Anti-Europeanism
Anti-Europeanism is hostility or opposition to European governments and culture, or discrimination of ethnic people of Europe and their descendants.
Anti-Europeanism, which is distinct from Euroscepticism,[1] refers to a variety of sentiments and opinions which include prejudices against Europeans and their descendants as an ethnic group or specific European ethnic groups, rejection of the culture of Europe and Europeanisation, and criticism of policies of European governments and the European Community.[2][3][4][5]
Some aspects of anti-Europeanism, in the United States and elsewhere, are rooted in the history of colonialism and its impact and aftermath in former European colonies.[6][7][8][9][10][11]
Some anti-European attitudes are related to political differences. Foreign policy issues, particularly with respect to the 2003 invasion of Iraq from which several European governments withheld their support, prompted criticism from politicians and columnists in the United States,[1][4][12] where some anti-European attitudes also reflect domestic policy concerns about the possible results if European policies were to be adopted there.[5][13]
Critics of the term question whether Anti-Europeanism can be isolated as a coherent phenomenon and may claim that the label, like Anti-Americanism, has a primarily propagandistic function or is suppressive of political discourse.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b Timothy Garton Ash. "Anti-Europeanism in America" (html). Hoover Digest 2003 #2 (Earlier version in The New York Review of Books, 13 February 2003).
We have to distinguish between legitimate, informed criticism of the EU or current European attitudes and some deeper, more settled hostility to Europe and Europeans as such… Anti-Europeanism is not symmetrical with anti-Americanism… [which] is a real obsession for entire countries, notably for France, as Jean-François Revel has recently argued.
{{cite web}}: External link in|work= - ^ Todd Gitlin (3 February 2003). "Europe? Frankly, America doesn't give a damn..." (html). The Guardian.
Rumsfeld's disdain is as old as America, an extension of Europe, which in a certain sense founded itself as the anti-Europe.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Dennis Boyles (29 October 2004). "Like, Wow" (html). National Review Online.
As Libération reports with some shock, after centuries during which the mere mention of la France was 'enough to evoke notions of elegance and refinement' (especially in American trailer parks) suddenly the word 'French' has 'become a dirty word.'
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Lexington (26 April 2007). "Anti-Europeanism is a bad response to anti-Americanism" (html). The Economist.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Alan Elsner. "Anti-Europeanism Flourishes on U.S. Right" (html). Common Dreams NewsCenter (Published on Thursday, June 30, 2005 by Reuters).
On the economic front, the United States has produced consistently higher growth rates and lower unemployment than many nations in Europe. Some U.S. commentators blame the excessive regulations imposed by the European Community. Others say Europeans are plain lazy. "French voters are trying to preserve a 35-hour workweek in a world where Indian engineers are ready to work a 35-hour day," wrote New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman earlier this month.
- ^ Eugen Weber (23 June 1991 review of The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-1830, by Paul Johnson. New York: HarperCollins, 1991). ""Everything's Up-to-Date in 1830"" (html). The New York Times.
The age of wars of national liberation, of massacres and countermassacres, of anti-European propaganda and anticolonial rhetoric dawned in Latin America around 1810. There, as in Greece — grave of many illusions — or later in Italy, nationalists depended on foreign aid, or on the incompetence of the power they challenged.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Jussi Pakkasvirta (Professor of World Politics, University of Helsinki - Renvall Institute and El Norte - The Finnish Journal of Latin American Studies). ""Nationalism and Continentalism in Latin American History"" (html).
Continentalist definitions presented a fervent anti-European thinking." Antenor Orrego: "European traditions in Latin America have been even more destructive for the well-being of the continent than US imperialism. European decadence and vices have to be replaced by 'authentic americanism.'" Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre: "Marxism was a too Eurocentric theory to be applied in Latin American circumstances.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); External link in|date= - ^ John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson. ""The Imperialism of Free Trade"" (html). The Economic History Review, Second series, Vol. VI, no. 1 (1953). Mount Holyoke College.
Foreign loans and predatory bankers by the 1870s had wrecked Egyptian finances and were tearing holes in the Egyptian political fabric. The Anglo-French dual financial control, designed to safeguard the foreign bondholders and to restore Egypt as a good risk, provoked anti-European feeling.
- ^ Toyin Falola and Tyler Fleming. ""Postcolonial Nationalism in Africa"" (html). Science Encyclopedia, The History of Ideas Vol 4.
African nationalism of the 1950s and 1960s was overtly anticolonial or anti-European.
- ^ Robert Craig Johnson (1998). ""COIN: French Counter-Insurgency Aircraft, 1946-1965"" (html). The World at War.
Algeria presented France with a set of tactical and political problems as different as the North African terrain differed from that of Indochina. Politically, Algeria was an integral part of the French Republic rather than a colony. Its native Berber and Arab people were technically French citizens. But discrimination was rife, and the European immigrants, the "pieds-noirs," had a stranglehold on local government, owned most of the arable land, and controlled the police. When Arabs and Berbers were belatedly allowed to vote for half of a constituent provincial assembly in 1948 and 1951, blatant fraud gave the pied-noir candidates a sweeping victory. The resulting anti-European riots were savagely repressed at a cost of thousands of lives.
{{cite web}}: External link in|work= - ^ Ali A. Mazrui (1999). ""Between Terrorism and Wars of Liberation"" (html). Swahili Online.
If anti-European and anti-colonial terrorism in Africa had produced good results in the end for Africa, anti-American and anti-Zionist terrorism in the Middle East has not yet found its moment of triumph. Both the Middle East and Africa have been paying a price for the anti-American terrorism. The violent price which the Middle East is paying is obvious, especially in Palestine, Iraq and in neighboring Afghanistan. What is the price which Africa is paying for terrorism against the United States?
{{cite web}}: External link in|work= - ^ Daniel Pipes (14 November 2006). "Steyn's New Book Combines Humor, Accuracy, Depth" (html). The New York Sun. Book review of America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Scott McPherson (21 February 2003). "Healthcare Socialism" (html). Future of Freedom Foundation.
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