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{{Year nav topic5|1947|science}}
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{{Science year nav|1947}}
''See also:''<br>
[[1947|Other events of 1947]]<br>
⚫
[[List of years in science]]<br>
...<br>
[[1946 in science]]<br>
'''1947 in science'''<br>
[[1948 in science]]<br>
...<br>
</div>


'''The year 1947 in [[science]] and [[technology]]''' included many events, some of which are listed here.
The year '''1947 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.


==Anthropology==
==Anthropology==
* [[August 7]] - [[Thor Heyerdahl]]'s [[balsa wood]] raft the [[Kon-Tiki]], smashes into the [[reef]] at [[Raroia]] in the [[Tuamotu Islands]] after a 101 day 4,300 mile journey across the [[Pacific Ocean]] proving that pre-historic peoples could have traveled from [[South America]].
* August 7 – [[Thor Heyerdahl]]'s [[balsa wood|balsa-wood]] raft, the ''[[Kon-Tiki]]'', smashes into the [[reef]] at [[Raroia]] in the [[Tuamotu Islands]] after a 101-day, 4300-mile (6900-km) journey across the Pacific Ocean, demonstrating that prehistoric peoples could have traveled from South America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/8/7|title=Wood Raft Makes 4,300-Mile Voyage|work=This Day in History|publisher=[[BBC]]| accessdate=4 July 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref>

==Astronomy and space exploration==
* February 12 – [[Sikhote-Alin meteorite]] falls to Earth in [[Siberia]], the largest [[iron meteorite]] known to have impacted.<ref>{{cite book|first=O. Richard|last=Orton|title=Rocks From Space|publisher=Mountain Press Publishing|location=Missoula, Montana|edition=2nd|year=1998|page=103|isbn=0-87842-373-7}}</ref>
* February 20 – The first living things sent into space (and returned) are [[Drosophila melanogaster|fruit flies]], accompanied by rye and cotton seeds, aboard a [[V-2]] rocket launched by the [[United States Army Ordnance Corps|U.S. Army Ordnance Corps]] which reaches an altitude of 68 miles (109&nbsp;km).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postwarv2.com/usa/ws/uars/uars20.html|title=Upper Air Rocket Summary V-2 No. 20| accessdate=11 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part1.htm|title=The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946-1952|accessdate=2008-01-31|work=History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics|publisher=[[NASA]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125044753/https://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part1.htm|archivedate=25 January 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/V2/v-2tab.htm|title=V-2 Firing Tables|accessdate=2008-01-31|publisher=[[White Sands Missile Range]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125175018/http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/V2/v-2tab.htm|archivedate=2008-01-25}}</ref>
* [[Bok globule]]s are reported.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bok|first1=Bart J.|authorlink=Bart Bok|last2=Reilly|first2=Edith F.|title=Small Dark Nebulae|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=105|page=255|date=March 1947|bibcode = 1947ApJ...105..255B|doi=10.1086/144901}}</ref>

==Biology==
* The [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[Swift (bird)|Swift]] Research Project, based on the colony at the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]], is started by [[David Lack|David and Elizabeth Lack]]. It will still be running more than sixty years later.<ref>{{cite web|title=The swifts in the tower|url=http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/visiting/swifts/index.htm|publisher=Oxford University Museum of Natural History|accessdate=2011-03-17|archive-date=2011-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311033849/http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/visiting/swifts/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Museum Swifts: the story of the swifts in the tower of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History|first1=Andrew|last1=Lack|authorlink=Andrew Lack (author)|first2=Roy|last2=Overall|publisher=Oxford University Museum of Natural History|year=2002|isbn=0-9542726-0-9}}</ref>
* [[David Lack]] publishes ''Darwin's Finches''.
* ''[[Zika virus]]'' first isolated from a [[rhesus macaque]] in the [[Zika Forest]] of [[Uganda]].
* ''[[Influenza C virus]]'' first isolated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Asha|first1=Kumari|last2=Kumar|first2=Binod|date=2019-02-05|title=Emerging Influenza D Virus Threat: What We Know so Far!|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=8|issue=2|pages=192–|doi=10.3390/jcm8020192|pmc=6406440|pmid=30764577|doi-access=free}}</ref>


==Computer science==
==Computer science==
* January 25 – [[Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.]] and Estle Ray Mann file a [[United States patent]] request for an invention described as a "[[cathode-ray tube amusement device]]",<ref>{{Cite patent|country=US|number=2455992|pubdate=1948-12-14|title=Cathode-ray tube amusement device|assign1=Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories Inc.|inventor1-last=Goldsmith Jr.|inventor1-first=Thomas T.|inventor2-last=Estle Ray|inventor2-first=Mann}}</ref> probably the [[first video game]].
* [[July 29]] - After being shut off on [[November 9]], [[1946]] for a refurbishment, [[ENIAC]], one of the world's first digital [[computer]]s, is turned on after a memory upgrade. It will remain in continuous operation until [[October 2]], [[1955]].
* July 29 – After being shut off on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment and relocation, [[ENIAC]], one of the world's first digital [[computer]]s, is turned on after a memory upgrade at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], Maryland. It will remain in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/facts/10/40900528/July-29-1947-After-being-shut-off-on|title=July 29, 1947|encyclopedia=Britannica| accessdate=4 July 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref>
* August 18 – Official start of construction of [[Automatic Computing Engine]] in the United Kingdom.
* September 9 – A [[moth]] lodged in a [[relay]] is found to be the cause of a malfunction in the [[Harvard Mark II]] electromechanical computer, logged as "First actual case of [[Software bug|bug]] being found."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catb.org/jargon/html/B/bug.html|title='''bug''':n.|work=The Jargon File|accessdate=2012-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/main?edan_q=Log+book+with+computer+bug&op=Search|title=Log Book With Computer Bug|publisher=[[National Museum of American History]]|accessdate=2013-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927135534/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/main?edan_q=Log+book+with+computer+bug&op=Search|archive-date=2014-09-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* October – First recorded use of the word ''[[computer]]'' in its modern sense, referring to an electronic digital machine.<ref>{{cite web|title=computer, ''n''.|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] online version|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/37975?redirectedFrom=computer#eid|accessdate=2011-11-29 |date=September 2011}} {{OEDsub}}</ref>

==Mathematics==
* [[John Crank]] and [[Phyllis Nicolson]] describe the [[Crank–Nicolson method]] in [[numerical analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat conduction type|journal=[[Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society]]|volume=43|issue=1|year=1947|pages=50–67|doi=10.1007/BF02127704|last1=Crank|first1=J.|last2=Nicolson|first2=P.|s2cid=16676040}}</ref>
* [[George Dantzig]] publishes the [[simplex algorithm]] for [[linear programming]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Murty|first=Katta G.|title=Linear programming|publisher=Wiley|location=New York|year=1983|isbn=0-471-09725-X|mr=720547}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Cottle, Richard W|title=The Basic George B. Dantzig|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2003|first=George B.|last=Dantzig}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=George B.|last1=Dantzig|first2=Mukund N.|last2=Thapa|year=1997|title=Linear programming 1: Introduction|publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=George B.|last1=Dantzig|first2=Mukund N.|last2=Thapa|year=2003|title=Linear Programming 2: Theory and Extensions|publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Michael J.|last=Todd|date=February 2002|title=The many facets of linear programming|journal=Mathematical Programming|volume=91|issue=3|doi=10.1007/s101070100261|pages=417–436|s2cid=6464735}}</ref><ref>''Computing in Science and Engineering'' '''2'''(1) (2000).</ref>

==Medicine==
* The first [[antithyroid agent|antithyroid drug]], [[propylthiouracil]], is introduced in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Skugor|first1=Mario|last2=Wilder|first2=Jesse Bryant|title=The Cleveland Clinic Guide to Thyroid Disorders|year=2009|location=New York|publisher=Kaplan Publishing|isbn=978-1-4277-9969-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandclinicg00skug/page/71 71]|url= https://archive.org/details/clevelandclinicg00skug|url-access=registration|quote=propylthiouracil introduced 1947.| accessdate=13 September 2011 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref>
* The first use of [[defibrillation]] on a human subject is performed by Claude Beck, professor of surgery at [[Case Western Reserve University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/dittrick/museum/artifacts1/defibrllator.html|title=Claude Beck, defibrillation and CPR|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|year=2010|accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref>
* [[Mary Barber (bacteriologist)|Mary Barber]] publishes her classic paper on [[antibiotic resistance]] in ''[[Staphylococcus]]'' [[bacteria]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Staphylococcal Infection due to Penicillin-Resistant Strains|first=Mary|last=Barber|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|date=1947-11-29|volume=2|issue=4534|pages=863–865|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.4534.863|pmc=2056216|pmid=20272443}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Hugh Pennington |last=Pennington |first=Hugh |url=http://www.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=13593 |title=Rooting out the villains |date=2010-02-09 |publisher=Public Service.co.uk |accessdate=2012-12-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228090904/http://www.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=13593 |archivedate=2011-02-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Haines|first=Catharine M. C.|year=2001|title=International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950|isbn=1-57607-090-5|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain}}</ref>

==Metrology==
* February 23 – The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) is founded.

==Paleontology==
* April 18 – "[[Mrs. Ples]]" (STS 5), the most complete skull of an ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'' specimen ever found in [[South Africa]], is discovered at [[Sterkfontein]] ([[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]]) by [[Robert Broom]] and [[John T. Robinson]].


==Physics==
==Physics==
* [[June 2]] - The [[Shelter Island Conference]] on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics convenes in [[New York]].
* June – The [[Doomsday Clock]] of the ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]'' is introduced.
* June 2 – The [[Shelter Island Conference]] on the Foundations of [[Quantum Mechanics]] convenes in [[New York (state)|New York State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/shelterisland.html|title=The Shelter Island Conference|publisher=The National Academies|accessdate=4 July 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|archive-date=1 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401055459/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/shelterisland.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* August 15 – '[[GLEEP]]' (the Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile) experimental [[nuclear reactor]] runs for the first time at the [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]], [[Harwell, Oxfordshire]], the first reactor to operate in [[Western Europe]].
* December 20 – The discovery of [[kaon]] is published in [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'' (journal)]].
* [[Harold Urey]], [[Jacob Bigeleisen]], and [[Maria Mayer]] introduce the [[Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation]], a model for approximating [[isotope fractionation]].<ref name="richet1977">{{cite journal | last1 = Richet | first1 = P. | last2 = Bottinga | first2 = Y. | last3 = Javoy | first3 = M. | title = A Review of Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur, and Chlorine Stable Isotope Fractionation Among Gaseous Molecules | journal = Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences | year = 1977 | volume = 5 | pages = 65–110 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433 | bibcode = 1977AREPS...5...65R}}</ref><ref name="urey1947">{{cite journal | last = Urey | first = H.C. | title = The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances | journal = Journal of the Chemical Society | year = 1947 | pages = 562–581 | doi = 10.1039/JR9470000562 | pmid = 20249764}}</ref><ref name="bigeleisen1947">{{cite journal | title = Calculation of Equilibrium Constants for Isotopic Exchange Reactions | last1 = Bigeleisen | first1 = J. | last2 = Mayer | first2 = M.G. | journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | year = 1947 | pages = 261–267 | doi = 10.1063/1.1746492 | bibcode = 1947JChPh..15..261B| hdl = 2027/mdp.39015074123996 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

==Technology==
* February 21 – [[Edwin H. Land]] demonstrates the first practical [[instant camera]], the [[Land Camera]], in New York City. It will first be on commercial sale in December 1948.
* November 13 – First [[AK-47]] [[selective fire|selective-fire]], [[gas operated|gas-operated]] [[assault rifle]] produced in the Soviet Union by [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]].
* November 17–December 23 – [[John Bardeen]] and [[Walter Brattain]] working under [[William Shockley]] at [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]'s [[Bell Labs]] in the United States demonstrate the [[transistor]] effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=November 17 – December 23, 1947: Invention of the First Transistor|publisher=[[American Physical Society]]|url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200011/history.cfm|accessdate=2013-01-16}}</ref>
* December 11 – A hexagonal [[cellular telephone]] network is proposed by [[Douglas H. Ring]] and [[W. Rae Young]] of [[Bell Labs]] for mobile phones in vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf|date=1947-12-11|title=Mobile Telephony – Wide Area Coverage|first=D. H.|last=Ring|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207062016/http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-02-07|accessdate=2018-07-10}}</ref>
* The [[clavioline]] is invented by [[Constant Martin]].
* The [[disposable nappy]] is invented by [[Valerie Hunter Gordon]].
* [[Raytheon]] produces the first commercial [[microwave oven]].


==Awards==
==Awards==
* [[Nobel Prize]]s<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/1947.html "Nobel Laureates 1947."] ''Nobelprize''.</ref>
* [[Nobel Prize]]s
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] - [[Edward Victor Appleton]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Edward Victor Appleton]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] - [[Sir Robert Robinson]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – Sir [[Robert Robinson (chemist)|Robert Robinson]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] - [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]], [[Gerty Cori]], [[Bernardo Houssay]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]], [[Gerty Cori]], [[Bernardo Houssay]]


==Births==
==Births==
* January 24 – [[Michio Kaku]], American [[theoretical physicist]] and [[Popular science|popularizer of science]].
*[[January 29]] - [[Linda B. Buck]], biologist, Nobel prize winner, 2004
* January 29 – [[Linda B. Buck]], American [[biologist]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]], 2004.
* February 4 – [[John Campbell Brown]] (died [[2019 in science|2019]]), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[astronomer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary: Professor John Brown OBE, Astronomer Royal for Scotland who used magic tricks to share wonder of the cosmos |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-professor-john-brown-obe-astronomer-royal-scotland-who-used-magic-tricks-share-wonder-cosmos-1398717 |website=www.scotsman.com |access-date=27 May 2021 }}</ref>
* March 16 – [[Keith Devlin]], English-born [[mathematician]] and popularizer of science.
* April 18 – [[Chris Rapley]], British climate scientist.
* May 9 – [[Michael Levitt]], South African-born [[computational biologist]], recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]], 2013.
* June 8 – [[Eric F. Wieschaus]], American biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]], 1995.
* June 15 – [[Alain Aspect]], French quantum physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2022/press-release/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022|date=2022-10-04|work=[[Nobel Prize]]|publisher=[[The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=2022-10-06}}</ref>
* June 25 – [[Will Steffen]], American-born Australian chemist (died [[2023 in science|2023]])<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jan/31/will-steffen-courageous-climate-scientist-dies-in-canberra-aged-75 Will Steffen, ‘courageous’ climate scientist, dies in Canberra aged 75]</ref>
* July 5 – [[Lalji Singh]], Indian [[biotechnologist]] and [[cytogeneticist]].
* July 30 – [[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]], French virologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]], 2008.
* August 21 – [[Margaret Chan]], Hong Kong-born physician.
* December 6 – [[Geoffrey Hinton]], English-born [[cognitive psychologist]] and [[computer scientist]].
* December 16 – [[Martyn Poliakoff]], British [[chemist]] and popularizer of science.
* [[Stuart W. Jamieson]], [[Rhodesia]]n-born cardiothoracic surgeon.


==Deaths==
==Deaths==
* [[October 4]] - [[Max Planck]] (b. [[1858 in science|1858]]), [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]].
* February 12 – [[Moses Gomberg]] (born [[1866 in science|1866]]), American chemist.
* [[December 17]] - [[J. N. Brønsted]] (b. [[1879 in science|1879]]), physical [[chemist]].
* February 25 – [[Friedrich Paschen]] (born [[1865 in science|1865]]), German [[physicist]].
* [[Godfrey Harold Hardy]] (b. [[1877 in science|1877]]), [[mathematician]].
* August 23 – [[Roy Chadwick]] (born [[1893 in science|1893]]), English [[aircraft designer]] (aircraft accident).
* September 15 – [[Annie S. D. Maunder|Annie Maunder]] (born [[1868 in science|1868]]), [[Anglo-Irish]] [[astronomer]].
* October 2 – [[P. D. Ouspensky]] (born [[1878 in science|1878]]), Russian-born philosopher.
* October 4 – [[Max Planck]] (born [[1858 in science|1858]]), German [[quantum physicist]].
* November 17 – [[Emil Racoviță]] (born [[1868 in science|1868]]), [[Romanians|Romanian]] [[biologist]], [[speleologist]] and [[List of polar explorers|polar explorer]].
* December 1
** [[John Fraser (surgeon)|John Fraser]] (born [[1885 in science|1885]]), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[surgeon]].
** [[G. H. Hardy]] (born [[1877 in science|1877]]), English [[mathematician]].<ref>GRO Register of Deaths: December 1947 4a 204 Cambridge – Godfrey H. Hardy, aged 70.</ref>
* December 17 – [[J. N. Brønsted]] (born [[1879 in science|1879]]), [[Danes|Danish]] [[physical chemist]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:1947 In Science}}
[[Category:1947]]
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[[Category:1947 in science| ]]
[[Category:20th century in science]]
[[Category:1940s in science]]
[[Category:1940s in science]]

Latest revision as of 11:04, 23 January 2024

List of years in science (table)
+...
1947 in science
Fields
Technology
Social sciences
Paleontology
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Other/related

The year 1947 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Anthropology[edit]

Astronomy and space exploration[edit]

Biology[edit]

Computer science[edit]

Mathematics[edit]

Medicine[edit]

Metrology[edit]

Paleontology[edit]

Physics[edit]

Technology[edit]

Awards[edit]

Births[edit]

Deaths[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Wood Raft Makes 4,300-Mile Voyage". This Day in History. BBC. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  2. ^ Orton, O. Richard (1998). Rocks From Space (2nd ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 0-87842-373-7.
  3. ^ "Upper Air Rocket Summary V-2 No. 20". Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  4. ^ "The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946-1952". History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics. NASA. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  5. ^ "V-2 Firing Tables". White Sands Missile Range. Archived from the original on 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  6. ^ Bok, Bart J.; Reilly, Edith F. (March 1947). "Small Dark Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal. 105: 255. Bibcode:1947ApJ...105..255B. doi:10.1086/144901.
  7. ^ "The swifts in the tower". Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2011-03-11. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
  8. ^ Lack, Andrew; Overall, Roy (2002). The Museum Swifts: the story of the swifts in the tower of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Oxford University Museum of Natural History. ISBN 0-9542726-0-9.
  9. ^ Asha, Kumari; Kumar, Binod (2019-02-05). "Emerging Influenza D Virus Threat: What We Know so Far!". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8 (2): 192–. doi:10.3390/jcm8020192. PMC 6406440. PMID 30764577.
  10. ^ US 2455992, Goldsmith Jr., Thomas T. & Estle Ray, Mann, "Cathode-ray tube amusement device", published 1948-12-14, assigned to Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories Inc. 
  11. ^ "July 29, 1947". Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  12. ^ "bug:n". The Jargon File. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
  13. ^ "Log Book With Computer Bug". National Museum of American History. Archived from the original on 2014-09-27. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
  14. ^ "computer, n". Oxford English Dictionary online version. Oxford University Press. September 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-29. (subscription or participating institution membership required)
  15. ^ Crank, J.; Nicolson, P. (1947). "A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat conduction type". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 43 (1): 50–67. doi:10.1007/BF02127704. S2CID 16676040.
  16. ^ Murty, Katta G. (1983). Linear programming. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-09725-X. MR 0720547.
  17. ^ Dantzig, George B. (2003). Cottle, Richard W (ed.). The Basic George B. Dantzig. Stanford University Press.
  18. ^ Dantzig, George B.; Thapa, Mukund N. (1997). Linear programming 1: Introduction. Springer.
  19. ^ Dantzig, George B.; Thapa, Mukund N. (2003). Linear Programming 2: Theory and Extensions. Springer.
  20. ^ Todd, Michael J. (February 2002). "The many facets of linear programming". Mathematical Programming. 91 (3): 417–436. doi:10.1007/s101070100261. S2CID 6464735.
  21. ^ Computing in Science and Engineering 2(1) (2000).
  22. ^ Skugor, Mario; Wilder, Jesse Bryant (2009). The Cleveland Clinic Guide to Thyroid Disorders. New York: Kaplan Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4277-9969-2. Retrieved 13 September 2011. propylthiouracil introduced 1947.
  23. ^ "Claude Beck, defibrillation and CPR". Case Western Reserve University. 2010. Retrieved 2012-06-13.
  24. ^ Barber, Mary (1947-11-29). "Staphylococcal Infection due to Penicillin-Resistant Strains". British Medical Journal. 2 (4534): 863–865. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4534.863. PMC 2056216. PMID 20272443.
  25. ^ Pennington, Hugh (2010-02-09). "Rooting out the villains". Public Service.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  26. ^ Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-090-5.
  27. ^ "The Shelter Island Conference". The National Academies. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  28. ^ Richet, P.; Bottinga, Y.; Javoy, M. (1977). "A Review of Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur, and Chlorine Stable Isotope Fractionation Among Gaseous Molecules". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 5: 65–110. Bibcode:1977AREPS...5...65R. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433.
  29. ^ Urey, H.C. (1947). "The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances". Journal of the Chemical Society: 562–581. doi:10.1039/JR9470000562. PMID 20249764.
  30. ^ Bigeleisen, J.; Mayer, M.G. (1947). "Calculation of Equilibrium Constants for Isotopic Exchange Reactions". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 15 (5): 261–267. Bibcode:1947JChPh..15..261B. doi:10.1063/1.1746492. hdl:2027/mdp.39015074123996.
  31. ^ "November 17 – December 23, 1947: Invention of the First Transistor". American Physical Society. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
  32. ^ Ring, D. H. (1947-12-11). "Mobile Telephony – Wide Area Coverage" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  33. ^ "Nobel Laureates 1947." Nobelprize.
  34. ^ "Obituary: Professor John Brown OBE, Astronomer Royal for Scotland who used magic tricks to share wonder of the cosmos". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  35. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022". Nobel Prize (Press release). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  36. ^ Will Steffen, ‘courageous’ climate scientist, dies in Canberra aged 75
  37. ^ GRO Register of Deaths: December 1947 4a 204 Cambridge – Godfrey H. Hardy, aged 70.
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