">Gos, pp. 162-164.</ref> (later editions continued by [[Wilhelm Paulcke]] and [[Helmut Dumler]])<ref name="Schneider">{{cite journal|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KeqU64heywQC&pg=PA255|title=Book Reviews|last=Schneider|first=Robert|journal=[[American Alpine Journal]]|volume=48|series=American Alpine Club Annual Resources|editor1-last=American Alpine Club|editor1-link=American Alpine Club|editor2-last=Carter|editor2-first=H. Adams|editor2-link=H. Adams Carter|year=1974|publisher=[[The Mountaineers Books]]|isbn=0-930410-71-8|page=255}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=Die Gefahren der Alpen, Praktishe Winke für Bergsteiger (The Dangers of the Alps, Practical Hints for Climbers)|location=[[Leipzig]]|year=1885}}<ref name="Gos 4">Gos, pp. 162-164.</ref> (later editions continued by [[Wilhelm Paulcke]] and [[Helmut Dumler]])<ref name="Schneider">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KeqU64heywQC&pg=PA255|title=Book Reviews|last=Schneider|first=Robert|journal=[[American Alpine Journal]]|volume=48|series=American Alpine Club Annual Resources|editor1-last=American Alpine Club|editor1-link=American Alpine Club|editor2-last=Carter|editor2-first=H. Adams|editor2-link=H. Adams Carter|year=1974|publisher=[[The Mountaineers Books]]|isbn=0-930410-71-8|page=255}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=Im Hochgebirge (In the High Mountains), Wanderungen von Dr. Emil Zsigmondy|others=Illustrated by [[E. T. Compton]]|editor-last=Schulz|editor-first=Karl|location=Leipzig|year=1889}} (posthumous)<ref name="Gos 4"/><ref name="Reviews">{{cite journal|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DvwQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA747|title=New Geographical Publications.|last=Keltie|first=J. Scott|authorlink=John Scott Keltie|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography.]]|volume=XI|issue=XII|location=London|publisher=[[Edward Stanford]]|month=December|year=1889|page=747}}</ref>
* {{cite book|title=Im Hochgebirge (In the High Mountains), Wanderungen von Dr. Emil Zsigmondy|others=Illustrated by [[E. T. Compton]]|editor-last=Schulz|editor-first=Karl|location=Leipzig|year=1889}} (posthumous)<ref name="Gos 4"/><ref name="Reviews">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvwQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA747|title=New Geographical Publications.|last=Keltie|first=J. Scott|author-link=John Scott Keltie|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography.]]|volume=XI|issue=XII|location=London|publisher=[[Edward Stanford]]|date=December 1889|page=747}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
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{{wikisourcelang|de|BLKÖ:Zsigmondy, Emil|Emil Zsigmondy}}
{{wikisourcelang|de|BLKÖ:Zsigmondy, Emil|Emil Zsigmondy}}
{{Commons category|Emil Zsigmondy}}
{{Commons category|Emil Zsigmondy}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Emil Zsigmondy}}
* {{DNB-Portal|117602744}}
* {{DNB-Portal|117602744}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mrgrunge.it/2005-07-16_zsigmondy-huette.shtml|title=Fotos Wanderung Zsigmondy-Hütte|date=16 July 2005|publisher=Martin Leitgeb|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080123114234/http://www.mrgrunge.it/2005-07-16_zsigmondy-huette.shtml|archivedate=23 January 2008|accessdate=26 January 2013}} Photos of the Zsigmondyhütte in the Sexten Dolomites
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mrgrunge.it/2005-07-16_zsigmondy-huette.shtml|title=Fotos Wanderung Zsigmondy-Hütte|date=16 July 2005|publisher=Martin Leitgeb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123114234/http://www.mrgrunge.it/2005-07-16_zsigmondy-huette.shtml|archive-date=23 January 2008|access-date=26 January 2013}} Photos of the Zsigmondyhütte in the Sexten Dolomites


{{Authority control|TYP=p|GND=117602744|LCCN=no/2008/77273|NDL=00550060|VIAF=20461830}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Portal|Austria|Biography|Mountains|Rock Climbing}}
{{Portal|Austria|Biography|Mountains}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Zsigmondy, Emil
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Austrian physician and mountain climber
| DATE OF BIRTH = 11 August 1861
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Vienna]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 6 August 1885
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans]], on the south face of the [[Meije]]
}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Zsigmondy, Emil}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zsigmondy, Emil}}
<!--- Categories --->
<!--- Categories --->
[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Austrian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:Austrian physicians]]
[[Category:Austrian Protestants]]
[[Category:Mountaineering deaths]]
[[Category:Mountaineering deaths]]
[[Category:Physicians from Vienna]]
[[Category:Physicians from Austria-Hungary]]

Latest revision as of 15:51, 6 March 2024

Emil Zsigmondy
Born(1861-08-11)11 August 1861
Vienna, Austrian Empire
Died6 August 1885(1885-08-06) (aged 23)
South face of Meije, France
Occupation(s)Physician, mountaineer

Emil Zsigmondy (11 August 1861 – 6 August 1885) was an Austrian physician and mountaineer.[1][2][3]

Life[edit]

Zsigmondy's parents were Hungarians: Adolf Zsigmondy, born in Pozsony, and Irma von Szakmáry, born in Martonvásár. Zsigmondy was an excellent alpinist, known for the risky nature of many of his climbs.[3][4] He began mountaineering as a teenager, climbing the Reisseck in Austria in a round trip of 26 hours with his brother, Otto Zsigmondy. By the late 1870s the two brothers were climbing without guides in the Zillertal Alps. In 1881, they climbed the Ortler from the Hochjoch.[3]

Emil Zsigmondy was the friend and companion of Ludwig Purtscheller, the great pioneer of guideless Alpine climbing.[4] Emil and Otto climbed with Purtscheller in 1882 and 1884, including an ascent without guides of the Marinelli Couloir on Monte Rosa[3] and the first guideless traverse of the Matterhorn.[5] Zsigmondy's outstanding achievements include the first ascent by the east arête of the 3,983 metres (13,068 ft) high Meije in the Massif des Écrins range, made by Zsigmondy, his brother Otto, and Purtscheller on 26 July 1885. A few days later he died on the same mountain. He was killed in an attempt to climb the south face of the Meije on 6 August 1885, probably as a result of his rope slipping off a rock.[2][6] The face was only conquered in 1912 by the South Tyrolese climbers Angelo Dibona and Luigi Rizzi with the brothers Guido and Max Mayer.[2][4] Emil Zsigmondy's grave is a few miles away from the accident site in the small cemetery of Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans in the Dauphiné Alps. He had graduated as a doctor of medicine in 1884, less than a year before his death.[1][2]

American historian and mountaineer W. A. B. Coolidge would later write:

It is impossible, of course, to fix the precise date at which guideless climbing began to be abused. But no one can doubt that one of the first signs of the change in men's views was the tragic death of Emil Zsigmondy on the Meije in 1885 . . . there are limits even to human skill and human daring, and, in the opinion of the present writer, these were overstepped on that occasion.[7]

Zsigmondy is commemorated by the Zsigmondyspitze in the Zillertal Alps, the Brèche Zsigmondy on the Meije (part of the route followed on the successful July 1885 climb), and the Zsigmondyhütte (Rifugio Zsigmondy Comici) in the Sexten Dolomites.

Family[edit]

The brothers Otto (left) and Emil Zsigmondy in 1880

Emil Zsigmondy was the second of the four sons of Dr. Adolf Zsigmondy of Pressburg, a dentist of Hungarian origin, and Irma von Szakmáry, a poet from Martonvásár. His older brother, Otto, a dentist by profession, was also known as a mountaineer. His younger brother, Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, was a chemist and in 1925 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The youngest of the four brothers, Karl Zsigmondy, was a mathematician; in number theory, Zsigmondy's theorem is named after him.[3][8] He was a cousin of the architect Frigyes Schulek, whose mother was Auguszta Zsigmondy.

Ascents[edit]

  • 1879 - Ascent of Feldkopf (3,080 metres (10,100 ft), Zillertal) with Otto Zsigmondy, 25 July
  • 1884 - First traverse of the Marmolada, of the Punta Rocca (3,309 metres (10,856 ft)) to the Punta Penia (3,342 metres (10,965 ft)) with Otto Zsigmondy and Ludwig Purtscheller
  • 1884 - First ascent sans guide of Monte Civetta with Otto Zsigmondy, 5 August
  • 1884 - First route of the southwest face of the Croda di Trafoi (Ortler) with Otto Zsigmondy, G. Geyer and J. Prohaska, 23 August
  • 1884 - First ascent of the south face of the Bietschhorn (3,934 metres (12,907 ft)) with Otto Zsigmondy, Ludwig Purtscheller and Karl Schulz, 2 September
  • 1885 - Ascent of Bec de l'Homme (3,454 metres (11,332 ft), Massif des Écrins) with Otto Zsigmondy, Ludwig Purtscheller and Karl Schulz
  • 1885 - First ascent by the east arête of the Meije with Otto Zsigmondy and Ludwig Purtscheller, 26 and 27 July
  • 1885 - Attempted ascent of the south face of the Meije with Otto Zsigmondy and Karl Schulz, 6 August

Publications[edit]

Zsigmondy's grave (left) in the cemetery of Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans.
  • Die Gefahren der Alpen, Praktishe Winke für Bergsteiger (The Dangers of the Alps, Practical Hints for Climbers). Leipzig. 1885.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[9] (later editions continued by Wilhelm Paulcke and Helmut Dumler)[10]
  • Schulz, Karl, ed. (1889). Im Hochgebirge (In the High Mountains), Wanderungen von Dr. Emil Zsigmondy. Illustrated by E. T. Compton. Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (posthumous)[9][11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Killy, Walther; Vierhaus, Rudolf, eds. (2006). "Zsigmondy, Emil". Dictionary of German Biography. Vol. 10: Thibaut - Zycha. München: K. G. Saur Verlag. p. 728. ISBN 978-3-598-23300-5.
  2. ^ a b c d Gos, Charles (1948). "The Brightness That Will Never Fade". Alpine Tragedy. Translated by Barnes, Malcolm. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 152–164.
  3. ^ a b c d e Douglas, Ed (2011). Mountaineers: Great Tales of Bravery and Conquest. Smithsonian Institution. New York: DK Publishing. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-7566-8682-6.
  4. ^ a b c Braham, Trevor (2011). When the Alps Cast Their Spell: Mountaineers of the Alpine Golden Age. The In Pinn. ISBN 978-1-906476-34-2.
  5. ^ Mountaineers (Douglas/Smithsonian), p. 115.
  6. ^ Frison-Roche, Roger; Jouty, Sylvain (1996). A History of Mountain Climbing. Translated by Dusinberre, Deke. Paris, New York: Flammarion. p. 315. ISBN 2-08013-622-4. LCCN 96-85980. OCLC 36019037.
  7. ^ Coolidge, W. A. B. (1908). The Alps in nature and history. London: Methuen & Co. p. 249.
  8. ^ Gos, p. 162.
  9. ^ a b Gos, pp. 162-164.
  10. ^ Schneider, Robert (1974). American Alpine Club; Carter, H. Adams (eds.). "Book Reviews". American Alpine Journal. American Alpine Club Annual Resources. 48. The Mountaineers Books: 255. ISBN 0-930410-71-8.
  11. ^ Keltie, J. Scott (December 1889). "New Geographical Publications". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. XI (XII). London: Edward Stanford: 747.

External links[edit]

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