Prison escape

U.S. Marshals observing a prisoner transport to prevent escapes

File:Jika jika.jpg

Escape from prison via helicopter is seen as a major threat. Many prisons have some type of enclosed roof, as shown at the Jika Jika Division, Pentridge Prison, Melbourne, Australia.

A prison escape or prison break is where a prisoner leaves their prison through unofficial or illegal ways, and almost always results in an effort to recapture them by their original detainers.

Methods of escape

Opportunistic: A prisoner sees a chance to escape from prison and takes it, such as when a door is accidentally left unlocked. The prisoner may not have previously considered escape before, but has seen an opportunity for freedom and taken it.

Planned: When a prisoner considers how to escape from a prison and takes steps to ensure that plan is successful, they are planning an escape. This is the most common variety, since a prisoner must not only determine how to reach the outside of the prison but how to elude authorities.

Getting assistance

Outside assistance: Friends or relatives of an inmate arrange for items to be smuggled into the prison or arrange to have an escape vehicle standing by, ready to receive the prisoner when they reach the outside of the compound. Because prisoners' mail, gifts and communications are usually monitored it can be difficult to ensure this sort of assistance.

Inside assistance: Most prison escapes require assistance from people inside the prison; usually from fellow inmates but it's possible for corrupted guards or other prison officials to help an inmate escape, typically through turning a blind eye to 'anomalies' or sabotage. It is more difficult for officials to monitor this form of assistance, since communication between inmates and their guards is routine in most prison facilities.

Famous historical escapes

There have been many famous escapes throughout history.

• In 1756 Italian writer Giacomo Casanova famously managed to escape from one of the most secure prisons of his time: the Doge's Palace.
• The Great Escape, 76 Allied POWs (primarily Commonwealth airmen) escaped from Stalag Luft III during World War Two. 50 of the escaped POWs were rounded up and shot by the Gestapo, while only 3 succeeded in reaching neutral territories.
• The Libby Prison Escape occurred on 10 February 1864, when 109 Union officers escaped from Libby Prison, a Confederate POW camp in Richmond, Virginia during the U.S. Civil War. Of the 109, 59 succeeded in making it back through Federal lines.
• Frank Morris, John Anglin and Clarence Anglin escaped from 'inescapable' Alcatraz Island; although the fate of the escapees is unclear.
• John Dillinger served time at the Indiana state penitentiary at Michigan City, until 1933, when he was paroled. Within four months, he was back in jail in Lima, Ohio, but the gang sprang him, killing the jailer Sheriff Jessie Sarber. Most of the gang was captured again by the end of the year in Tucson, Arizona due to a fire at the Historic Hotel Congress. Dillinger alone was sent to the Lake County jail in Crown Point, Indiana. He was to face trial for the suspected killing of Officer William O'Malley during a bank shootout in East Chicago, Indiana, some time after his escape from jail. During this time on trial, the famous photograph was taken of Dillinger putting his arm on prosecutor Robert Estill's shoulder when suggested to him by reporters.

 On March 3, 1934, Dillinger escaped from the "escape-proof" (as it was dubbed by local authorities at the time) Crown Point, Indiana county jail which was guarded by       many police and national guardsmen. Newspapers reported that Dillinger had escaped using a wooden gun blackened with shoe polish.

• In December 1979 political prisoners Tim Jenkin, Stephen Lee and Alex Moumbaris escaped from South Africa's maximum-security Pretoria Prison. After 18 months of plotting, testing, preparing, and learning how to pick locks and forge keys, the trio escaped the prison the same way they came in: through 10 locked doors.
• Soviet spy George Blake escaped from Wormwood Scrubs on 22 October 1966, assisted by Pat Pottle, Michael Randle and Sean Bourke. Both Blake and Bourke reached the safety of the Soviet Union.
• German Naval Air Service Kapitänleutnant Gunter Plüschow escaped from the Donington Hall prisoner of war camp in 1915.
• Colditz Castle was used as an 'escape-proof' prisoner of war camp during World War II; over the course of 300 escape attempts 130 prisoners escaped, of which 30 eventually managed to reach friendly territory. Escapees tunneled, disguised themselves as guards, workmen or women, snuck away through sewer drains, and even planned to use a glider to get over the wall. (Further research has proven that the glider attempt would almost certainly have been successful, but the War ended before it was to be put into action. By this time the glider had been fully assembled.)
• André Devigny, a French Resistance Fighter during World War 2, escaped Montluc Military Prison in Lyon with his cellmate in April 1943.
• Safe cracker Alfie Hinds became famous for escaping from Nottingham Prison after sneaking through the locked doors and over a 20-foot prison wall for which he became known as "Houdini" Hinds. He later escaped from the Law Courts at the Old Bailey. Escorted by two guards, he went to the lavatory where they removed his handcuffs outside. Once inside, Hinds bundled the handcuffs and snapped the padlock onto screw eyes inserted on the door by his unknown accomplices and escaped into the crowd on Fleet Street. Hinds sealed his notoriety by making a third escape from Chelmsford Prison.
• Jack Sheppard escaped from prison several times, using elaborate planning, and careful noting of the time that guards patrolled certain areas.
• The escape of Lucien Rivard in Canada in 1965. Rivard was consequently named the Canadian Newsmaker of the Year by the Canadian Press.
• Before being sentenced to 12 years in the Federal Corrections Institution at Petersburg, Virginia in April 1971, Frank W. Abagnale is said to have escaped from both a British VC-10 airliner, and the Federal Detention Center in Atlanta, Georgia. His autobiography was later adapted to the screen for the 2002 release of Catch Me If You Can, starring Leonardo DiCaprio.
• The Mecklenburg Virginia Death Row escape in 1984. Six death row inmates escape, the largest mass death row escape in American histoy. All were recaptured within 18 days, and all six men would eventually be executed. The final executon took place in 1996.
• Martin Gurule escapes from Texas Death Row in 1998. Found dead a few days later.
• The Texas 7 escape.
• Prisoners used guns to escape Whitemoor (HM Prison)
• In 1998, the Belgian child molester Marc Dutroux notoriously managed to escape for a few hours due to an embarrassing series of events. He was caught the same afternoon, but the incident forced two politicians to resign and deepened the loss of faith in the Belgian judicial system.
• Danny Ray Horning escaped from the Arizona State Prison in Florence, Arizona on May 12, 1992, and a 55-day manhunt ensued as Horning fled the authorities. The pursuit ended on July, 5, 1992, near Sedona, Arizona. Horning led authorities hundreds of miles through the Arizona wilderness, and committed numerous kidnappings during the manhunt.
• In New York, two convicted murders escape from Elmira State Penitentiary in July 2003, both recaptured in 2 days.
• Brian Nichols escaped from the Fulton County courthouse in Atlanta, by overpowering a guard. He then murdered a judge, a court reporter, a police officer and US Customs Agent. He turned himself in a day later.
• [[On November 4, 2005, Texas Death Row Inmate Charles Victor Thompson escaped from the Harris County Jail by aquiring a set of street clothes and pretending to be a representative from the State Attorney General's office to fool the corrections officers. He was recaptured two days later in Shreveport, Louisiana, 200 miles from where he escaped.
• Richard Lee McNair has escaped from custody three times, including from a federal maximum-security prison in April 2006. He is still at large.
• Two men, including a man who plotted to kidnap the infant son of talk-show host David Letterman escape from a Montana prison in June 2007. Letterman's would-be kidnapper recaptured June 13, 2007.
• May 30th 2007 Matthew Sky Christensen escaped from Millard North High Maximum Security Prison along with Shamus Murphy. This escape caused a huge riot forcing the warden to transfer a large amount of the prison's inmates to Millard West High Minimum Security Prison. Matthew and Shamus are still at large.
• Claude Dallas escaped from a penitentiary in Idaho in 1986 and spent a year on the run.
• Elliot Bailey Cliffard, also known on stage as rapper El Matadore escaped from a Yorkshire Maximum Security Prison on July 4th 2007 after using brute force on the officers. The escape was said to be improvised although inmates said that he regularly labelled himself Houdini the disappearing danger man. Elliot is still at large.

Escapes in popular culture

Non-fiction

• Escape from Alcatraz depicts the escape of Frank Morris and the Anglin brothers.
• The Great Escape involves the prisoners of a German prisoner of war camp digging their way to freedom from under a hut.
• The Wooden Horse also prisoners of a German prisoner of war camp who dug from underneath a vaulting horse
• Colditz based on the true story, depicts the fate of many imprisoned at Colditz Castle during World War II.

Fiction

• The Count of Monte Cristo depicts protagonist Edmond Dantès's falsified arrest and internment, years of isolation and finally recruitment into an escape from prison to exact revenge on his captors.
• The TV show Prison Break revolves around a complicated escape plan and the subsequent manhunt.
• The Shawshank Redemption from an American prison.
• Papillon French man escaping from island jails, based on real life.
• The 2001 Bandits movie follows its two main characters (the 'Sleepover Bandits') after an opportunistic escape in the beginning of the film.
• In Season three of 24, Jack Bauer breaks drug lord Ramon Salazar out of prison to avoid the release of a virus by his brother Hector Salazar.
• In Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent, Sam Fisher escapes prison with JBA member Jamie Washington.
• In the book Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Sirius Black is said to have escaped from Azkaban, a fictional wizard jail located on an island. Azkaban is meant to have a name similar to Alcatraz.
• In the movie and graphic novel V for Vendetta the main character V escapes from Larkhill Detention Centre by blowing up a part of the building from his cell.
• The prisoner in Midnight Express escapes from a Turkish prison.

See also

• Escape tunnel
• Rescue
• Helicopter prison escapes

References

• Dowswell, Paul (1994). Tales of Real Escape. London, England: Usborne Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7460-1669-7.