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{{redirect|Day of Atonement}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 21em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left"
{{Infobox Holiday
|image = Gottlieb-Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg
|caption = Yom Kippur in the synagogue, painting by [[Maurycy Gottlieb]] (1878)
|holiday_name = Yom Kippur
|official_name = [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: '''יוֹם כִּפּוּר''' or '''יום הכיפורים'''
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Jew]]s
|date = 10th day of [[Tishrei]]
|observances = [[Fasting]], [[prayer]], abstaining from physical pleasures, refraining from [[39 categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat|work]]
|type = Jewish
|significance = Soul-searching and repentance
|related to = [[Rosh Hashanah]], which precedes Yom Kippur
|date2008 = Sunset, October 8 – nightfall, October 9
|date2009 = Sunset, September 27 – nightfall, September 28
|date2010 = Sunset, September 17 – nightfall, September 18
|date2011 = Sunset, October 7 – nightfall, October 8
}}'''Yom Kippur''' ({{lang-he|יוֹם כִּפּוּר}}, {{IPA2|ˈjɔm kiˈpur}}), also known in English as the ''Day of Atonement'', is the most solemn and important of the [[Jewish holiday]]s. Its central themes are [[Atonement in Judaism|atonement]] and [[Repentance in Judaism|repentance]]. Jews traditionally observe this holy day with a 25-hour period of [[Ta'anit|fasting]] and intensive [[Jewish services|prayer]], often spending most of the day in [[synagogue]] services.

Yom Kippur is the tenth and final day of the [[Ten Days of Repentance]] which begin with [[Rosh Hashanah]]. According to Jewish tradition, God inscribes each person's fate for the coming year into a "book" on Rosh Hashanah and waits until Yom Kippur to "seal" the verdict. During the Ten Days of Repentance, a Jew tries to amend his behavior and seek forgiveness for wrongs done against God (''bein adam leMakom'') and against his fellow man (''bein adam lechavero''). The evening and day of Yom Kippur are set aside for public and private petitions and confessions of guilt (''[[Vidui]]''). At the end of Yom Kippur, one considers himself absolved by God.

The Yom Kippur prayer service includes several unique aspects. One is the actual number of prayer services. Unlike a regular day, which has three prayer services (''Ma'ariv'', the evening prayer; ''Shacharit'', the morning prayer; and ''Mincha'', the afternoon prayer), or a [[Shabbat]] or [[Yom Tov]], which have four prayer services (''Ma'ariv''; ''Shacharit''; ''Musaf'', the additional prayer; and ''Mincha''), Yom Kippur has five prayer services (''Ma'ariv''; ''Shacharit''; ''Musaf''; ''Mincha''; and ''Ne'ilah'', the closing prayer). The prayer services also include a public confession of sins (''[[Vidui]]'') and a reenactment of the special Yom Kippur ''avodah'' (service) of the [[Kohen Gadol]] in the [[Holy Temple in Jerusalem]].

==Date==
Yom Kippur is the climax of the ''[[Yamim Noraim]]'' (“Days of Awe”), and with [[Rosh Hashanah]] forms the Jewish [[High Holy Days]]. In accordance with {{bibleverse||Leviticus|23:27|HE}} the date of Yom Kippur is the 10th day of [[Tishrei]] (“the tenth day of the seventh month”) on the [[Hebrew calendar]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Scream (film)|Scream]]'' character
!Yom Kippur
!Starts (at sundown)
!Ends (at night)
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |

|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size: larger; background-color: #001; color: #ffa;" | Ghostface
|align="center"|5768
|[[2007]]-[[09-21]]
|[[2007]]-[[09-22]]
|-
|-
! Location
|align="center"|5769
|[[2008]]-[[10-08]]
| [[Woodsboro]], [[California]]
|[[2008]]-[[10-09]]
|-
|-
! Created by:
|align="center"|5770
|[[2009]]-[[09-27]]
| [[Kevin Williamson]]
|[[2009]]-[[09-28]]
|-
|-
! Notable aliases:
|align="center"|5771
| The Killer, Father Death and Mr. Ghostface.
|[[2010]]-[[09-17]]
|[[2010]]-[[09-18]]
|-
|-
! [[Weapon]] of [[Choice]]:
| [[Hunting knife]]
|-
! Abilities:
| - [[Intellect]], [[stamina]], [[durability]], [[agility]] and [[reflexes]].<br> - Ability to [[intimidate]] his victims very easily and quickly. <br> - Fast [[Running|runner]]. <br> - Well-stalking ability. <br> - Superb [[hiding]] skills. <br> - Excellent [[hunting]] skills. <br> - Tops human physical condition. <br> - Master [[escapologist]]. <br> - Outstanding [[conversation]] skills.
|-
! Enemies:
| Sidney Prescott and her friends and family.
|}
|}
'''Ghostface''' is the name of a [[fictional character]] and the main [[antagonist]] in the [[Scream trilogy|''Scream'' trilogy]]. There have been five people to assume his mantle (from ''[[Scream (film)|Scream]]'', ''[[Scream 2]]'' and ''[[Scream 3]]''). A [[serial killer]], he (or she) often dresses up as a variation of a [[ghost]], or the [[Grim Reaper]] (The name given to his costume in the film is 'Father Death'). He also uses a device to disguise his voice. He is voiced by [[Roger L. Jackson]] (when the killer uses the voice disguiser; when the killer's mask is off, the character who is the killer talks regularly).


Ghostface is named after the rubber mask under which he hides his face, a mask inspired by the [[Edvard Munch]] painting ''[[The Scream]]''. He is also known as the Woodsboro Killer, after the town where he commits his murders.
==Observances==
===General observances===
{{bibleverse||Leviticus|23:27|HE}} decrees that Yom Kippur is a strict day of rest and of fasting.


Ghostface often calls his victims on the phone, taunting or threatening them before stabbing them to death with an 8 inch hunting knife. Even though he is usually known for asking his victims horror film trivia while [[stalking]] them, he only does this five times in the ''Scream'' Series. (Casey in ''Scream'', Call to Sidney in ''Scream'', Randy's call in ''Scream 2'', Cici's call in ''Scream 2'', and Sarah's call in ''Scream 3'')
Five additional prohibitions are traditionally observed, as detailed in the [[Oral Torah|Jewish oral tradition]] (''[[Mishnah]]'' tractate ''[[Yoma]]'' 8:1):


==Identity==
#Eating and drinking
In the first film, the killer is in fact two people; [[Billy Loomis]] ([[Skeet Ulrich]]) and [[Stu Macher]] ([[Matthew Lillard]]). Billy murders Sidney Prescott's mother prior to the events of the movie because she had slept with his father, prompting Billy's parents to [[divorce]]. Stu never gives a motive except for "peer pressure".
#Wearing leather shoes
#Bathing/washing
#Anointing oneself with perfumes or lotions
#Sexual relations


Minutes before Sidney's mother is murdered, she has sex with Cotton Weary; which in turn makes the scene appear to be a rape/murder crime, framing Cotton. Billy and Stu then proceed to try to murder Sidney and most of her friends as [[revenge]].
Total abstention from food and drink usually begins 30 minutes before sundown (called ''tosefet Yom Kippur'', lit. "Addition to Yom Kippur"), and ends after nightfall the following day. Although the fast is required of all healthy adults, it is waived in the case of certain medical conditions. Virtually all Jewish holidays involve a ritual feast, but since Yom Kippur involves fasting, [[Halakha|Jewish law]] requires one to eat a large and festive meal on the afternoon before Yom Kippur, after the ''[[Mincha]]'' afternoon prayer. Wearing white clothing is traditional to symbolize one’s purity on this day. Many [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] men immerse themselves in a ''[[mikvah]]'' on the day before Yom Kippur.<ref name=OU>{{cite web |url=http://www.ou.org/chagim/yomkippur/ykcustoms.htm |title=OU Customs for Erev Yom Kippur |accessdate=2008-09-21}}</ref>


In the second film, the person behind the killing turns out to be Billy's mother, Mrs. Loomis ([[Laurie Metcalf]]), who wants revenge for the death of her son. She recruits a [[psychopath]] named Mickey Altieri ([[Timothy Olyphant]]) to do the actual killing while she poses as a local reporter. [[Randy Meeks]] and Cici Cooper, since Mickey was already at the party the same time her murder occurred, are the only known victims in the film to be killed by Mrs. Loomis.
===Eve of Yom Kippur ===
{{main|Kol Nidre}}


In the third and final film, the killer is Sidney's half-brother Roman Bridger, who secretly manipulated the killings of the last two movies by revealing to Billy his father's affair. This is the only film in the series to have only one killer.
'''Erev Yom Kippur''' (lit. "Yom Kippur eve") is the day preceding Yom Kippur, corresponding to the ninth day of the Hebrew month of [[Tishrei]]. This day is commemorated with two festive meals, the giving of charity, and asking others for forgiveness.<ref>http://www.divreinavon.com/pdf/ErevYomKippur.pdf Erev Yom Kippur - The purpose of the day as seen through Talmudic anecdotes</ref>


== Parodies in Other Media ==
Before sunset on Yom Kippur eve, worshippers gather in the [[synagogue]]. The [[Ark (synagogue)|Ark]] is opened and two people take from it two [[Sefer Torah|Sifrei Torah]] (Torah scrolls). Then they take their places, one on each side of the [[Hazzan|cantor]], and the three recite:
[[Image:scarymovieghostface.jpg|thumb|left|Ghostface from ''Scary Movie''.]]
<blockquote>In the tribunal of Heaven and the tribunal of earth, by the permission of God&mdash;praised be He&mdash;and by the permission of this holy congregation, we hold it lawful to pray with transgressors."</blockquote>
In the films ''[[Scary Movie]]'' and ''[[Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth]]'', there is a killer based on the Ghostface character.


In ''Scary Movie'', a gimmick is that his mask can change facial expressions. In a direct parody of his inspiration, he calls his victims on the phone, but often with nonsensical phrases. One particular encounter leads to a variation of the "[[Whassup?]]" commercials from [[Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)|Budweiser]]. He also likes to [[rap music|rap]] and smoke marijuana. In the [[climax (narrative)|climax]] of the film, the killer was revealed to be both [[Scary movie#Characters|Bobby Prinze]] and [[Scary movie#Characters|Ray Wilkins]]. However, it turns out they wanted to be copycat killers of a killer that already existed. The real killer was Doofy Gilmore, a policeman who had been faking [[mental retardation]].
The cantor then chants the [[Kol Nidre]] prayer (Hebrew: '''כל נדרי''') in [[Aramaic]], not [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Its name is taken from the opening words, meaning “All vows”:


In ''[[Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth]]'', the killer's mask is not originally that of Ghostface, but begins as a hockey mask which resembles the one worn by [[Jason Voorhees]] in the Friday the 13th series. After being set on fire (when the killer tried to smoke a cigarette), it melted to resemble Ghostface. In this film, unlike the ''Scream'' version of Ghostface, he constantly fails to kill anyone with a speaking part; the various kills are accidental, or people in the background with almost no part in the plot. In the climax of the film, the killer turns out to be Doughy's long lost twin cousin. He is accidentally shot by Hagatha, who was using a gun as a mirror to touch up her make-up. He later attempts to escape, after waking up in a mockery of the usual horror shock endings, only to be shot many times by Doughy and beaten up by a mob of cops who mistake him for being black. He still survives, and is revealed in a where-are-they-now segment, he apparently settled down. At the end of the film, it turns out that another has taken up the guise of Ghostface (and is apparently more improved, attacking his victims with ninja-like tactics).
<blockquote>All personal vows we are likely to make, all personal oaths and pledges we are likely to take between this Yom Kippur and the next Yom Kippur, we publicly renounce. Let them all be relinquished and abandoned, null and void, neither firm nor established. Let our personal vows, pledges and oaths be considered neither vows nor pledges nor oaths.<ref>Translation of Philip Birnbaum, from ''High Holyday Prayer Book'', Hebrew Publishing Company, NY, 1951</ref></blockquote>


In an episode of [[Celebrity Deathmatch]] Ghostface calls fighters saying that he will kill a scream queen every round, he ends up murdering Drew Barrymore, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Jennifer Love Hewitt, later a cellphone that belongs to him is planted on a platypus and Neve Campbell and Sarah Michelle Gellar manage to defeat it believing it to be the killer, at the end of the show he makes a phone call to Nick Diamond.
The leader and the congregation then say together three times “May all the people of Israel be forgiven, including all the strangers who live in their midst, for all the people are in fault.” The Torah scrolls are then replaced, and the customary [[Jewish services|evening service]] begins.


Roger L. Jackson reprises his role of Ghostface in the ''[[Robot Chicken]]'' episode "That Hurts Me." as one of the movie killer contestants in a show that parodies "Big Brother". He portrays the token black character so often seen in reality shows. He launches a prank war on Pinhead, purposefully shrinks [[Freddy Krueger]]'s sweater in the wash, and when given a free cell phone call, he calls [[Drew Barrymore]] to threaten her and complain that the [[Charlie's Angels]] sequel sucked. When both he and [[Michael Myers (Halloween)|Michael Myers]] were set to be eliminated, Ghostface gave a heartfelt speech about how he'd cherished his time on the show and wouldn't hold any grudges over being eliminated, which saved him from elimination, as opposed to Michael, who simply stabbed Freddy repeatedly as a response (which didn't even make Freddy bleed, but instead merely annoyed him).
===Prayer services===
Many married men wear a ''[[kittel]]'', a white robe-like garment for evening prayers on Yom Kippur.<ref name=JVL_yk>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/holiday4.html |title=Jewish Virtual Library &mdash; Yom Kippur |accessdate=2008-09-21}}</ref> They also wear a [[tallit]], the only evening service of the year in which this is done.<ref name=MJL>{{cite web |url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/holidays/Yom_Kippur/Overview_Yom_Kippur_Community/Prayer_Services.htm |title=My Jewish Learning &mdash; Prayer Services |accessdate=2008-09-21 |author=Rabbi Daniel Kohn}}</ref> Prayer services begin with the prayer known as “[[Kol Nidre]],” which must be recited before sunset, and continue with the evening prayers (''Ma'ariv'' or ''Arvith''), which includes an extended [[Selichot]] service.


Ghostface has also made a cameo in ''[[Tripping the Rift]]'' as the judge in the episode when Chode sells his soul to the devil and finds a way to sue him.
The morning prayer service is preceded by litanies and petitions of forgiveness called ''selichot''; on Yom Kippur, many ''selichot'' are woven into the [[liturgy]]. The morning prayers are followed by an added prayer (''Musaf'') as on all other holidays. This is followed by ''Mincha'' (the afternoon prayer) which includes a reading ([[Haftarah]]) of the [[Book of Jonah]], which has as its theme the story of God's willingness to forgive those who repent. The service concludes with the ''Ne'ilah'' prayer, which begins shortly before sunset, when the "gates of prayer" will be closed. Yom Kippur comes to an end with a recitation of ''[[Shema Yisrael]]'' and the blowing of the ''[[shofar]]'', which marks the conclusion of the fast.<ref name=MJL />
{{Teshuva}}


In the film ''[[Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back]]'', [[Shannen Doherty]] and [[Wes Craven]] provide cameos as themselves making the non-existent ''Scream 4'', but Doherty objects when Ghostface turns out to be played by the orangutan, Suzann.
===The ''Avodah'': Remembering the Temple service===
{{-}}
A recitation of the sacrificial service of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] traditionally features prominently in both the liturgy and the religious thought of the holiday. Specifically, the ''Avodah'' (“service”) in the ''musaf'' prayer recounts the sacrificial ceremonies in great detail.


In the anime [[Sayonara Zetsubou Sensei]], Mr. Despair attempts to dream of his own death scene. The screen switches to a familiar shower scene from [[Psycho]] as Mr. Despair is taking a shower. Suddenly he is attacked by Bruce-lee, Darth Vader, Ghostface, and other familiar faces before dying the exact same way in Psycho.
This traditional prominence is rooted in the [[Babylonian Talmud]]’s description of how to attain atonement following the destruction of the Temple. According to Talmud tractate [[Yoma]], in the absence of a Temple, Jews are obligated to study the High Priest’s ritual on Yom Kippur, and this study helps achieve atonement for those who are unable to benefit from its actual performance. In [[Orthodox Judaism]], accordingly, studying the Temple ritual on Yom Kippur represents a positive [[mitzvah#rabbinical mitzvot|rabbinically-ordained obligation]] which Jews seeking atonement are required to fulfill.


In the [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game|MMORPG]] ''[[RuneScape]]'', there is a monster called a "fear reaper" that looks remarkably like Ghostface<ref>[http://runescape.wikia.com/wiki/Fear_reaper Fear reaper at the RuneScape wiki]</ref>.
In Orthodox, most [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]], and some [[Progressive Judaism|progressive]]<ref>An abbreviated version of the Seder Avodah is used in Yom Kippur services at the [[Hebrew Union College]] Jerusalem campus</ref> synagogues a detailed description of the Temple ritual is recited on the day. In most Orthodox and some Conservative synagogues, the entire congregation [[prostration|prostrates]] themselves at each point in the recitation where the [[Kohen Gadol]] (High Priest) would pronounce the [[Tetragrammaton]] (God’s holiest name, according to Judaism).
The main section of the Avodah is a threefold recitation of the High Priest’s actions regarding expiation in the [[Holy of Holies]]. Performing the sacrificial acts and reciting [[Leviticus]] 16:30, “for on this day atonement shall be made for you, to atone for you for all your sins, before God…” (he would recite the Tetragrammaton at this point, to which the people would prostrate to the ground) and after extending the Name, he would finish the verse “…you shall be purified.” He would first ask for forgiveness for himself and his family (“Your pious man”), then for the priestly caste (“Your holy people”), and finally for all of Israel (“Your upright children”). (These three times, plus in some congregations the ''Alenu'' prayer during the [[Musaf]] [[Amidah]] on Yom Kippur and [[Rosh Hashanah]], are the only times in [[Jewish services]] when Jews engage in complete full-body prostration, with the exception of some [[Yemenite Jews]] and ''talmedhei haRambam'' who may prostrate themselves on other occasions during the year). A variety of liturgical poems are added, including a poem recounting the radiance of the countenance of the [[Kohen Gadol]] after exiting the Holy of Holies, traditionally believed to emit palpable light in a manner echoing the [[Bible]]'s account of the countenance of [[Moses]] after descending from [[Mount Sinai]], as well as prayers for the speedy rebuilding of the [[Third Temple|Temple]] and the restoration of [[korban|sacrificial worship]]. There are a variety of other customs, such as hand gestures to mime the sprinkling of blood (one sprinkling upwards and seven downwards per set of eight).

Orthodox liturgies include prayers lamenting the inability to perform the Temple service and petitioning for its restoration, which Conservative synagogues generally omit. In some Conservative synagogues, only the ''[[Hazzan]]'' engages in full prostration. Some Conservative synagogues abridge the recitation of the Avodah service to varying degrees, and some omit it entirely. Many [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]] services omit the entire service as inconsistent with modern sensibilities.

=== Observance among secular Jews ===
Yom Kippur is considered one of the holiest of Jewish holidays, and its observance is held even among the majority of secular Jews who may not strictly observe other holidays. Many [[Secular Jewish culture|secular Jews]] will fast and attend synagogue on Yom Kippur, where the number of worshippers attending is often double or triple the normal attendance.

===Yom Kippur in Israel ===
[[Image:Yom Kippur on Highway 20 Tel-Aviv.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Ayalon Highway, Tel-Aviv, in Yom Kippur 2007. Empty of cars.]]
Yom Kippur is a legal holiday in the modern state of Israel. There are no radio or television broadcasts, airports are shut down, there is no public transportation, and all shops and businesses are closed.<ref>[http://web.israelinsider.com/Views/6829.htm "Sounds of The City", article from [[Israel Insider]], October 14, 2005]</ref> In 1973, an air raid siren was sounded on the afternoon of Yom Kippur and radio broadcasts were resumed to alert the public to the surprise attack that launched the [[Yom Kippur War]].

In 2008, 63% percent of the people of [[Israel]] said that they were intending to fast on Yom Kippur <ref>http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3606861,00.html</ref>. This may be the reason that it is very common in [[Israel]] to wish "Tsom Kal" (="an easy fast") to everyone before Yom Kippur, even if you don't know if they will fast or not.

It is considered bad form to eat in public on Yom Kippur or to drive a motor vehicle. Allowance is only made for ambulances and emergency vehicles. Over the last few decades, bicycle-riding on the empty streets has become a new “tradition” among [[Secular Jewish culture|secular Israeli]] youngsters, especially on the eve of Yom Kippur.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3310235,00.html
|title=Yom Kippur: Nearly 2,000 injured
|publisher=Ynetnews
|year=2006
|accessdate=2006-10-02}}</ref> In consequence, Yom Kippur is jocularly referred to as the “Festival of Bicycles.” <ref>See for instance uses at [http://www.doctors.co.il/xID-4096,xCT-0,xCN-printer,m-Doctors,a-Article.html], [http://www.tapuz.co.il/blog/ViewEntry.asp?EntryId=801794&passok=yes]</ref> Bicycle sales rise in the weeks before Yom Kippur, and companies have taken to advertising children’s bicycles as “Yom Kippur specials.”

==Yom Kippur in the Bible==
The [[Torah]] calls the day ''Yom HaKippurim'' (יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים) and in {{bibleverse||Leviticus|23:27|}} decrees a strict prohibition of work and affliction of the soul upon the tenth day of the seventh month, later known as [[Tishrei]]. The rites for Yom Kippur are set forth in the sixteenth chapter of [[Leviticus]] (cf. [[Exodus]] 30:10; Leviticus 23:27&ndash;31, 25:9; [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 29:7&ndash;11). It is described as a solemn fast, on which no food or drink could be consumed, and on which all work is forbidden.

=== Midrashic interpretation ===
''The midrashim described in this section need sources cited from Midrashic literature''

Traditionally, Yom Kippur is considered the date on which [[Moses]] received the second set of [[Ten Commandments]]. It occurred following the completion of the second 40 days of instructions from God. At this same time, the [[Israelites]] were granted atonement for the sin of the [[Golden Calf]]; hence, its designation as the Day of Atonement.<ref>Spiro, Rabbi Ken. [http://www.aish.edu/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_12_&mdash;_The_Golden_Calf.asp Crash Course in Jewish History Part 12 &mdash; The Golden Calf]. [[Aish HaTorah]]. accessed April 29, 2007</ref>

===View of contemporary Biblical scholarship===
According to [[textual criticism|textual scholars]], the biblical regulations covering Yom Kippur are spliced together from multiple source texts,<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref><ref>Cheyne and Black, ''[[Encyclopedia Biblica]]''</ref> as indicated by evidence such as with the [[doublet|duplication]] of the confession over the bullock,<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|16:6|}} and {{bibleverse||Leviticus|16:6|}}</ref> and the incongruity in one verse stating that the high priest should not enter the Holy of Holies (with the inference that there are exceptions for certain explicitly identified festivals),<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|16:2|}}</ref> and the next verse indicating that they can enter whenever they wish (as long as a specific ritual is carried out first).<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> Although [[Rashi]] tried to find a harmonistic explanation for this incongruity, the [[Leviticus Rabbah]] maintains that it was indeed the case that the high priest could enter at any time if these rituals were carried out.<ref>''Leviticus Rabbah'' 21</ref> Textual scholars argue that the ritual is composed from three sources, and a couple of redactional additions<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref><ref>Cheyne and Black, ''[[Encyclopedia Biblica]]''</ref>:
*prerequisite rituals before the high priest can enter the Holy of Holies (on any occasion), namely a sin offering and a whole offering, followed by the filling of the Holy of Holies with a cloud of incense while wearing linen garments<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|16:1|}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|16:3&ndash;4|}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|16:12&ndash;13|}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|16:34|}} (b)</ref>
*regulations which establish an annual day of fasting and rest, during which the sanctuary and people are purified, without stating the ritual for doing so<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|16:29&ndash;34|}} (a)</ref>; this regulation is very similar to the one in the Holiness Code<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|23:27&ndash;31|}}</ref>
*later elaborations of the ceremony,<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|16:5|}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|16:7&ndash;10|}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|16:14&ndash;28|}}</ref> which include the sprinkling of the blood on the ''mercy seat'', and the use of a scapegoat sent to Azazel; the same source also being responsible for small alterations to related regulations<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|30:10|}}, {{bibleverse||Leviticus|25:9|}}</ref>
*the redactional additions<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|16:2|}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|16:6|}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Leviticus|16:11|}}</ref>

According to [[biblical criticism|biblical scholars]], the original ceremony was simply the ritual purification of the sanctuary from any accidental ritual impurity, at the start of each new year, as seen in the [[Book of Ezekiel]],<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Day of Atonement''</ref> which textual scholars date to before the [[priestly source]], but after [[JE]].<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Priestly Source''</ref><ref>[[Richard Elliott Friedman]], ''Who wrote the Bible''</ref> According to the Book of Ezekiel, the sanctuary was to be cleansed by the sprinkling of bullock's blood, on the first day of the first and of the seventh months<ref>{{bibleverse||Ezekiel|45:18&ndash;20|}}</ref> &mdash; near the start of the Civil year and of the Ecclesiastical year, respectively; although the [[masoretic text]] of the Book of Ezekiel has the second of these cleansings on the seventh of the first month, biblical scholars regard the [[Septuagint]], which has the second cleaning as being the first of the seventh month, as being more accurate here.<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Day of Atonement''</ref> It appears that during the period that the Holiness Code and the Book of Ezekiel were written, the new year began on the tenth day of the seventh month,<ref>{{bibleverse||Leviticus|25:9|}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Ezekiel|40:1|}}</ref> and thus biblical scholars believe that by the time the Priestly Code was compiled, the date of the new year and of the day of atonement had swapped around.<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref>

== Yom Kippur in Mishnaic and Talmudic literature ==
===The Temple service ===
The following summary of the Temple service is based on the traditional Jewish religious account described in [[Mishnah]] tractate [[Yoma]], appearing in contemporary traditional Jewish prayerbooks for Yom Kippur, and studied as part of a traditional Jewish Yom Kippur worship service. <ref name=kasirer>Arnold Lustiger, Michael Taubes, [[Menachem Genack]], and [[Hershel Schacter]], ''Kasirer Edition Yom Kippur Machzor With Commentary Adapted from the Teachings of Rabbi [[Joseph B. Soloveitchik]]''. New York: K'hal Publishing, 2006. pp. 588&ndash;589 (summary); 590&ndash;618.</ref> indeed

While the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]] was standing in [[Jerusalem]] (from Biblical times through 70 C.E.), the [[Kohen Gadol]] (High Priest) performed a complex set of special services and sacrifices for Yom Kippur. These services were considered to be the most important parts of Yom Kippur, as through them the Kohen Gadol made atonement for all Jews in the world. During the service, the Kohen Gadol entered the [[Holy of Holies]] in the center of the Temple, the only time of the year that anyone went inside. Doing so required special purification and preparation, including five immersions in a ''[[mikvah]]'' (ritual bath), and four changes of clothing.

Seven days prior to Yom Kippur, the Kohen Gadol was sequestered in the [[Parhedrin chamber]] in the Temple, where he reviewed the service with the Temple sages, and was sprinkled with spring water containing ashes of the [[Red Heifer]] as purification. The [[Talmud]] (Tractate [[Yoma]]) also reports that he practiced the incense offering ritual in the [[Avitnas chamber]].

On the day of Yom Kippur, the Kohen Gadol had to follow a precise order of services, sacrifices, and purifications:
{{Judaism}}
*'''Morning (Tamid) Offering''' The Kohen Gadol first performed the regular daily (''Tamid'') offering &mdash; usually performed by ordinary priests &mdash; in special golden garments, after immersing in a ''[[mikvah]]'' and washing his hands and feet.
*'''Garment Change 1''' The Kohen Gadol immersed in a special ''mikvah'' in the Temple courtyard and changed into special linen garments, and washed his hands and feet twice, once after removing the golden garments and once before putting on the linen garments.
* '''Bull as Personal Sin-Offering''' The Kohen Gadol leaned (performed ''[[Semicha in sacrifices|Semikha]])'' and made a confession over the bull on behalf of himself and his household, pronouncing the [[Tetragrammaton]]. The people prostrated themselves when they heard. He then slaughtered the bull as a ''chatat'' (sin-offering) and received its blood in a bowl.
* '''Lottery of the goats''' At the Eastern (Nikanor) gate, the Kohen Gadol drew lots from a lottery box over two [[goat]]s. One was selected “for the Lord,” and one “for [[Azazel]].” The Kohen Gadol tied a red band around the horns of the goat “for Azazel.”
* '''Incense Preparation''' The Kohen Gadol ascended the ''[[mizbeach]]'' (altar) and took a shovel full of [[ember]]s with a special shovel. He was brought [[incense]]. He filled his hands and placed it in a vessel. (The ''[[Talmud]]'' considered this the most physically difficult part of the service, as the Kohen Gadol had to keep the shovelful of glowing [[coal]]s balanced and prevent its contents from dropping, using his armpit or teeth, while filling his hands with the incense).
* '''Incense Offering''' Holding the shovel and the vessel, he entered the [[Kadosh Hakadashim]], the Temple’s [[Holy of Holies]]. In the days of the [[Solomon’s Temple|First Temple]], he placed the shovel between the poles of the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. In the days of the [[Second Temple]], he put the shovel where the Ark would have been. He waited until the chamber filled with smoke and left.
*'''Sprinkling of Blood in the Holy of Holies''' The Kohen Gadol took the bowl with the bull’s blood and entered the Most Holy Place again. He sprinkled the bull’s blood with his finger eight times, before the Ark in the days of the First Temple, where it would have been in the days of the Second. The Kohen Gadol then left the Holy of Holies, putting the bowl on a stand in front of the [[Parochet]] (curtain separating the Holy from the Holy of Holies).
*'''Goat for the Lord as Sin-Offering for [[Kohen|Kohanim]]''' The Kohen Gadol went to the eastern end of the Israelite courtyard near the Nikanor Gate, laid his hands (''[[Semicha in sacrifices|semikha]]'') on the goat “for the Lord,” and pronounced [[confession]] on behalf of the Kohanim (priests). The people prostrated themselves when he pronounced the Tetragrammaton. He then slaughtered the goat, and received its blood in another bowl.
*'''Sprinkling of blood in the Holy''' Standing in the ''[[Hekhal]]'' (Holy), on the other side of the Parochet from the Holy of Holies, the Kohen Gadol took the bull's blood from the stand and sprinkled it with his finger eight times in the direction of the Parochet. He then took the bowl with the goat's blood and sprinkled it eight times in the same manner, putting it back on the stand.
*'''Smearing of blood on the Golden (Incense) Altar''' The Kohen Gadol removed the goat’s blood from the stand and mixed it with the bull's blood. Starting at the northeast corner, he then smeared the mixture of blood on each of the four corners of the Golden (Incense) altar in the Haichal. He then sprinkled the blood eight times on the altar.
*'''Goat for Azazel''' The Kohen Gadol left the Haichal and walked to the east side of the ''[[Azarah]]'' (Israelite courtyard). Near the Nikanor Gate, he leaned his hands (Semikha) on the goat “for Azazel” and confessed the sins of the entire people of Israel. The people prostrated themselves when he pronounced the Tetragrammaton. While he made a general confession, individuals in the crowd at the Temple would confess privately. The Kohen Gadol then sent the goat off “to the wilderness.” In practice, to prevent its return to human habitation, the goat was led to a cliff outside Jerusalem and pushed off its edge.
*'''Preparation of sacrificial animals''' While the goat “for Azazel” was being led to the cliff, the Kohen Gadol removed the insides of the bull, and intertwined the bodies of the bull and goat. Other people took the bodies to the ''Beit HaDeshen'' (place of the ashes). They were burned there after it was confirmed that the goat “for Azazel” had reached the wilderness.
*'''Reading the Torah''' After it was confirmed that the goat “for Azazzel” had been pushed off the cliff, the Kohen Gadol passed through the Nikanor Gate into the ''Ezrat Nashim'' (Women’s Courtyard) and read sections of the ''Torah'' describing Yom Kippur and its [[Korban|sacrifice]]s.
*'''Garment change 2''' The Kohen Gadol removed his linen garments, immersed in the ''mikvah'' in the Temple courtyard, and changed into a second set of special golden garments. He washed his hands and feet both before removing the linen garments and after putting on the golden ones.
*'''Offering of Rams''' The Kohen Gadol offered two rams as an ''olah'' offering, slaughtering them on the north side of the ''mizbeach'' (outer altar), receiving their blood in a bowl, carrying the bowl to the outer altar, and dashing the blood on the northeast and southwest corners of the Outer Altar. He dismembered the rams and burned the parts entirely on the outer altar. He then offered the accompanying ''[[mincha]]'' (grain) offerings and ''nesachim'' (wine-libations).
*'''Musaf Offering''' The Kohen Gadol then offered the ''[[Musaf]]'' offering.
*'''Burning of Innards''' The Kohen Gadol placed the insides of the bull and goat on the outer altar and burned them entirely.
*'''*Garment change 3''' The Kohen Gadol removed his golden garments, immersed in the ''mikvah'', and changed to a new set of linen garments, again washing his hands and feet twice.
*'''Removal of Incense from the [[Kadosh Hakadashim|Holy of Holies]]''' The Kohen Gadol returned to the Holy of Holies and removed the bowl of incense and the shovel.
*'''Garment Change 4''' The Kohen Gadol removed his linen garments, immersed in the ''mikvah'', and changed into a third set of golden garments, again washing his hands and feet twice.
*'''Evening (Tamid) Offering''' The Kohen Gadol completed the afternoon portion of the regular (''tamid'') daily offering in the special golden garments. He washed his hands and feet a tenth time.

The Kohen Gadol wore five sets of garments (three golden and two white linen), immersed in the ''mikvah'' five times, and washed his hands and feet ten times. Sacrifices included two (daily) lambs, one bull, two goats, and two rams, with accompanying ''mincha'' (meal) offerings, wine libations, and three incense offerings (the regular two daily and an additional one for Yom Kippur). The Kohen Gadol entered the Holy of Holies three times. The Tetragrammaton was pronounced three times, once for each confession.<ref name=kasirer />

== Yom Kippur and the Bnai Noah ==

Yom Kippur is one of the Holy Days observed by the [[B’nei Noah]], gentiles who adhere to the [[Seven Laws of Noah]] and are under the knowledgeable guidance of [[Orthodox Judaism]].{{fact|date=September 2008}}

==Christians and Yom Kippur==
{{main|Day of Atonement (Christian holiday)}}
In [[Christianity]] the phrase ''Day of Atonement'' is usually taken to refer to a more singular [[eschatology|eschatological]] event also known as ''[[Judgment Day]]'', and most Christians ignore Yom Kippur as they do not consider it to be part of the ''[[New Covenant]]''. However, many [[Christian theology|Christian theologians]] and scholars acknowledge that there is a strong connection between the two days; for example, one Christian theologian argues that Yom Kippur is the foreshadowing pre-text of [[Christos pantocrator|Christ's future judgment]] of mankind.<ref>Sausa, Diego D. ''Kippur &mdash; the Final Judgment: Apocalyptic Secrets of the Hebrew Sanctuary'', Fort Myers, FL: The Vision Press, 2006. ISBN 0-9788346-1-5.</ref>

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Fast Day]] of the [[Exaltation of the Holy Cross]] is observed on September 14 in the [[Julian Calendar]], roughly coinciding with Yom Kippur (which oscillates with respect to the Julian and [[Gregorian Calendar]]s). One Orthodox priest &ndash; Rev. Patrick Reardon &ndash; argues that it is obviously derived from Yom Kippur, and that everyone realizes this.<ref>[http://www.ancientfaithradio.com/specials/allsaints/ Welcome &mdash; Ancient Faith Radio<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[Amish]] Christians also observe a Fast Day on October 11 in the Gregorian Calendar, which similarly coincides roughly with Yom Kippur.<ref>[http://www.dutchcrafters.com/aboutamish.aspx About The Amish<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

However, Yom Kippur is most comparable to the Christian holy day of [[Good Friday]]. As Yom Kippur is seen as the day for atonement of sins, so is Good Friday depicted as the event which [[Christ]] granted humanity atonement through his death and resurrection.

==Yom Kippur in Islamic tradition==
According to [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] tradition, when [[Muhammad]] arrived in [[Medina]] in 622 CE, he found that the Jews there fasted on the 10th day of [[Muharram]] and asked them the reason for their fasting on this day. They said, “This is a blessed day. On this day God saved the Children of Israel from their enemy (in Egypt) and so Moses fasted on this day giving thanks to God.” Muhammad said, “We are closer to Musa than you are" (meaning that unlike the followers of Muhammed and Moses, the Medina Jewish community was settled and established). He fasted on that day and commanded Muslims to fast on this day. <ref>Al-Bukhari</ref> This day is known as [[Ashura]].

The fasting suggests Yom Kippur while the Exodus story suggests [[Passover]]. Later, Muhammad mentioned that Muslims would have their sins forgiven if they repented sincerely and fasted on Ashura. There are conflicting accounts as to whether it corresponds with Passover or with Yom Kippur. Furthermore, Ashura no longer generally coincides with either days, since the [[Quran]] prohibited [[intercalary month|intercalation]] into the lunar calendar,<ref>Qu'ran 9:36</ref> resulting in the gradual shift of the start of the 354 day [[Islamic Calendar|Islamic year]] with respect to the solar year, while the lunisolar [[Hebrew Calendar]] retains intercalation.

==Yom Kippur in Popular Culture==
Actor [[Leonard Nimoy]] who played the character [[Mr. Spock]] who was half human and half from the planet Vulcan on the 1960’s American television show [[Star Trek]] used the priestly greeting he saw used by the [[Kohanim]] at his childhood synagogue on Yom Kippur to create the ‘’Vulcan Greeting’’ which became a popular part of the show.<ref>[http://newvoices.org/interview/from-spock-to-i-shekhina-i.html From Spock to Shekhina National Jewish Student Magazine September 17, 2002]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Break fast]]
*[[Kol Nidre]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.aish.com/hhYomK/hhYomKDefault/ABCs_of_Yom_Kippur.asp]
*[http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=4687 Yom Kippur guide] at [[Chabad.org]]
*[http://www.mavensearch.com/content/YomKippur.asp Yom Kippur Info] at MavenSearch
*[http://www.pizmonim.com Yom Kippur Prayers for Sephardic Jews]
{{Yeshiva site|link=http://www.yeshiva.org.il/midrash/Emidrash.aspx?cat=73|type=Shiurim}}
{{Yeshiva site|link=http://www.yeshiva.org.il/ask/eng/?cat=104|type=Q&A}}


{{Jewish holidays}}
{{reflist}}
{{High Holidays}}


{{Scream}}
[[Category:Yom Kippur| ]]
[[Category:Fictional serial killers]]
[[Category:Scream characters]]




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Revision as of 20:19, 10 October 2008

Scream character
Ghostface
Location Woodsboro, California
Created by: Kevin Williamson
Notable aliases: The Killer, Father Death and Mr. Ghostface.
Weapon of Choice: Hunting knife
Abilities: - Intellect, stamina, durability, agility and reflexes.
- Ability to intimidate his victims very easily and quickly.
- Fast runner.
- Well-stalking ability.
- Superb hiding skills.
- Excellent hunting skills.
- Tops human physical condition.
- Master escapologist.
- Outstanding conversation skills.
Enemies: Sidney Prescott and her friends and family.

Ghostface is the name of a fictional character and the main antagonist in the Scream trilogy. There have been five people to assume his mantle (from Scream, Scream 2 and Scream 3). A serial killer, he (or she) often dresses up as a variation of a ghost, or the Grim Reaper (The name given to his costume in the film is 'Father Death'). He also uses a device to disguise his voice. He is voiced by Roger L. Jackson (when the killer uses the voice disguiser; when the killer's mask is off, the character who is the killer talks regularly).

Ghostface is named after the rubber mask under which he hides his face, a mask inspired by the Edvard Munch painting The Scream. He is also known as the Woodsboro Killer, after the town where he commits his murders.

Ghostface often calls his victims on the phone, taunting or threatening them before stabbing them to death with an 8 inch hunting knife. Even though he is usually known for asking his victims horror film trivia while stalking them, he only does this five times in the Scream Series. (Casey in Scream, Call to Sidney in Scream, Randy's call in Scream 2, Cici's call in Scream 2, and Sarah's call in Scream 3)

Identity

In the first film, the killer is in fact two people; Billy Loomis (Skeet Ulrich) and Stu Macher (Matthew Lillard). Billy murders Sidney Prescott's mother prior to the events of the movie because she had slept with his father, prompting Billy's parents to divorce. Stu never gives a motive except for "peer pressure".

Minutes before Sidney's mother is murdered, she has sex with Cotton Weary; which in turn makes the scene appear to be a rape/murder crime, framing Cotton. Billy and Stu then proceed to try to murder Sidney and most of her friends as revenge.

In the second film, the person behind the killing turns out to be Billy's mother, Mrs. Loomis (Laurie Metcalf), who wants revenge for the death of her son. She recruits a psychopath named Mickey Altieri (Timothy Olyphant) to do the actual killing while she poses as a local reporter. Randy Meeks and Cici Cooper, since Mickey was already at the party the same time her murder occurred, are the only known victims in the film to be killed by Mrs. Loomis.

In the third and final film, the killer is Sidney's half-brother Roman Bridger, who secretly manipulated the killings of the last two movies by revealing to Billy his father's affair. This is the only film in the series to have only one killer.

Parodies in Other Media

File:Scarymovieghostface.jpg
Ghostface from Scary Movie.

In the films Scary Movie and Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth, there is a killer based on the Ghostface character.

In Scary Movie, a gimmick is that his mask can change facial expressions. In a direct parody of his inspiration, he calls his victims on the phone, but often with nonsensical phrases. One particular encounter leads to a variation of the "Whassup?" commercials from Budweiser. He also likes to rap and smoke marijuana. In the climax of the film, the killer was revealed to be both Bobby Prinze and Ray Wilkins. However, it turns out they wanted to be copycat killers of a killer that already existed. The real killer was Doofy Gilmore, a policeman who had been faking mental retardation.

In Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth, the killer's mask is not originally that of Ghostface, but begins as a hockey mask which resembles the one worn by Jason Voorhees in the Friday the 13th series. After being set on fire (when the killer tried to smoke a cigarette), it melted to resemble Ghostface. In this film, unlike the Scream version of Ghostface, he constantly fails to kill anyone with a speaking part; the various kills are accidental, or people in the background with almost no part in the plot. In the climax of the film, the killer turns out to be Doughy's long lost twin cousin. He is accidentally shot by Hagatha, who was using a gun as a mirror to touch up her make-up. He later attempts to escape, after waking up in a mockery of the usual horror shock endings, only to be shot many times by Doughy and beaten up by a mob of cops who mistake him for being black. He still survives, and is revealed in a where-are-they-now segment, he apparently settled down. At the end of the film, it turns out that another has taken up the guise of Ghostface (and is apparently more improved, attacking his victims with ninja-like tactics).

In an episode of Celebrity Deathmatch Ghostface calls fighters saying that he will kill a scream queen every round, he ends up murdering Drew Barrymore, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Jennifer Love Hewitt, later a cellphone that belongs to him is planted on a platypus and Neve Campbell and Sarah Michelle Gellar manage to defeat it believing it to be the killer, at the end of the show he makes a phone call to Nick Diamond.

Roger L. Jackson reprises his role of Ghostface in the Robot Chicken episode "That Hurts Me." as one of the movie killer contestants in a show that parodies "Big Brother". He portrays the token black character so often seen in reality shows. He launches a prank war on Pinhead, purposefully shrinks Freddy Krueger's sweater in the wash, and when given a free cell phone call, he calls Drew Barrymore to threaten her and complain that the Charlie's Angels sequel sucked. When both he and Michael Myers were set to be eliminated, Ghostface gave a heartfelt speech about how he'd cherished his time on the show and wouldn't hold any grudges over being eliminated, which saved him from elimination, as opposed to Michael, who simply stabbed Freddy repeatedly as a response (which didn't even make Freddy bleed, but instead merely annoyed him).

Ghostface has also made a cameo in Tripping the Rift as the judge in the episode when Chode sells his soul to the devil and finds a way to sue him.

In the film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Shannen Doherty and Wes Craven provide cameos as themselves making the non-existent Scream 4, but Doherty objects when Ghostface turns out to be played by the orangutan, Suzann.

In the anime Sayonara Zetsubou Sensei, Mr. Despair attempts to dream of his own death scene. The screen switches to a familiar shower scene from Psycho as Mr. Despair is taking a shower. Suddenly he is attacked by Bruce-lee, Darth Vader, Ghostface, and other familiar faces before dying the exact same way in Psycho.

In the MMORPG RuneScape, there is a monster called a "fear reaper" that looks remarkably like Ghostface[1].

References

  1. ^ Fear reaper at the RuneScape wiki
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