Field goose thistle

Field goose thistle
	Field goose thistle
Systematics
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Cichorioideae
Genre :	Goose thistles ( Sonchus )
Type :	Field goose thistle
Scientific name
	Sonchus arvensis
	L.

The field sow thistle ( Sonchus arvensis ) is a plant from the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae).

features

pollination

The perennial herbaceous plant , which contains a milky sap, reaches stature heights between 50 and 150 cm. It has a creeping rhizome (root creeping pioneer plant ). The stem is only branched in the area of the inflorescence . The stem leaves are glossy green, rounded at the base, heart-shaped, deeply divided into triangular lobes to split-saw-shaped pinnate. The upper leaves with rounded, pressed ears.

The golden yellow flower heads are in loose umbel panicles and are 4 to 5 cm in size. The sheath and head stalks of the subspecies Sonchus arvensis subsp. arvensis densely yellow-glandular bristles; in the subspecies Sonchus arvensis subsp. uliginosus almost glandless. The fruit is dark brown and has five longitudinal ribs on both sides.

Flowering time is from July to October.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18, 36 or 54.

Occurrence

This species is native to the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere and almost all of Europe. In Asia it occurs in Turkey, Siberia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, Mongolia and Far Eastern Russia. It is a neophyte in Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Argentina, Chile, New Caledonia and the Fiji Islands. As a location, the ruderal plant prefers roadsides, gardens, vineyards and fields, but also sand dunes and salt marshes.

In the Alps the species can be found up to 1500 m above sea level . In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean Lechtal near Elbigenalp up to 1,300 m above sea level.

In general, the field goose thistle is somewhat salt-bearing and is considered a clay pointer .

ecology

The field goose thistle is a stem plant or a root bud geophyte with far-reaching runners-like roots that reach 1 to 2 m deep.

When exposed to strong sunlight, the leaves are placed like a compass: the areas facing east / west and the edges facing north / south.

The calyx and the cup stalks are equipped with conspicuous yellow, stalked glands , which may serve as protection against evaporation, but certainly as protection against unwelcome visitors. The flowers are only open in the morning and are pollinated by bees and butterflies .

With a mechanical removal of the rhizome, new plants emerge from each section remaining in the soil; the plant is therefore considered a weed that is difficult to control.

Glandular field goose thistle ( Sonchus arvensis subsp. Uliginosus ) on the island of Juist

Systematics

The field goose thistle was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . The species is divided into several subspecies, one of which even seems to be halophilic .

The following subspecies occur in Germany and Austria:

Common field goose thistle ( Sonchus arvensis subsp. Arvensis ): With a glandular calyx. The chromosome number is 2n = 36, 54 or 64. It is generally a type of character of societies of the order Polygono-Chenopodietalia in Central Europe.

Glands lots field sow thistle ( Sonchus arvensis . Subsp uliginosus . (M.Bieb) Nyman , Syn .: Sonchus arvensis var. Glabrescens Günther & al. , Sonchus arvensis var. Laevipes W.DJ Koch ): With almost glands Wi involucre. The chromosome number is 2n = 36. It occurs in base-rich or salty clay soils in societies of the orders Convolvuletalia or Cakiletalia.

The following subspecies can also be distinguished in Europe:

Sonchus arvensis subsp. humilis (NI Orlova) Tzvelev (Syn .: Sonchus humilis N.I. Orlova ): It occurs in Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and northern Russia.

photos

inflorescence
Illustration of the field goose thistle

literature

Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
Dankwart Seidel: Flowers. Determine accurately with the 3-check. 2nd, revised edition. blv, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 2001, ISBN 3-405-15766-8 .
Ching-i Peng, Kuo-fang Chung, Hui-lin Li: Sonchus. In: Digital Flora of Taiwan. ( online) (English).
Philip E. Hyatt: Sonchus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 274 (English). , online (English).

Individual evidence

↑ Sonchus arvensis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ ^A ^b ^c Sonchus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 667.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. Page 990. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
↑ ^a ^b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 742 .
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 793, digitized
↑ ^a ^b ^c Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Sonchus arvensis In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

Web links

Commons : Acker-Gänsedistel - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Field goose thistle. In: FloraWeb.de.
Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
Sonchus arvensis L. s. l. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swedish).

[IPCN-1] Sonchus arvensis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[GRIN-2] A ^b ^c Sonchus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 8, 2018.

[Dörr_und_Lippert-3] Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 667.

[Oberdorfer2001-4] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. Page 990. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5

[Düll-5] Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 742 .

[SpPl-6] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 793, digitized

[Euro+Med-7] Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Sonchus arvensis In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.