Archlute: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Musical instrument}} |
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{{Unreferenced|date=August 2020}}{{Infobox Instrument |
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{{Infobox instrument |
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|name=Archlute |
|name=Archlute |
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|image= Sallas.jpg |
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|caption = Archlute by Matteo Sellas, 17th Century |
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*[[Necked bowl lutes]] |
*[[Necked bowl lutes]] |
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The '''archlute''' ({{lang-es|archilaúd}}, {{lang-it|arciliuto}}, {{lang-de|Erzlaute}}) is a European plucked [[string instrument]] developed around 1600 as a compromise between the very large [[theorbo]], the size and [[Reentrant tuning|re-entrant tuning]] of which made for difficulties in the performance of solo music, and the [[Renaissance]] tenor [[lute]], which lacked the bass range of the theorbo. Essentially a tenor lute with the theorbo's neck-extension, the archlute lacks the power in the tenor and the bass that the theorbo's large body and typically greater string length provide. |
The '''archlute''' ({{lang-es|archilaúd}}, {{lang-it|arciliuto}}, {{lang-de|Erzlaute}}) is a European plucked [[string instrument]] developed around 1600 as a compromise between the very large [[theorbo]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archlute |url=https://philharmonia.org/learn-and-listen/baroque-instruments/archlute/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra & Chorale}}</ref> the size and [[Reentrant tuning|re-entrant tuning]] of which made for difficulties in the performance of solo music,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=Robert |date=1976 |title=Chitarrone, Theorbo and Archlute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3126155 |journal=Early Music |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=416-417 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> and the [[Renaissance]] tenor [[lute]], which lacked the bass range of the theorbo. Essentially a tenor lute with the theorbo's neck-extension, the archlute lacks the power in the tenor and the bass that the theorbo's large body and typically greater string length provide. |
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== Overview == |
== Overview == |
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The main differences between the archlute and the "baroque" lute of northern Europe are that the baroque lute has 11 to 13 [[Course (music)|courses]], while the archlute typically has 14, and the tuning of the first six courses of the baroque lute outlines a d-minor chord, while the archlute preserves the tuning of the Renaissance lute, with perfect fourths surrounding a third in the middle for the first six. The archlute was often used as a solo instrument for the first three-quarters of the 17th century, but is rarely mentioned as a continuo instrument in this period, the theorbo being the lute class instrument with this role. |
The main differences between the archlute and the "baroque" lute of northern Europe are that the baroque lute has 11 to 13 [[Course (music)|courses]], while the archlute typically has 14,<ref name=":1" /> and the tuning of the first six courses of the baroque lute outlines a d-minor chord, while the archlute preserves the tuning of the Renaissance lute,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a Lute? |url=https://lutesocietyofamerica.org/about/instruments/lute/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Lute Society of America}}</ref> with perfect fourths surrounding a third in the middle for the first six. The archlute was often used as a solo instrument for the first three-quarters of the 17th century, but is rarely mentioned as a continuo instrument in this period, the theorbo being the lute class instrument with this role. |
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As [[Figured bass|continuo]] bass lines were composed both faster in motion and higher in tessitura |
As [[Figured bass|continuo]] bass lines were composed both faster in motion and higher in tessitura toward the end of the 17th century, the archlute began to eclipse the theorbo as the main plucked string continuo instrument.<ref name=":1" /> The theorbo lacked the higher notes of the bass lines and the increasing practise of doubling the continuo part with a bowed bass ([[cello]] or [[viol]]) made the archlute's lack of power in the tenor and bass a less important shortcoming. |
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The theorbo had been commonly used as the melodic bass instrument in [[trio sonata]]s from the beginning of the Baroque and the archlute took over that function too, with the most famous example being [[Arcangelo Corelli|Corelli]]'s ''Opus'' 1 and 3 trio sonatas which have partbooks for 1st and 2nd violin, 'violone o arciliuto' and a continuo part for organ, a simplified version of the 'violone o arciliuto' book. The violone o arciliuto book has just as many figures to tell the player what chords to play as the organ partbook, which suggests the archlute player would be adding chords above the bass where possible. |
The theorbo had been commonly used as the melodic bass instrument in [[trio sonata]]s from the beginning of the Baroque and the archlute took over that function too, with the most famous example being [[Arcangelo Corelli|Corelli]]'s ''Opus'' 1 and 3 trio sonatas which have partbooks for 1st and 2nd violin, 'violone o arciliuto' and a continuo part for organ, a simplified version of the 'violone o arciliuto' book.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arcangelo Corelli: Trio Sonatas, Op. 3 |url=https://smithsonianchambermusic.org/news/2014/07/arcangelo-corelli-trio-sonatas-op-3 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Smithsonian Chamber Music Society}}</ref> The violone o arciliuto book has just as many figures to tell the player what chords to play as the organ partbook, which suggests the archlute player would be adding chords above the bass where possible. |
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The archlute was used in [[Handel]]'s operas and like repertoire; ''[[Giulio Cesare]]'' (1724) has continuo parts labelled both ''arciliuto'' and [[tiorba]]. Perhaps one player would play both instruments. |
The archlute was used in [[Handel]]'s operas and like repertoire;<ref name=":0" /> ''[[Giulio Cesare]]'' (1724) has continuo parts labelled both ''arciliuto'' and [[tiorba]]. Perhaps one player would play both instruments. |
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Music for solo archlute is usually notated in [[tablature]]. |
Music for solo archlute is usually notated in [[tablature]]. |
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==Performers== |
==Performers== |
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Some living players are [[Edin Karamazov]], Axel Wolf |
Some living players are [[Edin Karamazov]], Axel Wolf, [[Luca Pianca]] (the founder of [[Il Giardino Armonico]]), and [[Javier Mas]] who predominantly play archlutes, and [[Paolo Cherici]], [[Massimo Lonardi]], Luciano Contini, [[Paul O'Dette]], [[Jakob Lindberg]], David Tayler and [[Nigel North]], who use archlutes extensively. |
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==Tuning== |
==Tuning== |
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[[File:Tuning-arch.png]] |
[[File:Tuning-arch.png]] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Lute#History and evolution of the lute|Lute § History and evolution of the lute]] |
* [[Lute#History and evolution of the lute|Lute § History and evolution of the lute]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Latest revision as of 22:06, 21 January 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2024) |
 Archlute by Matteo Sellas, 17th Century | |
| Classification | |
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| Related instruments | |
The archlute (Spanish: archilaúd, Italian: arciliuto, German: Erzlaute) is a European plucked string instrument developed around 1600 as a compromise between the very large theorbo,[1] the size and re-entrant tuning of which made for difficulties in the performance of solo music,[2] and the Renaissance tenor lute, which lacked the bass range of the theorbo. Essentially a tenor lute with the theorbo's neck-extension, the archlute lacks the power in the tenor and the bass that the theorbo's large body and typically greater string length provide.
Overview[edit]
The main differences between the archlute and the "baroque" lute of northern Europe are that the baroque lute has 11 to 13 courses, while the archlute typically has 14,[2] and the tuning of the first six courses of the baroque lute outlines a d-minor chord, while the archlute preserves the tuning of the Renaissance lute,[3] with perfect fourths surrounding a third in the middle for the first six. The archlute was often used as a solo instrument for the first three-quarters of the 17th century, but is rarely mentioned as a continuo instrument in this period, the theorbo being the lute class instrument with this role.
As continuo bass lines were composed both faster in motion and higher in tessitura toward the end of the 17th century, the archlute began to eclipse the theorbo as the main plucked string continuo instrument.[2] The theorbo lacked the higher notes of the bass lines and the increasing practise of doubling the continuo part with a bowed bass (cello or viol) made the archlute's lack of power in the tenor and bass a less important shortcoming.
The theorbo had been commonly used as the melodic bass instrument in trio sonatas from the beginning of the Baroque and the archlute took over that function too, with the most famous example being Corelli's Opus 1 and 3 trio sonatas which have partbooks for 1st and 2nd violin, 'violone o arciliuto' and a continuo part for organ, a simplified version of the 'violone o arciliuto' book.[4] The violone o arciliuto book has just as many figures to tell the player what chords to play as the organ partbook, which suggests the archlute player would be adding chords above the bass where possible.
The archlute was used in Handel's operas and like repertoire;[1] Giulio Cesare (1724) has continuo parts labelled both arciliuto and tiorba. Perhaps one player would play both instruments.
Music for solo archlute is usually notated in tablature.
Composers[edit]
Any late Italian Baroque music with a part labelled 'liuto' will mean 'arciliuto', the classic Renaissance lute being in disuse by this time. Among the most important composers of archlute music in the 17th century we can name Alessandro Piccinini, Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger (c. 1580 – 17 January 1651) and in the 18th century Giovanni Zamboni, whose set of 12 sonatas (1718, Lucca) for the instrument is extant, and Antonio Scotti and Melchiorre Chiesa, Milanese composers from late 18th century. Other known composers of archlute music were Antonio Tinazzoli, Giuseppe Vaccari and Lodovico Fontanelli. Modern composers for archlute include Roman Turovsky and Konstantin Bozhinov.
Performers[edit]
Some living players are Edin Karamazov, Axel Wolf, Luca Pianca (the founder of Il Giardino Armonico), and Javier Mas who predominantly play archlutes, and Paolo Cherici, Massimo Lonardi, Luciano Contini, Paul O'Dette, Jakob Lindberg, David Tayler and Nigel North, who use archlutes extensively.
Tuning[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Archlute". Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra & Chorale. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
- ^ a b c Spencer, Robert (1976). "Chitarrone, Theorbo and Archlute". Early Music. 4 (4): 416–417 – via JSTOR.
- ^ "What is a Lute?". Lute Society of America. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
- ^ "Arcangelo Corelli: Trio Sonatas, Op. 3". Smithsonian Chamber Music Society. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
External links[edit]
- Chitarrone, theorbo and Archlute by Robert Spencer
- Archlute by David Tecchler, ca. 1725, Rome at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
- Pieces for archlute (or transcription for archilute), Francescovedremo 's channel (YouTube videos)
- J.S. Bach: Prelude in C Minor "pour le luth" BWV 999; performed by David Tayler
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