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'''Blitz Week''' was a period of [[United States Army Air Forces]] (USAAF) [[strategic bombing|aerial bombardment]] during the 1943 [[Combined Bomber Offensive]] of [[World War II]]. [[strategic bombing|Air raids]] were conducted on six of seven days as part of [[Operation Gomorrah]], against targets such as the chemical plant at [[Herøya]], Norway, which produced nitrates for explosives;<ref name=Coffey>{{Cite document |last=Coffey |first=Thomas M. |year=1977 |title=Decision over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing |url=https://archive.org/details/decisionoverschw00coff |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=David McKay Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/decisionoverschw00coff/page/242 242], 244–5, 265 }}</ref> and the [[AGO Flugzeugwerke]] [[Aktiengesellschaft|AG]] plant<ref name=Jablonski>{{cite book |last=Jablonski |first=Edward |year=1971 |title=Airpower |url= http://www.alibris.com/booksearch?qwork=-38504524}}
'''Blitz Week''' was a period of [[United States Army Air Forces]] (USAAF) [[strategic bombing|aerial bombardment]] during the 1943 [[Combined Bomber Offensive]] of [[World War II]]. [[strategic bombing|Air raids]] were conducted on six of seven days as part of [[Operation Gomorrah]], against targets such as the chemical plant at [[Herøya]], Norway, which produced nitrates for explosives;<ref name=Coffey>{{Cite document |last=Coffey |first=Thomas M. |year=1977 |title=Decision over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing |url=https://archive.org/details/decisionoverschw00coff |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=David McKay Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/decisionoverschw00coff/page/242 242], 244–5, 265 }}</ref> and the [[AGO Flugzeugwerke]] [[Aktiengesellschaft|AG]] plant<ref name=Jablonski>{{cite book |last=Jablonski |first=Edward |year=1971 |title=Airpower |url= http://www.alibris.com/booksearch?qwork=-38504524}}
*'''Volume I''': {{cite book |last=----- |title=Terror from the Sky |work=Airpower |isbn=978-0-385-04524-7 }} pages 1-168
*'''Volume I''': {{cite book |last=----- |title=Terror from the Sky |work=Airpower |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-385-04524-7 }} pages 1-168
*'''Volume II''': {{cite book |last=----- |title=Tragic Victories |work=Airpower |isbn=978-1-933648-12-5 }} pages 1-192
*'''Volume II''': {{cite book |last=----- |title=Tragic Victories |work=Airpower |date=October 2006 |isbn=978-1-933648-12-5 }} pages 1-192
*'''Volume III''': {{cite book |last=----- |title=Outraged Skies |work=Airpower }} pages 1-136
*'''Volume III''': {{cite book |last=----- |title=Outraged Skies |work=Airpower }} pages 1-136
*'''Volume IV''': {{cite book |last=----- |title=Wings of Fire |work=Airpower |isbn=978-84-8483-406-9 |date=October 2009 }} pages 1-218</ref>{{Rp|IV-48,51}} (an [[Operation Pointblank]] target) at [[Oschersleben]], Germany that assembled [[Focke-Wulf 190]]s. The Kassel mission on July 28, 1943 was the first use of [[P-47 Thunderbolt]] [[Drop tank|auxiliary fuel tanks]].<ref name=Arnold>{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Henry H.—Foreword |author-link= Henry H. Arnold |date=June 1944 |orig-year= Special Edition for AAF Organizations, from May 1944 |title=AAF: The Official Guide to the Army Air Forces |location=New York |publisher= Pocket Books |page=334}}</ref>
*'''Volume IV''': {{cite book |last=----- |title=Wings of Fire |work=Airpower |isbn=978-84-8483-406-9 |date=October 2009 }} pages 1-218</ref>{{Rp|IV-48,51}} (an [[Operation Pointblank]] target) at [[Oschersleben]], Germany that assembled [[Focke-Wulf 190]]s. The Kassel mission on July 28, 1943 was the first use of [[P-47 Thunderbolt]] [[Drop tank|auxiliary fuel tanks]].<ref name=Arnold>{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Henry H.—Foreword |author-link= Henry H. Arnold |date=June 1944 |orig-year= Special Edition for AAF Organizations, from May 1944 |title=AAF: The Official Guide to the Army Air Forces |location=New York |publisher= Pocket Books |page=334}}</ref>
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== Bombing of Hamburg ==
== Bombing of Hamburg ==
[[File:Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CL3400 (cropped).jpg|thumb|241x241px|Hamburg after being bombed by the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Force in 1943]]
[[File:Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CL3400 (cropped).jpg|thumb|241x241px|Hamburg after being bombed by the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Force in 1943]]
During the last week of July in 1943, The [[Eighth Air Force]] of the [[United States Army Air Forces]](USAAF) launched an offensive against [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in the form of air raids in which 1,000 combatants were either killed, injured, or went missing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Decision Over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing|last1=Coffey|first1=Thomas M|date=1977|publisher=David McKay Company|isbn=978-0679507635|page=[https://archive.org/details/decisionoverschw00coff/page/242 242]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/decisionoverschw00coff/page/242}}</ref> The United States of America launched these air raids alongside the [[United Kingdom]], which they called [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|Operation Gomorrah]]. [[Hamburg]] was deemed an important strategic target due to its housing of [[U-boat]]s and oil refineries in the region. Because the Nazis knew and understood the importance of Hamburg, the city was ringed with anti-aircraft weapons and 1,700 shelters were provided for its 230,000 citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/the-bombing-campaign-of-world-war-two/the-bombing-of-hamburg-in-1943/|title=The bombing of Hamburg in 1943|last=Trueman|first=C|date=19 May 2015|website=History Learning Site}}</ref> To counter the radar use in Hamburg, British bomber crews applied strips of tin foil, known as [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]], to the bomber which would be dropped to confuse the radar screen and would appear as a cluster of targets on the screen. Britain's first attack came on the 24th, with the USAAF to follow the next day, but they ran into difficulties navigating the city due to the large amount of smoke the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] had caused on the night before.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|last=Middlebrook|first=Martin|last2=Everitt|first2=Chris|publisher=Viking|year=1985|pages=410}}</ref>
During the last week of July in 1943, The [[Eighth Air Force]] of the [[United States Army Air Forces]](USAAF) launched an offensive against [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in the form of air raids in which 1,000 combatants were either killed, injured, or went missing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Decision Over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing|last1=Coffey|first1=Thomas M|date=1977|publisher=David McKay Company|isbn=978-0679507635|page=[https://archive.org/details/decisionoverschw00coff/page/242 242]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/decisionoverschw00coff/page/242}}</ref> The United States of America launched these air raids alongside the [[United Kingdom]], which they called [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|Operation Gomorrah]]. [[Hamburg]] was deemed an important strategic target due to its housing of [[U-boat]]s and oil refineries in the region. Because the Nazis knew and understood the importance of Hamburg, the city was ringed with anti-aircraft weapons and 1,700 shelters were provided for its 230,000 citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/the-bombing-campaign-of-world-war-two/the-bombing-of-hamburg-in-1943/|title=The bombing of Hamburg in 1943|last=Trueman|first=C|date=19 May 2015|website=History Learning Site}}</ref> To counter the radar use in Hamburg, British bomber crews applied strips of tin foil, known as [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]], to the bomber which would be dropped to confuse the radar screen and would appear as a cluster of targets on the screen. Britain's first attack came on the 24th, with the USAAF to follow the next day, but they ran into difficulties navigating the city due to the large amount of smoke the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] had caused on the night before.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book|last1=Middlebrook|first1=Martin|last2=Everitt|first2=Chris|publisher=Viking|year=1985|pages=410}}</ref>


== Operation Pointblank ==
== Operation Pointblank ==

Revision as of 10:15, 5 June 2021

Blitz Week
Part of Strategic bombing campaign in Europe
DateJuly 24–26 & 28–30, 1943[1]: 244–5 
Location
 Nazi Germany: Hamburg (25th), Hanover (26th), Kassel (28th, 30th), Kiel (25th, 29th), Oschersleben (28th), Warnemünde (25th, 29th)
 Norway: Herøya & Trondheim (24th)
Belligerents
 United States  Nazi Germany
Casualties and losses
100 aircraft
1000 KIA/WIA/MIA[1]: 242 
Main article: Strategic bombing during World War II
Not to be confused with Big Week.

Blitz Week was a period of United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) aerial bombardment during the 1943 Combined Bomber Offensive of World War II. Air raids were conducted on six of seven days as part of Operation Gomorrah, against targets such as the chemical plant at Herøya, Norway, which produced nitrates for explosives;[1] and the AGO Flugzeugwerke AG plant[2]: IV-48, 51  (an Operation Pointblank target) at Oschersleben, Germany that assembled Focke-Wulf 190s. The Kassel mission on July 28, 1943 was the first use of P-47 Thunderbolt auxiliary fuel tanks.[3]

Attack on Norway

Aftermath of Ladehammerkaia in Trondheim from the allied attack in 1943

Norway was an important foothold for Germany due to strategic positioning and its connection to Swedish iron mines, connecting Lulea, Sweden to Narvik, Norway.[4] On July 24, Trondheim and Herøya in Norway were attacked by the Eighth Air Force in their very first attack on Norway and delivered a substantial amount of damage. Trondheim was home to a large U-boat base and Herøya sheltered a nitrate processing plant owned by German I. G. Fabenindustrie.[5] The attack on the processing plant had struck a great blow to the German's air force, and forcing them to find a new supplier for metal. The Eighth Air Force had brought along 167 1st Heavy Bombardment Wing B-17s, a single YB-40, and 41 4th Heavy Bombardment Wing long-range B-17s. The attack on Norway was also the first time a splasher beacon was used against poor weather.[6]

Bombing of Hamburg

Hamburg after being bombed by the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Force in 1943

During the last week of July in 1943, The Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces(USAAF) launched an offensive against Germany in the form of air raids in which 1,000 combatants were either killed, injured, or went missing.[7] The United States of America launched these air raids alongside the United Kingdom, which they called Operation Gomorrah. Hamburg was deemed an important strategic target due to its housing of U-boats and oil refineries in the region. Because the Nazis knew and understood the importance of Hamburg, the city was ringed with anti-aircraft weapons and 1,700 shelters were provided for its 230,000 citizens.[8] To counter the radar use in Hamburg, British bomber crews applied strips of tin foil, known as Chaff, to the bomber which would be dropped to confuse the radar screen and would appear as a cluster of targets on the screen. Britain's first attack came on the 24th, with the USAAF to follow the next day, but they ran into difficulties navigating the city due to the large amount of smoke the RAF had caused on the night before.[9]

Operation Pointblank

Operation Pointblank was the code name for the main part of the Combined Bomber Offensive and was focused on crippling Nazi Germany's aircraft production to create less resistance when invading the rest of Europe controlled by Germany.[10] Operation Pointblank had begun on 14 June in 1943 and lasted until 19 April the next year.[10] The USAAF had focused on attacking aircraft producing factories during the day in their "precision attacks" and had forced the Luftwaffe into defending the factories, creating large air battles and even though German aircraft production rose due to the defense, the strength of the Luftwaf fe had been reduced.[11] During Operation Pointblank, both the USAAF and RAF had attacked several targets including: Shweinfurt, Regensburg, Oshersleben, Warnemünde, and Kassel.

Oshersleben

During the last week of July in 1943, the Eighth Air Force had launched several high effort missions against aircraft production factories in Germany. General Ira C. Eaker and Fred Anderson were crucial in the planning of these attacks and had focused on the northern part of Germany where the Eighth Air Force had routinely operated.[12] The factories that were targeted were the AGO Flugzeugwerke located in Oshersleben, Heinkel Flugzeugwerke in Warnemünde, and Fieseler Flugzeugbau in Kassel. These factories produced the notable fighter planes Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and the Messerschmitt Bf 109. The attack began on 28 July and the 120 B-17s from the 4th wing had set out for Oshersleben but had soon run into poor weather and became separated.[13]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Coffey, Thomas M. (1977). "Decision over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing" (Document). New York: David McKay Company. p. 242, 244–5, 265. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url-access= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Jablonski, Edward (1971). Airpower.
  3. ^ Arnold, Henry H.—Foreword (June 1944) [Special Edition for AAF Organizations, from May 1944]. AAF: The Official Guide to the Army Air Forces. New York: Pocket Books. p. 334.
  4. ^ Garnet, David (1941). War in the Air. Doubleday. p. 112.
  5. ^ "NORWEGIANS REPORT ON FORTRESS RAIDS: Damage at Trondheim, Heroya in July 24 Attacks Marked". New York Times. Aug 1, 1943.
  6. ^ Hammel, Eric (2009). Air War Europa: Chronology: America's Air War Against Germany In Europe and North Africa, 1942–1945. p. 157.
  7. ^ Coffey, Thomas M (1977). Decision Over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing. David McKay Company. p. 242. ISBN 978-0679507635.
  8. ^ Trueman, C (19 May 2015). "The bombing of Hamburg in 1943". History Learning Site.
  9. ^ Middlebrook, Martin; Everitt, Chris (1985). The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book. Viking. p. 410.
  10. ^ a b Gruen, Alan L. Preemptive Defense, Allied Air Powers Versus Hitler's V-Weapons, 1943–1945. pp. 4, 5.
  11. ^ 1952–, Zaloga, Steve (2011). Operation Pointblank 1944 : defeating the Luftwaffe. Long Island City, NY: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781849083850. OCLC 676726859. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Yenne, Bill (2015). Hit the Target: Eight Men Who Led the Eighth Air Force to Victory Over the Luftwaffe. p. 189.
  13. ^ Chant, Christopher. "Operation Blitz Week".
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