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{{Short description|Mexican politician (1794–1850)}}
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{{Infobox president

| name = General Valentín Canalizo
{{family name hatnote|Canalizo|Bocadillo|lang=Spanish}}
| smallimage = Valentín Canalizo.jpg
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{{Infobox officeholder
| office = President of Mexico
| order = 13th
| name = General Valentín Canalizo
| image = Valentin Canalizo Oleo (480x600).png|
⚫
| term_start1 = 4 October 1843
| term_end1 = 4 June 1844
| office = President of Mexico
| order = 13th
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| predecessor1 = [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]]
⚫
| term_start1 = 7 September 1843
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| successor1 = Antonio López de Santa Anna
| term_start2 = 21 September 1844
| term_end1 = 4 June 1844
⚫
| predecessor1 = [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]]
⚫
| term_end2 = 6 December 1844
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| successor1 = Antonio López de Santa Anna
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| predecessor2 = [[José Joaquín de Herrera]]
| term_start2 = 21 September
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| successor2 = José Joaquín de Herrera
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| term_end2 = 6 December 1844
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1794|01|14|df=y}}
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| predecessor2 = [[José Joaquín de Herrera]]
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| birth_place = [[Monterrey]], [[New Kingdom of León]], [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]
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| successor2 = José Joaquín de Herrera
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|1850|02|20|1794|01|14|df=y}}
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth date|1794|01|14|df=y}}
⚫
| death_place = [[Mexico City|Mexico]], Mexico
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| birth_place = [[Monterrey]], [[New Kingdom of León]], [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]
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| spouse = Josefa Danila
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1850|02|20|1794|01|14|df=y}}
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| party = Conservative
⚫
| death_place = [[Mexico City|Mexico]], Mexico
⚫
| spouse = [[Josefa Dávila]]
⚫
| party = Conservative
}}
}}


'''Valentín Canalizo Bocadillo''' (14 January 1794 – 20 February 1850), was a Mexican general and statesman who served twice as interim president during the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] and was later made Minister of War during the [[Mexican American War]].
'''José Valentín Raimundo Canalizo Bocadillo''' (12 February 1795 – 20 February 1850), known as General Valentín Canalizo, son of Vicente Canalizo and María Josefa Bocadillo and baptized on 16 February 1795 at the Metropolitan Cathedral of Monterrey, was a [[President of Mexico|Mexican President]], state governor, city mayor, army general, defense minister and conservative politician. He is as yet the only Mexican President from the city of Monterrey. He was a supporter of a centralist (as opposed to a federalist) national government, and a confidante of President of [[Mexico]] General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]]. Canalizo was [[President of Mexico]] two times, for a total of about one year in 1843 and 1844, during the complex Mexican historical times after the one decade-long [[Mexican War of Independence]] and before the [[Mexican-American War]]. Valentín Canalizo had previously been the [[Mayor]] of [[Mexico City]], after being [[Governor]] of [[Puebla]] state, and years before, Mayor of the city of [[Cuernavaca]].


After [[Antonio López de Santa Anna|Santa Anna]] reorganized the constitution as the [[Bases Orgánicas]] in 1843, he appointed Canalizo as interim president. Canalizo in practice was a [[puppet ruler]] for Santa Anna, but Santa Anna was then popularly elected in 1844 and assumed power personally in June of that year. He took leave two months later after his wife’s death, and Canalizo once again was chosen as interim president. After [[Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)|Mariano Paredes]] raised a revolt against the government, Santa Anna took command of the military to crush the uprising. Congress criticized this as illegal since Santa Anna was not president at the time, but the Canalizo government supported Santa Anna and dissolved the congress which only provoked popular opposition and led to Canalizo's downfall.
He was military governor of both the states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[State of Mexico]] in the early 1830s. At age 53, three years before his death, he served as [[Defence minister|Minister of War]] (Defense Minister) with President [[Valentín Gómez Farías]].


He led the North and East Army Divisions to fight in the Mexican-American War, defending Northern and Eastern Mexican territory. In his late teens as his first job in the army, he fought in the Mexican War of Independence.
After stepping down from the presidency, he left the nation but came back to serve in the [[Mexican American War]], during which he was appointed Minister of War under the liberal president [[Valentin Gomez Farias]]. He died in 1850.


==Career==
==Early life==
Valentin Canalizo was born in [[Monterrey]], and entered the Celaya Regiment as a cadet in August, 1811 the year after the War of Mexican Independence had begun. He ascended to the rank of sublieutenant and a year later reached the rank of lieutenant. He initially fought as a Spanish loyalist but switched sides to join Agustin de Iturbide in December 1820. He was present at the Siege of Valladolid, in the taking of San Juan del Rio y Zimapan and formed part of the forces which General Brancho surrendered to San Luis de la Paz. He was wounded in Azcapotzalco, and for his services at that battle was promoted to lieutenant colonel and granted an award of distinction. He held a command during the siege and taking of the capital.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=259|language=es}}</ref>
===The War of Independence===


He joined in the uprising that led to the downfall of the First Mexican Empire, and in 1825 he was promoted to sergeant major. He served in Jalisco as an assistant to fellow future President of Mexico, General [[Jose Joaquin Herrera]], and on December 8, 1829 he joined the Plan of Jalapa which would lead to fall of the Guerrero administration. He was placed in charge of artillery in order to protect the entrance of the reserve army commanded by General [[Melchor Muzquiz]] under whose orders Canalizo was placed. For his services in the successful revolution, the newly established Bustamante government made Canalizo a colonel.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=259|language=es}}</ref>
In 1811, at age 17, he entered the Celaya Regiment as a royalist infantry cadet, fighting against the insurgents. On 2 March 1821, under the influence of [[Agustín de Iturbide]], whom he knew and respected, he swore allegiance to independent Mexico. After that he participated in the siege of Valladolid ([[Morelia]]) and the capture of [[San Juan del Río]] and [[Zimapán]]. He was forced to surrender to General Bracho at [[San Luis Potosí]], and he was wounded in action at [[Azcapotzalco]]. He received a battlefield promotion to lieutenant colonel, and was in command of two companies during the siege of Mexico City.


The government assigned him to the pacification of Jamiltepec where he was placed second in command to Eligio Ruelas. He also joined in the pacification of Costa Chica and Las Mixtecas, being in charge of troops during a battle at Zonactlan on January 26, 1831 where he routed the guerillas of Narvaez and Lima.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=260|language=es}}</ref> On May, 1831 he was promoted to general of brigade and made commandant general of the State of Oaxaca. Here he tried to suppress the revolution of 1832 against Bustamante’s government, but when the revolution succeeded Canalizo accepted the authority of the new government.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=260|language=es}}</ref>
===After independence===


In 1833, he joined in the uprising against the government of Valentin Gomez farias which led to the fall of the [[First Mexican Republic|First Republic]] and the establishment of the [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]]. He was then made governor of the State of Mexico. After an uprising by Juan Alvarez in the south in favor of re-establishing the federal system, Canalizo was placed second in command of the troops sent to [[Acapulco]] to suppress the revolt and relieve the siege of that city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=260|language=es}}</ref> He continued to lead campaigns against sporadic uprisings. In 1838 his effort to capture Tampico from the federalist general Longinos Montenegro was repulsed. He retired to Monterey, and then to Monclova after which he defeated the General Canales, and he was called back to Mexico City.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=260|language=es}}</ref>
After independence, he was an aide to General [[José Joaquín de Herrera]] in the [[Jalisco]] campaign. In December 1829 he joined the [[:es:Plan de Jalapa|Plan de Jalapa]]. Having been promoted to colonel, he was second in command of the brigade that pacified [[Jamiltepec]], the [[Costa Region|Costa Chica]] and the [[Mixtec]]s. He was part of the court that sentenced [[Vicente Guerrero]] to death in 1831.


President Bustamante was considering sending Canalizo on an expedition to Yucatán when the Bustamante administration was overthrown by Mariano Paredes in 1841. Canalizo remained loyal to Bustamante up until the president conceded defeat through the Convention of Estanzuela on October 6, 1841.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=260|language=es}}</ref>
He opposed the revolution of 1832, but later accepted the [[:es:Convenios de Zavaleta|Conventions of Zavaleta]]. In 1833, he revolted in favor of Santa Anna under the slogan of ''religión y fueros'' ("religion and privileges", referring to the privileges of soldiers and the clergy that had been eliminated by Liberal reformist President [[Valentín Gómez Farías]]). Under this banner he took over [[Oaxaca]]. He was military governor of the states of Oaxaca and México during the centralist period.


Santa Anna called for a congress to redraft the constitution through which he hoped to take control of the Centralist Republic, but the congress which was elected was thoroughly federalist. The Plan of Huejotzingo was now proclaimed urging that congress be dissolved and replaced by a Junta of Notbles who would write a centralist constitution. The plan was successfully carried out and amongst its supporters was Canalizo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=260|language=es}}</ref>
From 1835 to 1841, he fought intensely against the Liberals. He broke the siege of Acapulco, went on a military expedition to the [[Mixteca region]], broke another siege in Oaxaca. He attacked Urrea in [[Durango]] and Longinos Montenegro in [[Tampico]], occupied [[Monterrey]] and [[Monclova]], pursued Servando Canales, and finally returned to Mexico City. In 1841, Santa Anna promoted him to brigadier general.


===First term as President===
==First Presidency==
It was at this point that Santa Anna chose Canalizo to hold the post of interim president while he intended to rule from behind the scenes. Canalizo was chosen as one who would be loyal and non-threatening to Santa Anna’s power, while his past as a loyal follower of Bustamante gave the appearance of impartiality. He was officially appointed on October 2, 1843. Nonetheless he was widely perceived as a puppet.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bancroft|first=Hubert Howe|date=1879|title=History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861|pages=258}}</ref>


President Canalizo established the Sisters of Charity, assigned funds to the College of San Gregorio, published regulations on public education, and arranged a contract for new navy and army uniforms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=261|language=es}}</ref>
In December 1842 he supported the [[:es:Plan de Huejotzingo|Plan de Huejotzingo]]. He contributed to establishing the dictatorship of Santa Anna on 4 March 1843. Santa Anna named him president on 4 October 1843. This transfer was approved by Congress. Canalizo's period in office lasted until 4 June 1844. Santa Anna remained at his [[hacienda]] Encero during that time.


A controversial element during the Canalizo administration was the amount of taxes imposed in spite of the country’s poverty. There were seven classes: land, industrial buildings, salaries, lucrative professions, luxuries, and the head tax.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=261|language=es}}</ref>
The government gave aid to the charity sisters (Hermanas de la Caridad) and the San Gregorio School (Colegio), and established the ordinances governing the Military College. They transferred the Medical School to the Colegio San Ildefonso. Taxes were increased to support the army. Congress during this time established garrisons in the Western (Occidente) and Eastern (Oriente) departments, and struggled to regulate the chopping of the nation's forests. Canalizo arranged a new meeting place for the Chamber of Deputies (House of Representatives, USA / House of Commons, UK) after flooding had wrecked the old chamber. He appointed José Joaquín de Herrera president of the Consejo de Gobierno (Government Council).


Congress met on January 2, 1844 and the results of the presidential elections, decided by the departments, were counted. In the opening session, the congress announced that Santa Anna had been elected. The deputies contained a substantial amount of opposition to Santa Anna, and they responded to the results by restricting the presidential power and forbidding further executive legislation. A measure to remove Canalizo was introduced in the Senate, which had the authority to remove interim presidents, but it failed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bancroft|first=Hubert Howe|date=1879|title=History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861|pages=258}}</ref>
In 1844, Canalizo's presidential office term ended and Santa Anna went back into power. Canalizo went off to [[San Luis Potosí]] to take command of the Ejército del Norte (North Army) and prepare it for a campaign in [[Texas]].


Santa Anna finally entered the capital on June 3, and Canalizo passed power over to him the following day.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manuel|date=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=262|language=es}}</ref>
===Second term as President===


==Second Presidency==
Valentín Canalizo returned to Mexico City in September 1844 to replace [[José Joaquín de Herrera]] as president of Mexico. This time he served from 21 September 1844 to 6 December 1844.
Santa Anna’s wife had died and on August 31, 1844, and he subsequently sought permission from the chamber of deputies to take leave momentarily. The Senate, who had the authority to choose the interim president once again chose Canalizo and he would find himself in the presidential chair once again on September 21, 1844.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manueldate=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=266|language=es}}</ref> A month later on October 31, Mariano Paredes launched a revolt against the government in Guadalajara.


Santa Anna returned to the capital to lead an army against the uprising and entered Mexico City on November 18. As he was not legally president at the time the congress condemned Santa Anna’s assumption of military command as illegal, but he maintained support of the executive.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bancroft|first=Hubert Howe|date=1879|title=History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861|pages=268–269}}</ref>
During this term he was in open conflict with Congress, because of its strong opposition to Santa Anna. Canalizo had received verbal instructions from Santa Anna to dissolve the Congress, but when he attempted this, the members objected. Thereupon he issued a decree suspending the Congress and prohibiting its meeting. Immediately, on 4 December 1844, the statue of Santa Anna in El Volador was decorated with a white hood and a rope noose, like a hanged man.


Santa Anna reached Querétaro who was supporting Paredes, and ordered the department assembly to retract its support. When this was refused, Santa Anna imprisoned the members of the assembly and replaced the governor with one of his generals. Upon reaching the news in the national capital, Deputy Llaca of Querétaro protested on behalf of his constituents and a formal protest was lodged against the ministers. Minister Baranda decided to meet with Santa Anna over the matter upon which it was decided to shut congress down.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bancroft|first=Hubert Howe|date=1879|title=History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861|pages=270}}</ref>
On 30 October 1844, the local authorities in [[Guadalajara]] revolted under [[Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga]]. On 30 November, the palace guard prevented the deputies (congressmen / MPs) and senators from entering the chambers of Congress. By 6 December, the revolution had spread throughout the country. On that day the troops of the {{Not a typo|La Acordada}} barracks, other soldiers and much of the populace joined the revolt. The soldiers from {{Not a typo|La Acordada}} took Canalizo prisoner. They turned over the government to José Joaquín de Herrera.


On December 1, during a brief recess the military shut the doors of the legislative chambers. The ministry condemned congress and defended its measures as necessary to meet the national emergency. This led to public protest and the Ayuntamiento of Mexico City, and the Assembly of the Department of Mexico sided with congress. A statue of Santa Anna was vandalized with a noose around its neck.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bancroft|first=Hubert Howe|date=1879|title=History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861|pages=271–272}}</ref>
Plans were made to bring charges against Canalizo, but soon a general amnesty was declared. Canalizo was conducted to [[San Juan de Ulúa]], where he sailed for [[Cádiz]], Spain, on 25 October 1845.


By this time troops at the capital were expressing support for Paredes’ revolt and called upon Jose Joaquin Herrera to assume the presidency. Herrera summoned the deposed deputies and on December 6, issued an appeal to Canalizo to support congress and prevent bloodshed. As he saw that his support had evaporated Canalizo stepped down and handed the presidency over to Jose Joaquin Herrera.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bancroft|first=Hubert Howe|date=1879|title=History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861|pages=272–273}}</ref>
He returned to Mexico in 1846 and was "Minister of War" ([[Defence minister|Defense Minister]]) in the cabinet of President [[Valentín Gómez Farías]] (24 December 1846 - 23 February 1847). During this term he supported the [[mortmain]] law and dealt severely with disturbances of the public peace.


==Post Presidency==
===Mexican-American War===
Canalizo was tried by the government and accused of trying to overthrow the constitution. In his defense, Canalizo claimed that he had no intention of abolishing the congress but merely suspending it due to the extraordinary circumstances. A general amnesty was passed by congress, but Canalizo preferred to leave the country. On October 25, 1845 he set out for Spain, but returned during the Mexican-American War in 1846.


He was made Minister of War under the administration of Valentin Gomez Farias.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manueldate=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=274|language=es}}</ref> and supported the government's controversial measures of nationalizing the Catholic Church's lands, in order to fund the war. He stepped down on February 23 and was assigned a military command to defend Veracruz with General [[Romulo Diaz de la Vega]] as his second in command.
Canalizo was given command of the Eastern Division at the time of the United States attack on [[Veracruz]]. He prevented the soldiers under his command from joining the 1847 [[Revolt of the Polkos]] and he negotiated an end to the revolt with Matías de la Peña y Barragán. (The convention ending the revolt was signed on 21 March 1848.) He then marched to Veracruz, but Santa Anna took command of the troops. [[Puente Nacional, Veracruz|Puente Nacional]] was abandoned without a fight, and Santa Anna was decisively defeated at [[Battle of Cerro Gordo|Cerro Gordo]]. The Mexicans abandoned a supply of arms at the castle of [[Perote, Veracruz]]. Canalizo abandoned the war, and refused to return to battle because of severe war strategy disagreements with Santa Anna, and thus took no part in the defense of Mexico City.


He was present at the [[Battle of Cerro Gordo]], in charge of cavalry. His conduct during that battle, retreating without fighting, and abandoning a large amount of supplies, led to a congressional proposal to start an investigation. He no longer played any notable role in the war, and never again assumed any political office. He died in obscurity on February 20, 1850.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rivera Cambas|first=Manueldate=1873|title=Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II|publisher=J.M. Aguilar Cruz|pages=275|language=es}}</ref>
===Final years and descendants===
Retired from public life as of December 1847, he died of pneumonia in his Mexico City house on 20 February 1850 at age 56. He was buried at the Convent of San Diego in central Mexico City (today, Ex-Convento de San Diego). His granddaughter Josefa Canalizo Valdez, daughter of his son Antonio Canalizo Danila and Procopia Valdez Osuna, married Don Guillermo Haas de la Vega, a legendary half-German entrepreneur from [[Mazatlán]] city and grandson of Sinaloa state governor Rafael de la Vega y Rábago of the De la Vega family dynasty of state governors.

Because Don Haas was a prominent figure in Sinaloa state, President of Mexico [[Francisco I. Madero]] invited him to become state governor in 1912, a political post that he turned down due to his numerous business responsibilities. Among other things, he owned "El Roble", a Sinaloa sugar cane hacienda and village founded by him (the famous [[mariachi]] song "El Sinaloense" is dedicated to El Roble and the Haas Canalizo family), and the Mazatlán Central Hotel (the largest and finest in town), as well as his silver mines, his two department and hardware stores (the only ones in the city), his farming haciendas in [[Navolato]], and his company "Northwestern Liquors", and he held posts as co-founder of the Occidental Bank of Mexico, chairman and president of the Mazatlán Chamber of Commerce, and co-founder and vice president of the Mazatlán Water Supply Company.
Josefa Canalizo's husband, Guillermo Haas de la Vega, was the son of German immigrant Agustín (August) Haas Bertram and Rafaela de la Vega, daughter of Sinaloa state governor Rafael de la Vega y Rábago of the ''Veguist'' historic period also known as ''Veguism'' when
all Sinaloa governors were members of the De la Vega family. Today's ''Casa Museo Haas'' in Mazatlán, Sinaloa, was the family mansion of Doña Josefa Canalizo and Don Guillermo Haas de la Vega and their eleven children.

The mansion's last inhabitant was a grandson of theirs, and great-great grandson of President Valentín Canalizo, Antonio Haas,<ref>[http://swotti.com/card/people/antonio-haas_328724.htm Antonio Haas (English titles) government of Mazatlán Institute publications]</ref><ref>[http://www.sic.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=artista&table_id=4290 Antonio Haas biography and Mazatlán Literature Award creation]</ref><ref>[http://laipsinaloa.gob.mx/images/stories/EL%20COLEGIO%20DE%20SINALOA/PROGRAMAS%20Y%20SERVICIOS/SINALOENSES%20ILUSTRES/ANTONIOHAASESPINOSADELOSMONTEROS.doc The Antonio Haas files, Sinaloa College (El Colegio de Sinaloa) elcolegiodesinaloa.com]</ref> a renowned lawyer and economist from [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Georgetown University|Georgetown]] Universities, founder of the ''Mazatlán Literature Award'' of Mexico, author, journalist and twice ''Mexico National Journalism Award'', horticulturist, and cultural philanthropist who died in the house in 2007. His public wake for the people of Mazatlán was held in the Mazatlán Cathedral, and hours later at the Mazatlán Opera House ''Teatro Ángela Peralta'' which he rescued and restored, his statue was placed at the opera's foyer. The local city theater ''Teatro Antonio Haas'' also bears his name. Upon his passing, the Mazatlán city government bought the Haas Canalizo family home.

In 2011, with the support of the ''Mazatlán Institute of Culture, Tourism and Art'' general director Raúl Rico Mendiola, the Haas Canalizo mansion became Mazatlán's cultural center the ''Haas House Museum'' (''Casa Haas'') by wish of the family, and by initiative of Guillermo Haas de la Vega and Josefa Canalizo's great-granddaughter, Lady Marina De Santiago-de Borbón Haas Canalizo (Marina St James-of Bourbon Haas Canalizo), great-great-great granddaughter of President Valentín Canalizo,<ref>[http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2014/03/02/index.php?section=correo Haas Canalizo family, descendants of President of Mexico Valentín Canalizo, Mexican national newspaper]</ref> and also great-great granddaughter of [[Luis González-Bravo y López de Arjona|Prime Minister of Spain Luis González-Bravo]] and [[Isabel II of Spain|Queen of Spain Isabella II of Bourbon]] (Isabel II de Borbón).


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Mexico}}
{{Portal|Mexico}}
*[[List of heads of state of Mexico]]
* [[List of heads of state of Mexico]]

==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{es icon}} "Canalizo, Valentín", ''Enciclopedia de México'', v. 3. Mexico City, 1996, {{ISBN|1-56409-016-7}}.
*{{es icon}} García Puron, Manuel, ''México y sus gobernantes'', v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.
* {{in lang|es}} "Canalizo, Valentín", ''Enciclopedia de México'', v. 3. Mexico City, 1996, {{ISBN|1-56409-016-7}}.
*{{es icon}} Orozco Linares, Fernando, ''Gobernantes de México''. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985.
* {{in lang|es}} García Puron, Manuel, ''México y sus gobernantes'', v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.
* {{in lang|es}} Orozco Linares, Fernando, ''Gobernantes de México''. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985.


==External links==
==External links==
*{{es icon}} [http://www.elbalero.gob.mx/historia/html/gober/v_canalizo.html Short biography]
* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061216190828/http://www.elbalero.gob.mx/historia/html/gober/v_canalizo.html Short biography]
*{{es icon}} [http://mx.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761585775 Short biography at Encarta]
* {{in lang|es}} [http://mx.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761585775 Short biography at Encarta]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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Revision as of 04:37, 9 April 2024

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Canalizo and the second or maternal family name is Bocadillo.
General Valentín Canalizo
13th President of Mexico
In office
7 September 1843 – 4 June 1844
Preceded byAntonio López de Santa Anna
Succeeded byAntonio López de Santa Anna
In office
21 September – 6 December 1844
Preceded byJosé Joaquín de Herrera
Succeeded byJosé Joaquín de Herrera
Personal details
Born(1794-01-14)14 January 1794
Monterrey, New Kingdom of León, Viceroyalty of New Spain
Died20 February 1850(1850-02-20) (aged 56)
Mexico, Mexico
Political partyConservative
SpouseJosefa Dávila

Valentín Canalizo Bocadillo (14 January 1794 – 20 February 1850), was a Mexican general and statesman who served twice as interim president during the Centralist Republic of Mexico and was later made Minister of War during the Mexican American War.

After Santa Anna reorganized the constitution as the Bases Orgánicas in 1843, he appointed Canalizo as interim president. Canalizo in practice was a puppet ruler for Santa Anna, but Santa Anna was then popularly elected in 1844 and assumed power personally in June of that year. He took leave two months later after his wife’s death, and Canalizo once again was chosen as interim president. After Mariano Paredes raised a revolt against the government, Santa Anna took command of the military to crush the uprising. Congress criticized this as illegal since Santa Anna was not president at the time, but the Canalizo government supported Santa Anna and dissolved the congress which only provoked popular opposition and led to Canalizo's downfall.

After stepping down from the presidency, he left the nation but came back to serve in the Mexican American War, during which he was appointed Minister of War under the liberal president Valentin Gomez Farias. He died in 1850.

Early life

Valentin Canalizo was born in Monterrey, and entered the Celaya Regiment as a cadet in August, 1811 the year after the War of Mexican Independence had begun. He ascended to the rank of sublieutenant and a year later reached the rank of lieutenant. He initially fought as a Spanish loyalist but switched sides to join Agustin de Iturbide in December 1820. He was present at the Siege of Valladolid, in the taking of San Juan del Rio y Zimapan and formed part of the forces which General Brancho surrendered to San Luis de la Paz. He was wounded in Azcapotzalco, and for his services at that battle was promoted to lieutenant colonel and granted an award of distinction. He held a command during the siege and taking of the capital.[1]

He joined in the uprising that led to the downfall of the First Mexican Empire, and in 1825 he was promoted to sergeant major. He served in Jalisco as an assistant to fellow future President of Mexico, General Jose Joaquin Herrera, and on December 8, 1829 he joined the Plan of Jalapa which would lead to fall of the Guerrero administration. He was placed in charge of artillery in order to protect the entrance of the reserve army commanded by General Melchor Muzquiz under whose orders Canalizo was placed. For his services in the successful revolution, the newly established Bustamante government made Canalizo a colonel.[2]

The government assigned him to the pacification of Jamiltepec where he was placed second in command to Eligio Ruelas. He also joined in the pacification of Costa Chica and Las Mixtecas, being in charge of troops during a battle at Zonactlan on January 26, 1831 where he routed the guerillas of Narvaez and Lima.[3] On May, 1831 he was promoted to general of brigade and made commandant general of the State of Oaxaca. Here he tried to suppress the revolution of 1832 against Bustamante’s government, but when the revolution succeeded Canalizo accepted the authority of the new government.[4]

In 1833, he joined in the uprising against the government of Valentin Gomez farias which led to the fall of the First Republic and the establishment of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. He was then made governor of the State of Mexico. After an uprising by Juan Alvarez in the south in favor of re-establishing the federal system, Canalizo was placed second in command of the troops sent to Acapulco to suppress the revolt and relieve the siege of that city.[5] He continued to lead campaigns against sporadic uprisings. In 1838 his effort to capture Tampico from the federalist general Longinos Montenegro was repulsed. He retired to Monterey, and then to Monclova after which he defeated the General Canales, and he was called back to Mexico City.[6]

President Bustamante was considering sending Canalizo on an expedition to Yucatán when the Bustamante administration was overthrown by Mariano Paredes in 1841. Canalizo remained loyal to Bustamante up until the president conceded defeat through the Convention of Estanzuela on October 6, 1841.[7]

Santa Anna called for a congress to redraft the constitution through which he hoped to take control of the Centralist Republic, but the congress which was elected was thoroughly federalist. The Plan of Huejotzingo was now proclaimed urging that congress be dissolved and replaced by a Junta of Notbles who would write a centralist constitution. The plan was successfully carried out and amongst its supporters was Canalizo.[8]

First Presidency

It was at this point that Santa Anna chose Canalizo to hold the post of interim president while he intended to rule from behind the scenes. Canalizo was chosen as one who would be loyal and non-threatening to Santa Anna’s power, while his past as a loyal follower of Bustamante gave the appearance of impartiality. He was officially appointed on October 2, 1843. Nonetheless he was widely perceived as a puppet.[9]

President Canalizo established the Sisters of Charity, assigned funds to the College of San Gregorio, published regulations on public education, and arranged a contract for new navy and army uniforms.[10]

A controversial element during the Canalizo administration was the amount of taxes imposed in spite of the country’s poverty. There were seven classes: land, industrial buildings, salaries, lucrative professions, luxuries, and the head tax.[11]

Congress met on January 2, 1844 and the results of the presidential elections, decided by the departments, were counted. In the opening session, the congress announced that Santa Anna had been elected. The deputies contained a substantial amount of opposition to Santa Anna, and they responded to the results by restricting the presidential power and forbidding further executive legislation. A measure to remove Canalizo was introduced in the Senate, which had the authority to remove interim presidents, but it failed.[12]

Santa Anna finally entered the capital on June 3, and Canalizo passed power over to him the following day.[13]

Second Presidency

Santa Anna’s wife had died and on August 31, 1844, and he subsequently sought permission from the chamber of deputies to take leave momentarily. The Senate, who had the authority to choose the interim president once again chose Canalizo and he would find himself in the presidential chair once again on September 21, 1844.[14] A month later on October 31, Mariano Paredes launched a revolt against the government in Guadalajara.

Santa Anna returned to the capital to lead an army against the uprising and entered Mexico City on November 18. As he was not legally president at the time the congress condemned Santa Anna’s assumption of military command as illegal, but he maintained support of the executive.[15]

Santa Anna reached Querétaro who was supporting Paredes, and ordered the department assembly to retract its support. When this was refused, Santa Anna imprisoned the members of the assembly and replaced the governor with one of his generals. Upon reaching the news in the national capital, Deputy Llaca of Querétaro protested on behalf of his constituents and a formal protest was lodged against the ministers. Minister Baranda decided to meet with Santa Anna over the matter upon which it was decided to shut congress down.[16]

On December 1, during a brief recess the military shut the doors of the legislative chambers. The ministry condemned congress and defended its measures as necessary to meet the national emergency. This led to public protest and the Ayuntamiento of Mexico City, and the Assembly of the Department of Mexico sided with congress. A statue of Santa Anna was vandalized with a noose around its neck.[17]

By this time troops at the capital were expressing support for Paredes’ revolt and called upon Jose Joaquin Herrera to assume the presidency. Herrera summoned the deposed deputies and on December 6, issued an appeal to Canalizo to support congress and prevent bloodshed. As he saw that his support had evaporated Canalizo stepped down and handed the presidency over to Jose Joaquin Herrera.[18]

Post Presidency

Canalizo was tried by the government and accused of trying to overthrow the constitution. In his defense, Canalizo claimed that he had no intention of abolishing the congress but merely suspending it due to the extraordinary circumstances. A general amnesty was passed by congress, but Canalizo preferred to leave the country. On October 25, 1845 he set out for Spain, but returned during the Mexican-American War in 1846.

He was made Minister of War under the administration of Valentin Gomez Farias.[19] and supported the government's controversial measures of nationalizing the Catholic Church's lands, in order to fund the war. He stepped down on February 23 and was assigned a military command to defend Veracruz with General Romulo Diaz de la Vega as his second in command.

He was present at the Battle of Cerro Gordo, in charge of cavalry. His conduct during that battle, retreating without fighting, and abandoning a large amount of supplies, led to a congressional proposal to start an investigation. He no longer played any notable role in the war, and never again assumed any political office. He died in obscurity on February 20, 1850.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 259.
  2. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 259.
  3. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 260.
  4. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 260.
  5. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 260.
  6. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 260.
  7. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 260.
  8. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 260.
  9. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861. p. 258.
  10. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 261.
  11. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 261.
  12. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861. p. 258.
  13. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873). Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 262.
  14. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manueldate=1873. Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 266.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861. pp. 268–269.
  16. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861. p. 270.
  17. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861. pp. 271–272.
  18. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879). History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861. pp. 272–273.
  19. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manueldate=1873. Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 274.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Rivera Cambas, Manueldate=1873. Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II (in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 275.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Further reading

  • (in Spanish) "Canalizo, Valentín", Enciclopedia de México, v. 3. Mexico City, 1996, ISBN 1-56409-016-7.
  • (in Spanish) García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.
  • (in Spanish) Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by President of Mexico
4 October 1843 – 4 June 1844 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Mexico
21 September – 6 December 1844 		Succeeded by
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