Sa Zhenbing: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 922567296 by 144.178.2.26 (talk)
No edit summary
 
(47 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Chinese admiral}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Sa (surname)|Sa]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Admiral]]
|name = Sa Zhenbing
| name = Sa Zhenbing
|native_name = 萨镇冰
| native_name = {{Lang|zh-Hant|薩鎮冰}}
|image = [[File:Sak Deng-bing.jpg|180px]]
| native_name_lang = zh-Hant
|office=[[Premier of the Republic of China]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]]
|president=[[Xu Shichang]]
| image = [[File:Sak Deng-bing.jpg|180px]]
|predecessor=[[Jin Yunpeng]]
| office = Acting [[Premier of the Republic of China]]
|successor=Jin Yunpeng
| president = [[Xu Shichang]]
|term=14 May 1920 – 9 August 1920
| predecessor = [[Jin Yunpeng]]
|birth_date={{birth date|1859|3|30}}
| successor = Jin Yunpeng
|death_date={{death date and age|1952|4|10|1859|3|30}}
| term = 14 May 1920 – 9 August 1920
|birth_place= [[Hefei]], [[Anhui]], [[Qing Dynasty]]
| office1 = Minister of Navy of the [[Qing dynasty|Great Qing]]
|death_place= [[Tianjin]], [[China]]
| monarch1 = [[Xuantong Emperor]]
|party= [[Anhui Clique]]
| primeminister1 = [[Yuan Shikai]]
|allegiance= {{flag|Qing Dynasty}}
| term_start1 = 1911
|serviceyears= 1869 – 1911
| term_end1 = 1912
|branch= [[Imperial Chinese Navy]]
| predecessor1 = [[Zaixun, Prince Rui|Zaixun]]
|commands= [[Beiyang Fleet]]<br />[[Nanyang Fleet]]<br />[[Guangdong Fleet]]
| successor1 = Position abolished
|battles= [[First Sino-Japanese War]]<br />[[Xinhai Revolution]]
| term_start2 = 1 July 1917
| monarch2 = Xuantong Emperor
| primeminister2 = [[Zhang Xun]]
| term_end2 = 12 July 1917
| predecessor2 = Position established
| successor2 = Position abolished
| office3 = [[Commander of the Navy (Taiwan)|Minister of Navy of the Republic of China]]
| term_start3 = June 1917
| term_end3 = July 1917
| predecessor3 = [[Cheng Biguang]]
| successor3 = [[Liu Guanxiong]]
| term_start4 = December 1919
| term_end4 = May 1921
| predecessor4 = Liu Guanxiong
| successor4 = [[Li Dingxin]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1859|3|30}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1952|4|10|1859|3|30}}
| birth_place = [[Fuzhou]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]
| death_place = [[Fuzhou]], [[China|People's Republic of China]]
| party = [[Anhui clique]]
| allegiance = {{Flag|Qing Empire}}
| serviceyears = 1869–1911
| branch = {{Navy|Qing dynasty}}
| rank = [[Admiral]]
| commands = {{Flagicon|Qing dynasty}} [[Beiyang Fleet]]<br />{{Flagicon|Qing dynasty}} [[Nanyang Fleet]]<br />{{Flagicon|Qing dynasty}} [[Guangdong Fleet]]<br />{{Flagicon|Qing dynasty}} [[Imperial Chinese Navy]] (unified by Sa Zhenbing)
| battles = [[First Sino-Japanese War]]<br />[[Xinhai Revolution]]
| awards = [[Order of Wen-Hu]]<br />[[Order of St Michael and St George]]
}}
}}

[[File:Sa Zhenbing.jpg|thumb|Sa Zhenbing (Who's Who in China 3rd ed., 1925)|200px]]

{{Chinese name|[[Sa (surname)|Sa]]}}
'''Sa Zhenbing ''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Saint Michael and Saint George|KCMG]]}} ({{zh|t=薩鎮冰|s=萨镇冰|p=Sà Zhènbīng|w=''Sah Chen-ping''}}) (30 March 1859 – 10 April 1952) was a prominent [[China|Chinese]] [[admiral]] of the late [[Qing Dynasty]]. He lived through four governments in China, and had been appointed to various senior naval and political offices.
'''Sa Zhenbing''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]]}} ({{zh |t = 薩鎮冰 |s = 萨镇冰 |p = Sà Zhènbīng |w = Sah Chen-ping }}) (30 March 1859 – 10 April 1952) was a prominent Chinese [[admiral]] of the late [[Qing dynasty]] and the early [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic]]. He lived through four governments ([[Government of the Qing Dynasty|Qing]], [[Beiyang government|Beiyang]], [[Nationalist government|Nationalist]], [[Government of China|Communist]]) in China, and had been appointed to various senior naval and political offices.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Sa Zhenbing was born in [[Fuzhou]], [[Fujian province]], to a [[Semu]] family of [[Qarluk]] origin who had lived in the area since the late [[Yuan Dynasty]]. Between 1869 and 1872 he attended the Fuzhou Naval Academy; [[Deng Shichang]] was among his classmates. Between 1877 and 1880 Sa Zhenbing was among the first group of Fuzhou Naval Academy alumni sent abroad to study at the [[Old Royal Naval College|Royal Naval College, Greenwich]] in Britain.
Sa Zhenbing was born in [[Fuzhou]], [[Fujian province]], to a [[Semu]] family of [[Qarluk]] origin who had lived in the area since the late [[Yuan dynasty]]. Between 1869 and 1872 he attended the Fuzhou Naval Academy; [[Deng Shichang]] was among his classmates. Between 1877 and 1880 Sa Zhenbing was among the first group of Fuzhou Naval Academy alumni sent abroad to study at the [[Old Royal Naval College|Royal Naval College, Greenwich]] in Britain.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}


==Battle of Weihaiwei==
==Battle of Weihaiwei==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
After serving as a [[Chief Mate]] in the [[Nanyang Fleet]], Sa Zhenbing became the youngest captain in the [[Beiyang Fleet]]. In 1895 he participated in the [[Battle of Weihaiwei]] during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], leading a group of sailors from the training ship ''Kangji'' in a ten-day defence of an island [[coastal fortress]] off [[Weihai]]wei.
After serving as a [[Chief Mate]] in the [[Nanyang Fleet]], Sa Zhenbing became the youngest captain in the [[Beiyang Fleet]]. In 1895 he participated in the [[Battle of Weihaiwei]] during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], leading a group of sailors from the training ship ''Kangji'' in a ten-day defence of an island coastal fortress off [[Weihaiwei]].


At that time the Japanese Admiral [[Itō Sukeyuki]] appealed to the Beiyang Fleet Admiral [[Ding Ruchang]] to surrender, promising him political asylum in Japan; Admiral Ding chose to commit suicide by handgun in his office at the Liugong Island headquarters. His deputy, Admiral Liu, after ordering that his warship be scuttled by explosives, also committed suicide by taking poison. Command of the Chinese Forces fell to Scottish-born Vice-[[Admiral John McClure]], who completed the surrender negotiations with Admiral Ito. As the only captain still alive at the end of the war. The real story has been remembered in accuracy by his relatives. in fact the true fact is that he was a man of peace and proudly encouraged the peace treaty and surrender of the Japanese.
At that time the Japanese Admiral [[Itō Sukeyuki]] appealed to the Beiyang Fleet Admiral [[Ding Ruchang]] to surrender, promising him political asylum in Japan; Admiral Ding chose to commit suicide by handgun in his office at the Liugong Island headquarters. His deputy, Admiral Liu, after ordering that his warship be scuttled by explosives, also committed suicide by taking poison. Command of the Chinese Forces fell to Scottish-born Vice-Admiral [[John McClure (admiral)|John McClure]], who completed the surrender negotiations with Admiral Ito. As the only captain still alive at the end of the battle, Sa Zhenbing was given the task of formally surrendering to Admiral Ito.


==Later career==
==Later career==
In 1905 Sa Zhenbing was appointed Admiral-in-Chief of the Beiyang, Nanyang and [[Guangdong Fleet]]s, tasked with rebuilding the [[Imperial Chinese Navy]] after the defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War. Under his leadership the general efficiency of the Chinese naval personnel improved considerably.<ref>''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]] 1906-07'', p.359</ref>
In 1905 Sa Zhenbing was appointed Admiral-in-Chief of the Beiyang, Nanyang and [[Guangdong Fleet]]s (three out of four Qing's fleets), tasked with rebuilding the [[Imperial Chinese Navy]] after the defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War. Under his leadership the general efficiency of the Chinese naval personnel improved considerably.<ref>''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]] 1906-07'', p.359</ref>


During the [[Wuchang Uprising]] of 1911, Sa Zhenbing was ordered to sail to [[Wuhan]] to suppress the revolutionaries; upon realizing his sailors' revolutionary tendencies, he left his post on 1 November for [[Shanghai]]. Nonetheless he was appointed Minister of the Navy by [[Yuan Shikai]], who at the time was the last [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]].
During the [[Wuchang Uprising]] of 1911, Sa Zhenbing was ordered to sail to [[Wuhan]] to suppress the revolutionaries; upon realizing his sailors' revolutionary tendencies, he left his post on 1 November for [[Shanghai]]. Nonetheless, he was appointed Minister of the Navy by [[Yuan Shikai]], who at the time was the last [[Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet]].


Sa Zhenbing briefly served as acting Prime Minister under the [[Beiyang Government]] in 1920,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/05/18/archives/admiral-sah-made-premier-of-china-chin-yunpeng-is-not-expected-to.html |title=ADMIRAL SAH MADE PREMIER OF CHINA; Chin Yun-Peng Is Not Expected to Return to Office--Government Has Trouble Over Low Funds. |date=1920-05-18 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-03-08 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> then as Governor of [[Fujian Province]] from 1922 to 1926.
Sa Zhenbing briefly served as acting Prime Minister under the [[Beiyang government]] in 1920,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1920-05-18 |title=ADMIRAL SAH MADE PREMIER OF CHINA; Chin Yun-Peng Is Not Expected to Return to Office--Government Has Trouble Over Low Funds. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/05/18/archives/admiral-sah-made-premier-of-china-chin-yunpeng-is-not-expected-to.html |access-date=2018-03-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> then as Governor of [[Fujian Province]] from 1922 to 1926.


In 1949, near the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]], Sa Zhenbing declined an offer by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to evacuate him to [[Taiwan]], instead pledging his allegiance to the [[Communist Party of China]].
In 1949, near the end of the [[Chinese Civil War]], Sa Zhenbing declined an offer by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to evacuate him to [[Taiwan]], instead pledging his allegiance to the [[Chinese Communist Party]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}


Sa Zhenbing died in his hometown of Fuzhou in 1952, aged 94.
Sa Zhenbing died in his hometown of Fuzhou in 1952, aged 94.

{{Gallery
| title =
| width = 190
| height = 190
| File:Sak Deng-bing2.jpg|Sa Zhenbing
| File:Sa Zhenbing.jpg|Sa Zhenbing (Who's Who in China 3rd ed., 1925)
}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Chao Ho-class cruiser]]
* [[Chao Ho-class cruiser|''Chao Ho''-class cruiser]]


==References==
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}


=== Sources ===
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last = | first = | title = Sea bury| publisher = | location = China| year = 1990 | isbn = 957-9536-07-4|authorlink= }}
* {{cite book | title = Sea bury | location = China | year = 1990 | isbn = 957-9536-07-4 | author1 = 錢鋼 }}
{{commons category|Sa Zhenbing}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Sa Zhenbing}}

{{Clear}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | before = [[Jin Yunpeng]] | title = Acting [[Premier of the Republic of China]] | years = 1920 | after = [[Jin Yunpeng]] }}
{{s-bef |before = {{ill|Li Houji|zh|李厚基}} }}
{{s-ttl |title = [[Governor of Fujian]] |years = 1922–1926 }}
{{s-aft |after = Zhang Zhen (張貞) |as = acting director of the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] Provincial Political Commission }}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef |before = [[Zaixun, Prince Rui|Zaixun]] }}
{{s-ttl |title = Minister of Navy of the [[Qing dynasty|Great Qing]] |years = 1911–1912 }}
{{s-non |reason = [[Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor|Dynasty ended]] }}
{{succession box
| title = [[Commander of the Navy (Taiwan)|Minister of Navy of the Republic of China]]
| before = [[Cheng Biguang]]
| years = 1917
| after = [[Liu Guanxiong]]
}}
{{s-bef |before = [[Zhang Xun Restoration]] }}
{{s-ttl |title = ''Minister of Navy (nominal) of the [[Qing dynasty|Great Qing]] (restored)'' |years = 1917 }}
{{s-non |reason = Restoration failed }}
{{Succession box
|title = [[Commander of the Navy (Taiwan)|Minister of Navy of the Republic of China]]
|before = [[Liu Guanxiong]]
|after = [[Li Dingxin]]
|years = 1919–1921
}}
{{S-end}}
{{ROCPMs}}
{{ROCPMs}}

{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}


Line 61: Line 130:
[[Category:Qing dynasty admirals]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty admirals]]
[[Category:Generals from Fujian]]
[[Category:Generals from Fujian]]
[[Category:People of the First Sino-Japanese War]]
[[Category:Chinese military personnel of the First Sino-Japanese War]]
[[Category:People from Fuzhou]]
[[Category:Politicians from Fuzhou]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty tidus]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty tidus]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich]]
[[Category:Republic of China people born during Qing]]
[[Category:Beiyang Fleet personnel]]
[[Category:Chinese people of Turkic descent]]
[[Category:Republic of China Navy admirals]]

Latest revision as of 19:57, 16 April 2024

In this Chinese name, the family name is Sa.
Admiral
Sa Zhenbing
KCMG
薩鎮冰
Acting Premier of the Republic of China
In office
14 May 1920 – 9 August 1920
PresidentXu Shichang
Preceded byJin Yunpeng
Succeeded byJin Yunpeng
Minister of Navy of the Great Qing
In office
1911–1912
MonarchXuantong Emperor
Prime MinisterYuan Shikai
Preceded byZaixun
Succeeded byPosition abolished
In office
1 July 1917 – 12 July 1917
MonarchXuantong Emperor
Prime MinisterZhang Xun
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Minister of Navy of the Republic of China
In office
June 1917 – July 1917
Preceded byCheng Biguang
Succeeded byLiu Guanxiong
In office
December 1919 – May 1921
Preceded byLiu Guanxiong
Succeeded byLi Dingxin
Personal details
Born(1859-03-30)March 30, 1859
Fuzhou, Qing Empire
DiedApril 10, 1952(1952-04-10) (aged 93)
Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
Political partyAnhui clique
AwardsOrder of Wen-Hu
Order of St Michael and St George
Military service
Allegiance Qing Empire
Branch/service Imperial Chinese Navy
Years of service1869–1911
RankAdmiral
CommandsQing dynasty Beiyang Fleet
Qing dynasty Nanyang Fleet
Qing dynasty Guangdong Fleet
Qing dynasty Imperial Chinese Navy (unified by Sa Zhenbing)
Battles/warsFirst Sino-Japanese War
Xinhai Revolution

Sa Zhenbing KCMG (simplified Chinese: 萨镇冰; traditional Chinese: 薩鎮冰; pinyin: Sà Zhènbīng; Wade–Giles: Sah Chen-ping) (30 March 1859 – 10 April 1952) was a prominent Chinese admiral of the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic. He lived through four governments (Qing, Beiyang, Nationalist, Communist) in China, and had been appointed to various senior naval and political offices.

Early life[edit]

Sa Zhenbing was born in Fuzhou, Fujian province, to a Semu family of Qarluk origin who had lived in the area since the late Yuan dynasty. Between 1869 and 1872 he attended the Fuzhou Naval Academy; Deng Shichang was among his classmates. Between 1877 and 1880 Sa Zhenbing was among the first group of Fuzhou Naval Academy alumni sent abroad to study at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich in Britain.[citation needed]

Battle of Weihaiwei[edit]

After serving as a Chief Mate in the Nanyang Fleet, Sa Zhenbing became the youngest captain in the Beiyang Fleet. In 1895 he participated in the Battle of Weihaiwei during the First Sino-Japanese War, leading a group of sailors from the training ship Kangji in a ten-day defence of an island coastal fortress off Weihaiwei.

At that time the Japanese Admiral Itō Sukeyuki appealed to the Beiyang Fleet Admiral Ding Ruchang to surrender, promising him political asylum in Japan; Admiral Ding chose to commit suicide by handgun in his office at the Liugong Island headquarters. His deputy, Admiral Liu, after ordering that his warship be scuttled by explosives, also committed suicide by taking poison. Command of the Chinese Forces fell to Scottish-born Vice-Admiral John McClure, who completed the surrender negotiations with Admiral Ito. As the only captain still alive at the end of the battle, Sa Zhenbing was given the task of formally surrendering to Admiral Ito.

Later career[edit]

In 1905 Sa Zhenbing was appointed Admiral-in-Chief of the Beiyang, Nanyang and Guangdong Fleets (three out of four Qing's fleets), tasked with rebuilding the Imperial Chinese Navy after the defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War. Under his leadership the general efficiency of the Chinese naval personnel improved considerably.[1]

During the Wuchang Uprising of 1911, Sa Zhenbing was ordered to sail to Wuhan to suppress the revolutionaries; upon realizing his sailors' revolutionary tendencies, he left his post on 1 November for Shanghai. Nonetheless, he was appointed Minister of the Navy by Yuan Shikai, who at the time was the last Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet.

Sa Zhenbing briefly served as acting Prime Minister under the Beiyang government in 1920,[2] then as Governor of Fujian Province from 1922 to 1926.

In 1949, near the end of the Chinese Civil War, Sa Zhenbing declined an offer by Chiang Kai-shek to evacuate him to Taiwan, instead pledging his allegiance to the Chinese Communist Party.[citation needed]

Sa Zhenbing died in his hometown of Fuzhou in 1952, aged 94.

  • Sa Zhenbing
    Sa Zhenbing
  • Sa Zhenbing (Who's Who in China 3rd ed., 1925)
    Sa Zhenbing (Who's Who in China 3rd ed., 1925)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Jane's Fighting Ships 1906-07, p.359
  2. ^ "ADMIRAL SAH MADE PREMIER OF CHINA; Chin Yun-Peng Is Not Expected to Return to Office--Government Has Trouble Over Low Funds". The New York Times. 1920-05-18. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Political offices
Preceded by Acting Premier of the Republic of China
1920 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Fujian
1922–1926 		Succeeded by
Zhang Zhen (張貞)
as acting director of the KMT Provincial Political Commission
Military offices
Preceded by Minister of Navy of the Great Qing
1911–1912 		Dynasty ended
Preceded by Minister of Navy of the Republic of China
1917 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Navy (nominal) of the Great Qing (restored)
1917 		Restoration failed
Preceded by Minister of Navy of the Republic of China
1919–1921 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Zhenbing&oldid=1219278462"